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- Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
Written by chemists for chemists, this is a comprehensive guide to the important radionuclides as well as techniques for their separation and analysis. It introduces readers to the important laboratory techniques and methodologies in the field, providing practical instructions on how to handle nuclear waste and radioactivity in the environment.
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Seitenzahl: 725
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011
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Contents
Cover
Related Titles
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1: Radionuclides and their Radiometric Measurement
1.1 Radionuclides
1.2 Modes of Radioactive Decay
1.3 Detection and Measurement of Radiation
Chapter 2: Special Features of the Chemistry of Radionuclides and their Separation
2.1 Small Quantities
2.2 Adsorption
2.3 Use of Carriers
2.4 Utilization of Radiation in the Determination of Radionuclides
2.5 Consideration of Elapsed Time
2.6 Changes in the System Caused by Radiation and Decay
2.7 The Need for Radiochemical Separations
Chapter 3: Factors Affecting Chemical Forms of Radionuclides in Aqueous Solutions
3.1 Solution pH
3.2 Redox Potential
3.3 Dissolved Gases
3.4 Ligands Forming Complexes with Metals
3.5 Humic Substances
3.6 Colloidal Particles
3.7 Source and Generation of Radionuclides
3.8 Appendix: Reagents Used to Adjust Oxidation States of Radionuclides
Chapter 4: Separation Methods
4.1 Precipitation
4.2 Solubility Product
4.3 Ion Exchange
4.4 Solvent Extraction
4.5 Extraction Chromatography
Chapter 5: Yield Determinations and Counting Source Preparation
5.1 The Determination of Chemical Yield in Radiochemical Analyses
5.2 Preparation of Sources for Activity Counting
5.3 Essentials in Chemical Yield Determination and in Counting Source Preparation
Chapter 6: Radiochemistry of the Alkali Metals
6.1 Most Important Radionuclides of the Alkali Metals
6.2 Chemical Properties of the Alkali Metals
6.3 Separation Needs of Alkali Metal Radionuclides
6.4 Potassium – 40K
6.5 Cesium – 134Cs, 135Cs, and 137Cs
6.6 Essentials in the Radiochemistry of the Alkali Metals
Chapter 7: Radiochemistry of the Alkaline Earth Metals
7.1 Most Important Radionuclides of the Alkaline Earth Metals
7.2 Chemical Properties of the Alkaline Earth Metals
7.3 Beryllium – 7Be and 10Be
7.4 Calcium – 41Ca and 45Ca
7.5 Strontium – 89Sr and 90Sr
7.6 Radium – 226Ra and 228Ra
7.7 Essentials in the Radiochemistry of the Alkaline Earth Metals
Chapter 8: Radiochemistry of the 3d-Transition Metals
8.1 The Most Important Radionuclides of the 3d-Transition Metals
8.2 Chemical Properties of the 3d-Transition Metals
8.3 Iron – 55Fe
8.4 Nickel – 59Ni and 63Ni
8.5 Essentials in 3-d Transition Metals Radiochemistry
Chapter 9: Radiochemistry of the 4d-Transition Metals
9.1 Important Radionuclides of the 4d-Transition Metals
9.2 Chemistry of the 4d-Transition Metals
9.3 Technetium – 99Tc
9.4 Zirconium – 93Zr
9.5 Molybdenum – 93Mo
9.6 Niobium – 94Nb
9.7 Essentials in the Radiochemistry of 4-d Transition Metals
Chapter 10: Radiochemistry of the Lanthanides
10.1 Important Lanthanide Radionuclides
10.2 Chemical Properties of the Lanthanides
10.3 Separation of Lanthanides from Actinides
10.4 Lanthanides as Actinide Analogs
10.5 147Pm and 151Sm
10.6 Essentials of Lanthanide Radiochemistry
Chapter 11: Radiochemistry of the Halogens
11.1 Important Halogen Radionuclides
11.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of the Halogens
11.3 Chlorine – 36Cl
11.4 Iodine – 129I
11.5 Essentials of Halogen Radiochemistry
Chapter 12: Radiochemistry of the Noble Gases
12.1 Important Radionuclides of the Noble Gases
12.2 Physical and Chemical Characteristics of the Noble Gases
12.3 Measurement of Xe Isotopes in Air
12.4 Determination of 85Kr in Air
12.5 Radon and its Determination
12.6 Essentials of Noble Gas Radiochemistry
Chapter 13: Radiochemistry of Tritium and Radiocarbon
13.1 Tritium – 3H
13.2 Radiocarbon – 14C
13.3 Essentials of Tritium and Radiocarbon Radiochemistry
Chapter 14: Radiochemistry of Lead, Polonium, Tin, and Selenium
14.1 Polonium – 210Po
14.2 Lead – 210Pb
14.3 Tin – 126Sn
14.4 Selenium – 79Se
14.5 Essentials of Polonium, Lead, Tin, and Selenium Radiochemistry
Chapter 15: Radiochemistry of the Actinides
15.1 Important Actinide Isotopes
15.2 Generation and Origin of the Actinides
15.3 Electronic Structures of the Actinides
15.4 Oxidation States of the Actinides
15.5 Ionic Radii of the Actinides
15.6 Major Chemical Forms of the Actinides
15.7 Disproportionation
15.8 Hydrolysis and Polymerization of the Actinides
15.9 Complex Formation of the Actinides
15.10 Oxides of the Actinides
15.11 Actinium
15.12 Thorium
15.13 Protactinium
15.14 Uranium
15.15 Neptunium
15.16 Plutonium
15.17 Americium and Curium
Chapter 16: Speciation Analysis
16.1 Considerations Relevant to Speciation
16.2 Significance of Speciation
16.3 Categorization of Speciation Analyzes
16.4 Fractionation Techniques for Environmental Samples
16.5 Analysis of Radionuclide and Isotope Compositions
16.6 Spectroscopic Speciation Methods
16.7 Wet Chemical Methods
16.8 Sequential Extractions
16.9 Computational Speciation Methods
16.10 Characterization of Radioactive Particles
Further Reading
Chapter 17: Measurement of Radionuclides by Mass Spectrometry
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)
17.3 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS)
17.4 Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry (TIMS)
17.5 Resonance Ionization Mass Spectrometry (RIMS)
17.6 Essentials of the Measurement of Radionuclides by Mass Spectrometry
Further Reading
Chapter 18: Sampling and Sample Pretreatment for the Determination of Radionuclides
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Air Sampling and Pretreatment
18.3 Sampling Gaseous Components
18.4 Atmospheric Deposition Sampling
18.5 Water Sampling
18.6 Sediment Sampling and Pretreatment
18.7 Soil Sampling and Pretreatment
18.8 Essentials in Sampling and Sample Pretreatment for Radionuclides
Chapter 19: Chemical Changes Induced by Radioactive Decay
19.1 Autoradiolysis
19.2 Transmutation and Subsequent Chemical Changes
19.3 Recoil – Hot Atom Chemistry
Index
The Authors
Prof. Jukka Lehto
University of Helsinki
Laboratory of Radiochemistry
A.I.Virtasen aukio 1
00014 Helsinki
Finland
Dr. Xiaolin Hou
Technical University of Denmark
Risö National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy
Radiation Research Division
Frediksborgvej 399
4000 Roskilde
Danmark
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© 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag & Co. KGaA,
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Cover Design Adam Design, Weinheim
Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany Printed on acid-free paper
ISBN: 978-3-527-32658-7
Related Titles
Lambert, J. D. B. (ed.)
Nuclear Materials
2011
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Atwood, D. (ed.)
Radionuclides in the Environment
2010
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Prussin, S. G.
Nuclear Physics for Applications
2007
ISBN: 978-3-527-40700-2
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Preface
I started to give a lecture course on radionuclide analysis to students of radiochemistry in 2001. Two problems quickly became apparent. The first was that I could not properly lecture on this subject if the basic chemistry underlying the behavior of radionuclides in separation procedures was not understood. There seemed to be no sense in talking about precipitation of hydrolyzable metals with ferric hydroxide, for example, if the hydrolysis of metals was not understood. I had to go back to basics and teach the chemistry of the elements. This was a good choice – not least for myself – since I had to refresh my understanding of basic chemical phenomena. The second problem was that there was no adequate textbook on the chemistry of radionuclides. I had a handout from my predecessor to give to the students, but it had been written in the 1970s: it was good but outdated and short. Most books on radiochemistry available at that time, though comprehensive enough, contained little actual chemistry of the radionuclides and concentrated on their radioactive decay processes and the detection and measurement of radiation. In 2005 I began to write a text of my own, in Finnish. Then, seeing a broader need for such a text, I decided to write in English.
After working on the book for three years, I realized that analytical methods cannot be properly described if one has not done the analysis oneself, as was true in my case. I therefore asked Dr. Xiaolin Hou, of Risö National Laboratory, Denmark, to join me in the project. I knew him as a most experienced analytical radiochemist who had personally analyzed a great number of radionuclides in environmental and nuclear waste samples and developed new separation methods. During the past two years we have collaborated in writing this book, and I have learned a host of new things, not just from reading papers but also from extensive discussions with Dr. Hou.
Our book describes the basic chemistry needed to understand the behavior and analysis of radionuclides of most groups of elements, and the analytical methods required to separate the most important alpha- and beta- decaying radionuclides from environmental and nuclear waste samples (e.g., 90Sr and plutonium isotopes). Many new radionuclides have become important in radiochemistry in the past ten to fifteen years. Most of these are very long-lived, appearing in spent nuclear fuel and nuclear reactor structures and are relevant to safety analysis of the final disposal of the nuclear fuel and decommissioning waste. Mass spectrometric techniques are well suited for the measurement of these radionuclides (135Cs, 129I, etc.) because of their low specific activities. Traditionally, radiometric methods have been used to measure radionuclides, but the development of mass spectrometric techniques has opened up new avenues for the analysis of radionuclides, in particular for their analysis in much lower concentrations. Mass spectrometric measurements also create new requirements for radionuclide analyses, because the interfering radionuclides and other elements which need to be separated before measurement are mostly not the same ones that affect radiometric measurements.
My first intention was to write a book for undergraduate and post-graduate students, but now that the book is finished I see that it could also serve as a handbook for more experienced radiochemists – at least I hope so.
November 1, 2010
Jukka Lehto
Professor in Radiochemistry
University of Helsinki
Department of Chemistry
Finland
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Dr. Kathleen Ahonen for translating part of the book from Finnish and Dr. Shannon Kuismanen, Mr. Howard McKee, and Mr. Stewart Makkonen-Craig for language revision. The comments of Professor Markku Leskelä and Mr. Martti Hakanen from the University of Helsinki, Dr. Sven P. Nielsen and Dr. Jussi Jernstöm from Risø-DTU, Denmark, and Dr. Iisa Outola from STUK, Finland, have led to many improvements in the text, and we warmly thank them for their help. We are grateful to Mr. Lalli Jokelainen for careful preparation of figures and also to Dr. Steffen Happel from Triskem International, France, for providing some of the figures. Finally, we thank Wiley-VCH and Dr. Eva-Stina Riihimäki for publishing the book.
