Chromatography and related Methods E-Book

Elsa Lundanes

• Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 292

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

Finally a book on chromatography which is easy to grasp for undergraduates and technicians; covers the area in sufficient depth while still being concise. The book includes all recent technology advances and has core textbook features further improving the learning experience.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Related Titles

Title Page

Copyright

Preface

Chapter 1: General Concepts

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Migration and Retention

1.3 Band Broadening

1.4 Measuring Column Efficiency

1.5 Resolution

1.6 Peak Capacity

1.7 Two-Dimensional Systems

1.8 Increased Performance

References

Chapter 2: Gas Chromatography

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Mobile Phase/Carrier Gas

2.3 Injection Systems

2.4 Columns

2.5 Detectors

2.6 Stationary Phases

2.7 Two-Dimensional Separations

2.8 Qualitative and Quantitative Analyses

2.9 Derivatization

References

Chapter 3: High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Solvents and Solvent Delivery

3.3 Injection

3.4 Columns

3.5 Stationary Phases and Their Properties in HPLC

3.6 Detectors

3.7 Increased Performance

References

Chapter 4: Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Sample Application

4.3 Stationary Phases

4.4 Mobile Phases

4.5 Elution and Development

4.6 Rf Value

4.7 Detection

Chapter 5: Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Mobile Phases

5.3 Gradient Elution

5.4 Injection

5.5 Columns

5.6 Restrictors

5.7 Detectors

5.8 Current Performance

References

Chapter 6: Electrophoresis and Potential-Driven Chromatography

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Theory

6.3 Gel Electrophoresis Techniques

6.4 Capillary Electrophoresis

6.5 Potential-Driven Chromatography (Electrochromatography –CEC)

References

Chapter 7: Chromatography on a Chip

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Sample Introduction

7.3 Columns and Stationary Phases

7.4 Flow Management

7.5 Detection

Reference

Chapter 8: Field-Flow Fractionation

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Types of FFF

8.3 Applications

Reference

Chapter 9: Sample Preparation

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Liquid–Liquid Extraction

9.3 Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE)

9.4 SPME

9.5 Protein Precipitation

9.6 Membrane-Based Sample Preparation Techniques

References

Chapter 10: Quantitation

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Calibration Methods

10.3 Method Validation

Reference

Index

Related Titles

Snyder, L.R., Kirkland, J.J., Dolan, J.W.

Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography, 3rd Edition

2010

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Chromatography

A Science of Discovery

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Xu, Q. (ed.)

Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Its Applications

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Striegel, A., Yau, W.W., Kirkland, J.J., Bly, D.D.

Modern Size-Exclusion Liquid Chromatography, 2nd Edition

Practice of Gel Permeation and GelFiltration Chromatography

2009

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A Guide for Practitioners

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Carta, G., Jungbauer, A

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Process Development and Scale-Up

2010

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© 2014 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Boschstr. 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany

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Print ISBN: 978-3-527-33620-3

ePDF ISBN: 978-3-527-67520-3

ePub ISBN: 978-3-527-67522-7

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Cover Design Grafik-Design Schulz, Germany

Typesetting Thomson Digital, Noida, India

Preface

Although the basis of chromatography was developed a century ago, new separation methods still continue to appear. Today the technological developments allow identification and determination of compounds at levels not attainable a few years ago. Attomole concentrations of biomarkers can be determined, and for specific compounds even single cells can be analyzed.

This book aims to aid new users of chromatography, independent of background, in understanding the basics, and also can be used as a textbook for courses at the undergraduate and graduate levels.

The major chromatographic techniques have been included. However, the book does not intend to give a comprehensive overview of the historic developments in separation science, and some classical techniques that are not in use today have not been covered. An example is paper chromatography, which was replaced by the more efficient thin layer chromatography a long time ago. Another example is column liquid–liquid partition chromatography, which more or less disappeared after the introduction of chemically bonded phases in HPLC.

Electrophoresis, although basically not a chromatographic technique, is included due to its close relationship to chromatography and since some chromatographic techniques are hybrids of electrophoresis and chromatography. A chapter on field-flow fractionation has also been included, due to the chromatography-like properties and the increasing recent interest in the technique.

A chapter on sample preparation has been considered important, especially for newcomers to chromatography, since preparing the sample is often more time consuming than the analysis itself. In addition, choosing the right or wrong sample preparation may be decisive for the ability to find analytes at low concentration levels. There is some overlap in describing molecular interactions in Chapters 3 and 9, but this is done on purpose allowing the chapters to be read independent of each other.

Trying to look into the crystal bowl is a difficult task, but it is hard to see a reduced need for chromatography in a time where more and more emphasis is placed on determining trace amounts of both known and unknown compounds. How important the concept of miniaturized systems like lab-on-a-chip will be for analytical chemistry in the future remains to be seen, but miniaturization is definitely a trend of our time.

Oslo, March 2013

Elsa Lundanes

Léon Reubsaet

Tyge Greibrokk

1

General Concepts

1.1 Introduction

The concept of separating sample components in a column was first developed in 1903 by Mikhail Tswett, who introduced the term chromatography in 1906. Unfortunately, his contemporaries showed little interest for the idea and almost 30 years went by before scientists in Germany rediscovered the principle of column liquid chromatography (LC). Then, in 1943 Arne Tiselius (in Sweden) classified chromatography into three modes: frontal, elution, and displacement. The elution mode actually became synonymous with almost all chromatography, but in recent years the displacement mode has attracted new interest, particularly in the separation of proteins.

In the years immediately prior to and during the Second World War, the principles of ion exchange chromatography (IEC) and liquid–liquid partition chromatography began to develop into crude technical solutions. Then after the war, in the early 1950s, the new technique of thin layer chromatography (TLC) came to light and gradually improved the partition principles used in paper chromatography. A. Martin and R.L.M. Synge (in the United Kingdom) received the Nobel Prize in 1952 for the invention of partition chromatography. Martin with James had also developed gas–liquid chromatography at this time. Gas chromatography (GC) was readily accepted by research chemists at the major oil companies, who understood the large potential of this technique and participated in developing the new instrumentation.

Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was developed in Sweden by Porath and Flodin with dextrin materials (1959), by Hjertén with polyacrylamide (1961) and agarose (1964) materials, and by Moore in the United States with polystyrene–divinylbenzene (PS-DVB) materials (1964).

Supercritical fluid chromatography was demonstrated as early as 1962, but it did not receive much interest until the technology was improved more than 20 years later.