Clinical Guide to Paediatrics E-Book
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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Serie: Clinical Guides
- Sprache: Englisch
Clinical Guide to Paediatrics enables rapid reference to the common paediatric conditions, symptoms, and practical concerns seen in day-to-day practice. Focused on making differential diagnoses in acute settings, this comprehensive resource offers step-by-step guidance on clinical decision-making, investigations, and interventions. Junior doctors and medical students are provided with a clear and up-to-date evidence base supported by numerous diagnostic algorithms, diagrams, tables and bullet points throughout.
Organised into systems-based sections, the guide covers paediatric history taking, examination techniques, pharmacology, safeguarding, and a range of different diagnoses for presenting complaints in cardiology, infection and immunology, neurology, gastroenterology, accidents, poisoning, and more. Succinct chapters are logically structured to allow easy access to important concepts, key clinical details, and plans of investigation. Designed to complement the doctor-patient interaction in clinical practice, this valuable guide:
- Covers the most common presenting complaints encountered in acute paediatrics
- Provides evidence-based information on symptoms, disorders, and issues faced in paediatric medicine
- Addresses topics from the perspective of presenting complaints to provide a unique, highly practical approach to the subject
- Includes access to a companion website containing images and clinical photos, audio podcasts, clinical case studies, and self-assessment exercises
Clinical Guide to Paediatrics is essential reading for junior doctors, medical students, nurses and specialist trainees working on paediatric wards or emergency departments.
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Seitenzahl: 1058
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2022
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Table of Contents
Cover
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
List of Contributors
Acronyms and Abbreviations
About the Companion Website
How to Use This Book
1.1 Wheeze
1.1.1 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
1.1.2 DEFINITION
1.1.3 DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM
1.1.4 DIFFERENTIALS LIST
1.1.5 KEY HISTORY FEATURES
1.1.6 KEY EXAMINATION FEATURES
1.1.7 KEY INVESTIGATIONS
1.1.8 KEY MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
1.2 Stridor
1.2.1 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
1.2.2 DEFINITION
1.2.3 DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM
1.2.4 DIFFERENTIALS LIST
1.2.5 KEY HISTORY FEATURES
1.2.6 KEY EXAMINATION FEATURES
1.2.7 KEY INVESTIGATIONS
1.2.8 KEY MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
1.3 Difficulty in Breathing
1.3.1 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
1.3.2 DEFINITION
1.3.3 DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM
1.3.4 DIFFERENTIALS LIST
1.3.5 KEY HISTORY FEATURES
1.3.6 KEY EXAMINATION FEATURES
1.3.7 KEY INVESTIGATIONS
1.3.8 KEY MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
2.1 Cyanosis
2.1.1 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
2.1.2 DEFINITION
2.1.3 DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM
2.1.4 DIFFERENTIALS LIST
2.1.5 KEY HISTORY FEATURES
2.1.6 KEY EXAMINATION FEATURES
2.1.7 KEY INVESTIGATIONS
2.1.8 KEY MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
2.2 Circulatory Collapse
2.2.1 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
2.2.2 DEFINITION
2.2.3 DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM
2.2.4 DIFFERENTIALS LIST
2.2.5 KEY HISTORY FEATURES
2.2.6 KEY EXAMINATION FEATURES
2.2.7 KEY INVESTIGATIONS
2.2.8 KEY MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
2.3 Syncope
2.3.1 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
2.3.2 DEFINITION
2.3.3 DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM
2.3.4 DIFFERENTIALS LIST
2.3.5 KEY HISTORY FEATURES
2.3.6 KEY EXAMINATION FEATURES
2.3.7 KEY INVESTIGATIONS
2.3.8 KEY MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
2.4 Chest Pain
2.4.1 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
2.4.2 DEFINITION
2.4.3 DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM
2.4.4 DIFFERENTIALS LIST
2.4.5 KEY HISTORY FEATURES
2.4.6 KEY EXAMINATION FEATURES
2.4.7 KEY INVESTIGATIONS
2.4.8 KEY MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
2.5 Palpitations
2.5.1 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
2.5.2 DEFINITION
2.5.3 DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM
2.5.4 DIFFERENTIALS LIST
2.5.5 KEY HISTORY FEATURES
2.5.6 KEY EXAMINATION FEATURES
2.5.7 KEY INVESTIGATIONS
2.5.8 KEY MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
3.1 Fever
3.1.1 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
3.1.2 DEFINITION
3.1.3 DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM
3.1.4 DIFFERENTIALS LIST
3.1.5 KEY HISTORY FEATURES
3.1.6 KEY EXAMINATION FEATURES
3.1.7 KEY INVESTIGATIONS
3.1.8 KEY MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
3.2 Fever in the Returning Traveller
3.2.1 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
3.2.2 DEFINITION
3.2.3 DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM
3.2.4 DIFFERENTIALS LIST
3.2.5 KEY HISTORY FEATURES
3.2.6 KEY EXAMINATION FEATURES
3.2.7 KEY INVESTIGATIONS
3.2.8 KEY MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
3.3 Lymphadenopathy
3.3.1 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
3.3.2 DEFINITION
3.3.3 DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM
3.3.4 DIFFERENTIALS LIST
3.3.5 KEY HISTORY FEATURES
3.3.6 KEY EXAMINATION FEATURES
3.3.7 KEY INVESTIGATIONS
3.3.8 KEY MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
4.1 Bruising
4.1.1 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
4.1.2 DEFINITION
4.1.3 DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM
4.1.4 DIFFERENTIALS LIST
4.1.5 KEY HISTORY FEATURES
4.1.6 KEY EXAMINATION FEATURES
4.1.7 KEY INVESTIGATIONS
4.1.8 KEY MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
4.2 Pallor
4.2.1 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
4.2.2 DEFINITION
4.2.3 DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM
4.2.4 DIFFERENTIALS LIST
4.2.5 KEY HISTORY FEATURES
4.2.6 KEY EXAMINATION FEATURES
4.2.7 KEY INVESTIGATIONS
4.2.8 KEY MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
5.1 Abdominal Pain
5.1.1 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
5.1.2 DEFINITION
5.1.3 DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM
5.1.4 DIFFERENTIALS LIST
5.1.5 KEY HISTORY FEATURES
5.1.6 KEY EXAMINATION FEATURES
5.1.7 KEY INVESTIGATIONS
5.1.8 KEY MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
5.2 Abdominal Mass
5.2.1 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
5.2.2 DEFINITION
5.2.3 DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM
5.2.4 DIFFERENTIALS LIST
5.2.5 KEY HISTORY FEATURES
5.2.6 KEY EXAMINATION FEATURES
5.2.7 KEY INVESTIGATIONS
5.2.8 KEY MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
5.3 Vomiting
5.3.1 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
5.3.2 DEFINITION
5.3.3 DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM
5.3.4 DIFFERENTIALS LIST
5.3.5 KEY HISTORY FEATURES
5.3.6 KEY EXAMINATION FEATURES
5.3.7 KEY INVESTIGATIONS
5.3.8 KEY MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
5.4 Diarrhoea
5.4.1 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
5.4.2 DEFINITION
5.4.3 DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM
5.4.4 DIFFERENTIALS LIST
5.4.5 KEY HISTORY FEATURES
5.4.6 KEY EXAMINATION FEATURES
5.4.7 KEY INVESTIGATIONS
5.4.8 KEY MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
5.5 Jaundice
5.5.1 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
5.5.2 DEFINITION
5.5.3 DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM
5.5.4 DIFFERENTIALS LIST
5.5.5 KEY HISTORY FEATURES
5.5.6 KEY EXAMINATION FEATURES
5.5.7 KEY INVESTIGATIONS
5.5.8 KEY MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
5.6 Faltering Growth
5.6.1 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
5.6.2 DEFINITION
5.6.3 DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM
5.6.4 DIFFERENTIALS LIST
5.6.5 KEY HISTORY FEATURES
5.6.6 KEY EXAMINATION FEATURES
5.6.7 KEY INVESTIGATIONS
5.6.8 Key Management Principles
6.1 Haematuria
6.1.1 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
6.1.2 DEFINITION
6.1.3 DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM
6.1.4 DIFFERENTIALS LIST
6.1.5 KEY HISTORY FEATURES
6.1.6 KEY EXAMINATION FEATURES
6.1.7 KEY INVESTIGATIONS
6.1.8 KEY MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
6.2 Oedema
6.2.1 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
6.2.2 DEFINITION
6.2.3 DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM
6.2.4 DIFFERENTIALS LIST
6.2.5 KEY HISTORY FEATURES
6.2.6 KEY EXAMINATION FEATURES
6.2.7 KEY INVESTIGATIONS
6.2.8 KEY MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
6.3 Scrotal Swelling
6.3.1 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
6.3.2 DEFINITION
6.3.3 DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM
6.3.4 DIFFERENTIALS LIST
6.3.5 KEY HISTORY FEATURES
6.3.6 KEY EXAMINATION FEATURES
6.3.7 KEY INVESTIGATIONS
6.3.8 KEY MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
7.1 Hypoglycaemia
7.1.1 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
7.1.2 DEFINITION
7.1.3 DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM
7.1.4 DIFFERENTIALS LIST
7.1.5 KEY HISTORY FEATURES
7.1.6 KEY EXAMINATION FEATURES
7.1.7 KEY INVESTIGATIONS
7.1.8 KEY MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
7.2 Hyperglycaemia
7.2.1 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
7.2.2 DEFINITION
7.2.3 DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM
7.2.4 DIFFERENTIALS LIST
7.2.5 KEY HISTORY FEATURES
7.2.6 KEY EXAMINATION FEATURES
7.2.7 KEY INVESTIGATIONS
7.2.8 KEY MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
8.1 Headache
8.1.1 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
8.1.2 DEFINITION
8.1.3 DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM
8.1.4 DIFFERENTIALS LIST
8.1.5 KEY HISTORY FEATURES
8.1.6 KEY EXAMINATION FEATURES
8.1.7 KEY INVESTIGATIONS
8.1.8 KEY MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
8.2 Suspected Seizures
8.2.1 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
8.2.2 DEFINITION
8.2.3 DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM
8.2.4 DIFFERENTIALS LIST
8.2.5 KEY HISTORY FEATURES
8.2.6 KEY EXAMINATION FEATURES
8.2.7 KEY INVESTIGATIONS
8.2.8 KEY MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
8.3 Acute Hemiparesis
8.3.1 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
8.3.2 DEFINITION
8.3.3 DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM
8.3.4 DIFFERENTIALS LIST
8.3.5 KEY HISTORY FEATURES
8.3.6 KEY EXAMINATION FEATURES
8.3.7 KEY INVESTIGATIONS
8.3.8 KEY MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
8.4 Acute Lower‐Limb Weakness
8.4.1 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
8.4.2 DEFINITION
8.4.3 DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM
8.4.4 DIFFERENTIALS LIST
8.4.5 KEY HISTORY FEATURES
8.4.6 KEY EXAMINATION FEATURES
8.4.7 KEY INVESTIGATIONS
8.4.8 KEY MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
8.5 Delirium and Agitation
8.5.1 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
8.5.2 DEFINITION
8.5.3 DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM
8.5.4 DIFFERENTIALS LIST
8.5.5 KEY HISTORY FEATURES
8.5.6 KEY EXAMINATION FEATURES
8.5.7 KEY INVESTIGATIONS
8.5.8 KEY MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
8.6 Decreased Level of Consciousness
8.6.1 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
8.6.2 DEFINITION
8.6.3 DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM
8.6.4 DIFFERENTIALS LIST
8.6.5 KEY HISTORY FEATURES
8.6.6 KEY EXAMINATION FEATURES
8.6.7 KEY INVESTIGATIONS
8.6.8 KEY MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
8.7 Dizziness
8.7.1 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
8.7.2 DEFINITION
8.7.3 DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM
8.7.4 DIFFERENTIALS LIST
8.7.5 KEY HISTORY FEATURES
8.7.6 KEY EXAMINATION FEATURES
8.7.7 KEY INVESTIGATIONS
8.7.8 KEY MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
9.1 Urticaria
9.1.1 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
9.1.2 DEFINITION
9.1.3 DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM
9.1.4 DIFFERENTIALS LIST
9.1.5 KEY HISTORY FEATURES
9.1.6 KEY EXAMINATION FEATURES
9.1.7 KEY INVESTIGATIONS
9.1.8 KEY MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
9.2 Non‐blanching Rash
9.2.1 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
9.2.2 DEFINITION
9.2.3 DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM
9.2.4 DIFFERENTIALS LIST
9.2.5 KEY HISTORY FEATURES
9.2.6 KEY EXAMINATION FEATURES
9.2.7 KEY INVESTIGATIONS
9.2.8 KEY MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
9.3 Other Childhood Rashes
9.3.1 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
9.3.2 DEFINITION
9.3.3 DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM
9.3.4 DIFFERENTIALS LIST
9.3.5 KEY HISTORY FEATURES
9.3.6 KEY EXAMINATION FEATURES
9.3.7 KEY INVESTIGATIONS
9.3.8 KEY MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
10.1 Limp
10.1.1 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
10.1.2 DEFINITION
10.1.3 DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM
10.1.4 DIFFERENTIALS LIST
10.1.5 KEY HISTORY FEATURES
10.1.6 KEY EXAMINATION FEATURES
10.1.7 KEY INVESTIGATIONS
10.1.8 KEY MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
10.2 Swollen Joint
10.2.1 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
10.2.2 DEFINITION
10.2.3 DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM
10.2.4 DIFFERENTIALS LIST
10.2.5 KEY HISTORY FEATURES
10.2.6 KEY EXAMINATION FEATURES
10.2.7 KEY INVESTIGATIONS
10.2.8 KEY MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
11.1 Neonatal Jaundice
11.1.1 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
11.1.2 DEFINITION
11.1.3 DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM
11.1.4 DIFFERENTIALS LIST
11.1.5 KEY HISTORY FEATURES
11.1.6 KEY EXAMINATION FEATURES
11.1.7 KEY INVESTIGATIONS
11.1.8 KEY MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
11.2 The Unsettled Baby
11.2.1 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
11.2.2 DEFINITION
11.2.3 DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM
11.2.4 DIFFERENTIALS LIST
11.2.5 KEY HISTORY FEATURES
11.2.6 KEY EXAMINATION FEATURES
11.2.7 KEY INVESTIGATIONS
11.2.8 KEY MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
11.3 Breastfeeding Advice
11.3.1 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
11.3.2 BREASTFEEDING IN THE UK
11.3.3 BACKGROUND
11.3.4 HOW TO APPROACH DIFFICULTIES IN THE FIRST TWO WEEKS OF LIFE
11.3.5 HOW TO PROTECT BREASTFEEDING IN MEDICAL CONDITIONS
11.3.6 TOP TIPS
11.3.7 UNDERAPPRECIATED FACTS
12.1 The A to E Assessment
12.1.1 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
12.1.2 TOP TIPS
12.1.3 KEY ASPECTS OF ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT
12.2 Assessment of Consciousness
12.2.1 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
12.2.2 AVPU
12.2.3 GCS
12.2.4 INTERPRETATION
12.3 Tips for Fluid Prescribing
12.3.1 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
12.3.2 GENERAL PRINCIPLES
12.3.3 RESUSCITATION
12.3.4 REPLACEMENT
12.3.5 MAINTENANCE
12.3.6 MONITORING
12.3.7 SPECIAL SITUATIONS
12.4 Childhood Immunisations
12.4.1 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
12.4.2 ROUTINE IMMUNISATIONS
12.4.3 SELECTIVE IMMUNISATIONS
12.4.4 CONSENTING FOR IMMUNISATIONS
12.4.5 COMMON QUESTIONS REGARDING IMMUNISATION
12.5 Safeguarding
12.5.1 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
12.5.2 DEFINITION
12.5.3 TYPES OF CHILD ABUSE
12.5.4 KEY HISTORY FEATURES
12.5.5 KEY EXAMINATION FEATURES
12.5.6 KEY INVESTIGATIONS
12.5.7 THE CHALLENGES OF CHILD PROTECTION WORK
12.5.8 TWO CASES
12.5.9 SUMMARY POINTS
12.5.10 ADDITIONAL REFERENCES
13.1 Sepsis Management
13.1.1 KEY POINTS
13.1.2 ADDITIONAL REFERENCE
13.2 Anaphylaxis Management
13.2.1 KEY POINTS
13.2.2 IMPORTANT NOTES ABOUT ADRENALINE
13.2.3 ADDITIONAL REFERENCES
13.3 Acute Asthma Management
13.3.1 KEY POINTS
13.3.2 ADDITIONAL REFERENCES
13.4 Prolonged Seizure Management
13.4.1 KEY POINTS
13.4.2 ADDITIONAL REFERENCES
13.5 Raised Intracranial Pressure Management
13.5.1 KEY POINTS
13.5.2 SIGNS OF RAISED INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE
Guidelines
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 1.1
Table 1.1.1
Bedside tests of use in patients presenting with wheeze
Table 1.1.2
Blood tests of use in patients presenting with wheeze
Table 1.1.3
Imaging modalities of use in patients presenting with wheeze
Table 1.1.4
Special tests of use in patients presenting with wheeze
Chapter 1.2
Table 1.2.1
Bedside tests of use in patients presenting with stridor
Table 1.2.2
Blood tests of use in patients presenting with stridor
Table 1.2.3
Imaging modalities of use in patients presenting with stridor
Table 1.2.4
Special tests of use in patients presenting with stridor
Chapter 1.3
Table 1.3.1
Bedside tests of use in patients presenting with difficulty in b...
Table 1.3.2
Blood tests of use in patients presenting with difficulty in bre...
Table 1.3.3
Imaging modalities of use in patients presenting with difficulty...
Table 1.3.4
Special tests of use in patients presenting with difficulty in b...
Chapter 2.1
Table 2.1.1
Bedside tests of use in patients presenting with cyanosis
Table 2.1.2
Blood tests of use in patients presenting with cyanosis
Table 2.1.3
Imaging Modalities of use in patients presenting with cyanosis
Table 2.1.4
Special tests of use in patients presenting with cyanosis
Chapter 2.2
Table 2.2.1 End‐of‐bed assessment
Table 2.2.2
Airway assessment
Table 2.2.3
Breathing assessment
Table 2.2.4
Circulation assessment
Table 2.2.5
Disability assessment
Table 2.2.6 Exposure assessment
Table 2.2.7
Bedside tests of use in patients presenting with circulatory col...
Table 2.2.8
Blood tests of use in patients presenting with circulatory colla...
Table 2.2.9
Imaging modalities of use in patients presenting with circulator...
Table 2.2.10
Special tests of use in patients presenting with circulatory co...
Chapter 2.3
Table 2.3.1
Bedside tests of use in patients presenting with syncope
Table 2.3.2
Blood tests of use in patients presenting with syncope
Table 2.3.3
Special tests of use in patients presenting with syncope
Chapter 2.4
Table 2.4.1
Bedside tests of use in patients presenting with chest pain
Table 2.4.2
Blood tests of use in patients presenting with chest pain
Table 2.4.3
Imaging modalities of use in patients presenting with chest pain...
Table 2.4.4
Special tests of use in patients presenting with chest pain
Chapter 2.5
Table 2.5.1
Bedside tests of use in patients presenting with palpitations
Table 2.5.2
Blood tests of use in patients presenting with palpitations
Table 2.5.3
Imaging modalities of use in patients presenting with palpitatio...
Table 2.5.4
Special tests of use in patients presenting with palpitations
Chapter 3.1
Table 3.1.1
Viral causes of fever in children
Table 3.1.2
Bedside tests of use in patients presenting with fever
Table 3.1.3
Blood tests of use in patients presenting with fever
Table 3.1.4
Imaging modalities of use in patients presenting with fever
Table 3.1.5
Special tests of use in patients presenting with fever
Chapter 3.2
Table 3.2.1
Bedside tests of use in returning travellers presenting with fev...
Table 3.2.2
Blood tests of use in returning travellers presenting with fever...
Table 3.2.3
Imaging modalities of use in returning travellers presenting wit...
Table 3.2.4
Special tests of use in returning travellers presenting with fev...
Chapter 3.3
Table 3.3.1
Bedside tests of use in patients presenting with lymphadenopathy...
Table 3.3.2
Blood tests of use in patients presenting with lymphadenopathy
Table 3.3.3
Imaging tests of use in patients presenting with lymphadenopathy...
Table 3.3.4
Special tests of use in patients presenting with lymphadenopathy...
Chapter 4.1
Table 4.1.1
Bedside tests of use in patients presenting with bruising
Table 4.1.2
Blood tests of use in patients presenting with bruising
Table 4.1.3
Imaging modalities of use in patients presenting with bruising
Table 4.1.4
Special tests of use in patients presenting with bruising
Chapter 4.2
Table 4.2.1
Bedside tests of use in patients presenting with pallor
Table 4.2.2
Blood tests of use in patients presenting with pallor
Table 4.2.3
Imaging modalities of use in patients presenting with pallor A v...
Table 4.2.4
Special tests of use in patients presenting with pallor
Chapter 5.1
Table 5.1.1
Bedside tests of use in patients presenting with abdominal pain...
Table 5.1.2
Blood tests of use in patients presenting with abdominal pain
Table 5.1.3
Imaging modalities of use in patients presenting with abdominal ...
Table 5.1.4
Special tests of use in patients presenting with abdominal pain...
Chapter 5.2
Table 5.2.1
Bedside tests of use in patients presenting with an abdominal ma...
Table 5.2.2
Blood tests of use in patients presenting with an abdominal mass...
Table 5.2.3
Imaging modalities of use in patients presenting with an abdomin...
Table 5.2.4
Special tests of use in patients presenting with an abdominal ma...
Chapter 5.3
Table 5.3.1
Bedside tests of use in patients presenting with vomiting
Table 5.3.2
Blood tests of use in patients presenting with vomiting
Table 5.3.3
Imaging modalities of use in patients presenting with vomiting
Table 5.3.4
Special tests of use in patients presenting with vomiting
Chapter 5.4
Table 5.4.1
Bedside tests of use in patients presenting with diarrhoea
Table 5.4.2
Blood tests of use in patients presenting with diarrhoea
Table 5.4.3
Imaging modalities of use in patients presenting with diarrhoea...
Table 5.4.4
Special tests of use in patients presenting with diarrhoea
Chapter 5.5
Table 5.5.1
Bedside tests of use in patients presenting with jaundice
Table 5.5.2
Blood tests of use in patients presenting with jaundice
Table 5.5.3
Imaging modalities of use in patients presenting with jaundice
Table 5.5.4
Special tests of use in patients presenting with jaundice
Chapter 5.6
Table 5.6.1
Bedside tests of use in patients presenting with faltering growt...
Table 5.6.2
Blood tests of use in patients presenting with faltering growth...
Table 5.6.3
Imaging modalities of use in patients presenting with faltering ...
Table 5.6.4
Special tests of use in patients presenting with faltering growt...
Chapter 6.1
Table 6.1.1
Bedside tests of use in patients presenting with haematuria
Table 6.1.2
Blood tests of use in patients presenting with haematuria
Table 6.1.3
Imaging modalities of use in patients presenting with haematuria...
Table 6.1.4
Special tests of use in patients presenting with haematuria
Chapter 6.2
Table 6.2.1
Bedside tests of use in patients presenting with oedema
Table 6.2.2
Blood tests of use in patients presenting with oedema
Table 6.2.3
Imaging modalities of use in patients presenting with oedema
Table 6.2.4
Special tests of use in patients presenting with oedema
Chapter 6.3
Table 6.3.1
Bedside tests of use in patients presenting with scrotal swellin...
Table 6.3.2
Blood tests of use in patients presenting with scrotal swelling...
Table 6.3.3
Imaging modalities of use in patients presenting with scrotal sw...
Chapter 7.1
Table 7.1.1
Bedside tests of use in patients presenting with hypoglycaemia
Table 7.1.2
Blood tests of use in patients presenting with hypoglycaemia
Table 7.1.3
Imaging modalities of use in patients presenting with hypoglycae...
Table 7.1.4
Special tests of use in patients presenting with hypoglycaemia
Chapter 7.2
Table 7.2.1
Bedside tests of use in patients presenting with hyperglycaemia...
Table 7.2.2
Blood tests of use in patients presenting with hyperglycaemia
Table 7.2.3
Special tests of use in patients presenting with hyperglycaemia...
Chapter 8.1
Table 8.1.1
Bedside tests of use in children presenting with headache
Table 8.1.2
Blood tests of use in children presenting with headache
Table 8.1.3
Imaging modalities of use in children presenting with headache
Table 8.1.4
Cerebrospinal fluid (lumbar puncture) tests of use in children p...
Chapter 8.2
Table 8.2.1
Bedside tests of use in patients presenting with suspected seizu...
Table 8.2.2
Blood tests of use in patients presenting with suspected seizure...
Table 8.2.3
Imaging modalities of use in patients presenting with suspected ...
Table 8.2.4
Special tests of use in patients presenting with suspected seizu...
Chapter 8.3
Table 8.3.1
Bedside tests of use in patients presenting with acute hemipares...
Table 8.3.2
Blood tests of use in patients presenting with acute hemiparesis...
Table 8.3.3
Imaging modalities of use in patients presenting with acute hemi...
Table 8.3.4
Special tests of use in patients presenting with acute hemipares...
Chapter 8.4
Table 8.4.1
Bedside tests of use in patients presenting with acute lower‐lim...
Table 8.4.2
Blood tests of use in patients presenting with acute lower‐limb ...
Table 8.4.3
Imaging modalities of use in patients presenting with acute lowe...
Table 8.4.4
Additional tests in patients presenting with acute lower‐limb we...
Chapter 8.5
Table 8.5.1
Bedside tests of use in patients presenting with delirium and ag...
Table 8.5.2
Blood tests of use in patients presenting with delirium and agit...
Table 8.5.3
Imaging modalities of use in patients presenting with delirium a...
Table 8.5.4
Special tests of use in patients presenting with delirium and ag...
Chapter 8.6
Table 8.6.1
Bedside tests of use in patients presenting with decreased level...
Table 8.6.2
Blood tests of use in patients presenting with decreased level o...
Table 8.6.3
Imaging modalities of use in patients presenting with decreased ...
Table 8.6.4
Special tests of use in patients presenting with decreased level...
Chapter 8.7
Table 8.7.1
Bedside tests of use in patients presenting with dizziness
Table 8.7.2
Blood tests of use in patients presenting with dizziness
Table 8.7.3
Imaging modalities of use in patients presenting with dizziness...
Table 8.7.4
Special tests of use in patients presenting with dizziness
Chapter 9.1
Table 9.1.1
Blood tests of use in patients presenting with urticaria
Table 9.1.2
Imaging modalities of use in patients presenting with urticaria...
Table 9.1.3
Special tests of use in patients presenting with urticaria
Chapter 9.2
Table 9.2.1
Bedside tests of use in patients presenting with non‐blanching r...
Table 9.2.2
Blood tests of use in patients presenting with non‐blanching ras...
Chapter 9.3
Table 9.3.1
Blood tests of use in patients presenting with childhood rashes...
Table 9.3.2
Imaging modalities of use in patients presenting with childhood ...
Table 9.3.3
Special tests of use in patients presenting with childhood rashe...
Chapter 10.1
Table 10.1.1
Bedside tests of use in patients presenting with a limp
Table 10.1.2
Blood tests of use in patients presenting with a limp
Table 10.1.3
Imaging modalities of use in patients presenting with a limp
Table 10.1.4
Special tests of use in patients presenting with a limp
Chapter 10.2
Table 10.2.1
Bedside tests of use in patients presenting with swollen joints...
Table 10.2.2
Blood tests of use in patients presenting with swollen joints
Table 10.2.3
Imaging modalities of use in patients presenting with swollen j...
Table 10.2.4
Special tests of use in patients presenting with swollen joints...
Chapter 11.1
Table 11.1.1
Bedside tests of use in patients presenting with neonatal jaund...
Table 11.1.2
Blood tests of use in patients presenting with neonatal jaundic...
Table 11.1.3
Imaging modalities of use in patients presenting with neonatal ...
Table 11.1.4
Special tests of use in patients presenting with neonatal jaund...
Chapter 11.2
Table 11.2.1
Bedside tests of use in infants presenting with unsettled behav...
Table 11.2.2
Blood tests of use in infants presenting with unsettled behavio...
Table 11.2.3
Imaging modalities of use in infants presenting with unsettled ...
Table 11.2.4
Special Tests Of Use In Infants Presenting With Unsettled Behav...
Chapter 12.1
Table 12.1.1
Airway assessment
Table 12.1.2
Airway management options
Table 12.1.3
Breathing assessment
Table 12.1.4
Breathing management options
Table 12.1.5
Circulation assessment
Table 12.1.6
Circulation management options
Table 12.1.7
Disability assessment
Table 12.1.8
Disability management options
Table 12.1.9
Exposure assessment
Table 12.1.10
Exposure management options
Chapter 12.2
Table 12.2.1
Glasgow Coma Scale
Chapter 12.4
Table 12.4.1
Routine immunisations in the UK
Table 12.4.2
Selective immunisations in the UK
Chapter 12.5
Table 12.5.1
Areas for investigation
Chapter 13.2
Table 13.2.1
Medications used in the management of anaphylaxis
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1.1
Figure 1.1.1 Diagnostic algorithm for the presentation of wheeze.
Figure 1.1.2 Changes in chronic obstructive respiratory disease. (A) Harriso...
Figure 1.1.3 Harrison’s sulcus – note the chronic indentation of the lower r...
Figure 1.1.4 A child using a peak flow meter.
Figure 1.1.5 A chest x‐ray is not required for a diagnosis of bronchiolitis,...
Figure 1.1.6 A chest x‐ray showing hyperinflation in acute asthma.
Figure 1.1.7 A spacer is an essential device when administering inhaled bron...
Chapter 1.2
Figure 1.2.1 Diagnostic algorithm for the presentation of stridor.
Figure 1.2.2 Anatomical diagram indicating the key structures in the upper a...
Figure 1.2.3 Signs of increased work of breathing. Recognition of respirator...
Figure 1.2.4 Laryngoscopy view of (A) normal larynx, (B) epiglottitis and (C...
Figure 1.2.5 Chest x‐ray of an anterior mediastinal mass.
Figure 1.2.6 The ‘steeple sign’. The shape of a church steeple is produced b...
Chapter 1.3
Figure 1.3.1 Diagnostic algorithm for the presentation of difficulty in brea...
Figure 1.3.2 Right upper lobe collapse and consolidation in focal pneumonia....
Figure 1.3.3 Left upper lobe collapse due to pneumonia – veil‐like opacity o...
Figure 1.3.4 Two chest x‐rays showing pleural effusions, commonly seen as a ...
Figure 1.3.5 A round pneumonia is usually a paediatric phenomenon, due to im...
Figure 1.3.6 Left‐sided tension pneumothorax with mediastinal shift away
Chapter 2.1
Figure 2.1.1 Central cyanosis in a baby.
Figure 2.1.2 Diagnostic algorithm for the presentation of cyanosis.
Figure 2.1.3 Blood flow through the heart in Tetralogy of Fallot. There is a...
Figure 2.1.4 Blood flow through the heart in tricuspid atresia. Inability of...
Figure 2.1.5 Blood flow through the heart in truncus arteriosus. The single ...
Figure 2.1.6 Blood flow through the heart in transposition of the great arte...
Figure 2.1.7 In the absence of a detailed history, careful examination of th...
Figure 2.1.8 Cardiomegaly on chest x‐ray due to Ebstein’s anomaly
Figure 2.1.9 Safe triangle for chest drain insertion – bordered anteriorly b...
Figure 2.1.10 Left‐sided tension pneumothorax with mediastinal shift away.
Chapter 2.2
Figure 2.2.1 Diagnostic algorithm for the presentation of circulatory shock....
Figure 2.2.2 Relationships between essential cardiovascular states, explaini...
Figure 2.2.3 Blood flow in a duct‐dependent circulation in a baby with inter...
Figure 2.2.4 Blood flow through the heart in hypoplastic left heart syndrome...
Chapter 2.3
Figure 2.3.1 Diagnostic algorithm for the presentation of syncope.
Figure 2.3.2 Torsade de pointes is a polymorphic form of ventricular tachyca...
Figure 2.3.3 There are several stereotypical prodromal features of vasovagal...
Figure 2.3.4 The tilt‐table test. Procedure: the child lies on a bed and is ...
Chapter 2.4
Figure 2.4.1 Diagnostic algorithm for the presentation of chest pain.
Figure 2.4.2 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy causes a thickened left ventricular...
Figure 2.4.3 Horizontal arm traction involves steadily pulling a flexed arm ...
Figure 2.4.4 Passive chest wall stretch, otherwise known as the ‘crowing roo...
Figure 2.4.5 ‘Chest wall hooking’ involves hooking fingers beneath the costa...
Figure 2.4.6 (A) Anterior and (B) lateral view of an anterior mediastinal ma...
Figure 2.4.7 Axial computed tomography of aortic dissection with involvement...
Figure 2.4.8 Computed tomographic pulmonary angiogram showing filling defect...
Chapter 2.5
Figure 2.5.1 Diagnostic algorithm for the presentation of palpitations.
Figure 2.5.2 In premature atrial contractions (PACs), usually the QRS comple...
Figure 2.5.3 Electrocardiogram in a 7‐year‐old boy showing physiological sin...
Figure 2.5.4 Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is a narrow complex tachycar...
Figure 2.5.5 The electrocardiogram is the definitive tool when assessing and...
Chapter 3.1
Figure 3.1.1 Diagnostic algorithm for the presentation of fever.In 2019, a...
Figure 3.1.2 Vesicles on the palm in hand, food and mouth disease, usually c...
Figure 3.1.3 Findings in Kawasaki disease. (A) Strawberry tongue; (B) non‐pu...
Figure 3.1.4 Dull and retracted tympanic membrane as seen in otitis media on...
Figure 3.1.5 Strawberry tongue in scarlet fever.
Figure 3.1.6 The classic rash of chickenpox involves pruritic, fluid‐filled ...
Figure 3.1.7 Left‐sided consolidation with empyema.
Figure 3.1.8 Left‐sided empyema with a clear convexity due to the pleural co...
Chapter 3.2
Figure 3.2.1 The Tropics and the Subtropics.
Figure 3.2.2 Diagnostic algorithm for the presentation of fever in the retur...
Figure 3.2.3 Areas with endemic malaria, requiring travel precautions.
Figure 3.2.4 Tuberculosis has many extra‐pulmonary manifestations, which sho...
Figure 3.2.5 Signs and symptoms associated with human immunodeficiency virus...
Figure 3.2.6 Petechiae in the antecubital fossa following the tourniquet tes...
Figure 3.2.7 The differential diagnosis for tropical infections is wide. Thi...
Chapter 3.3
Figure 3.3.1 Diagnostic algorithm for the presentation of lymphadenopathy.
Figure 3.3.2 Children with Kawasaki disease are often very miserable, out of...
Figure 3.3.3 Child with cervical lymphadenopathy.
Figure 3.3.4 Location of palpable peripheral lymph nodes.
Figure 3.3.5 Blood film showing three large blasts in a patient with precurs...
Chapter 4.1
Figure 4.1.1 Diagnostic algorithm for the presentation of bruising.
Figure 4.1.2 Erythema nodosum.
Figure 4.1.3 Newborn babies require vitamin K at birth. This is commonly giv...
Figure 4.1.4 Always consider non‐accidental injury in any bruising in a chil...
Figure 4.1.5 Vitamin C deficiency was classically associated with sailors du...
Figure 4.1.6 Damage to a blood vessel triggers a cascade of reactions. Endot...
Figure 4.1.7 Thrombocytopenia and one reactive lymphocyte in a child with im...
Chapter 4.2
Figure 4.2.1 Diagnostic algorithm for the presentation of pallor.
Figure 4.2.2 Haematopoietic stem cells are pluripotent and reside in the bon...
Figure 4.2.3 The haemoglobin molecule is made up of two alpha globin chains ...
Figure 4.2.4 Under normal circumstances, oxygen is collected from the lungs ...
Figure 4.2.5 In sickle cell disease, haemoglobin only exists as isolated uni...
Figure 4.2.6 There are several types of globin chains involved in haemoglobi...
Figure 4.2.7 Sickle cell disease is autosomal recessive. Offspring born to p...
Figure 4.2.8 Microcytic hypochromic red cells (arrowhead) and target cells (...
Figure 4.2.9 Spherocytes (some of which are indicated by arrows) in a patien...
Figure 4.2.10 Red cell fragments (some of which are indicated by arrows) in ...
Figure 4.2.11 Three sickle‐shaped red cells (arrows) in a patient with sickl...
Figure 4.2.12 Blood film showing multiple target cells and microcytic red ce...
Chapter 5.1
Figure 5.1.1 Diagnostic algorithm for the presentation of abdominal pain.
Figure 5.1.2 Intussusception: an intussusception can involve the telescoping...
Figure 5.1.3 Volvulus: twisting of the gut, usually on a base of narrow mese...
Figure 5.1.4 Abdominal regions can either be divided into nine areas (red) o...
Figure 5.1.5 Abdominal scars.
1. Kocher’s incision:
hepatic surgery, b...
Figure 5.1.6 Low intestinal obstruction in a neonate with meconium ileus (bu...
Figure 5.1.7 Abdominal x‐ray in a 2‐year‐old with intussusception, shown by ...
Figure 5.1.8 Contrast study demonstrating a normal duodenojejunal (DJ) flexu...
Chapter 5.2
Figure 5.2.1 Diagnostic algorithm for the presentation of abdominal mass.
Figure 5.2.2 The anatomical areas of the abdomen or the simplified four quad...
Figure 5.2.3 A Bristol Stool Chart is an extremely useful tool in determinin...
Figure 5.2.4 Wilms’ tumour. Computed tomography (CT) abdomen showing a right...
Figure 5.2.5 Different causes of hydronephrosis.
Figure 5.2.6 Faecal loading
.
Abdominal radiograph showing faecal loading in ...
Figure 5.2.7 A depiction of a normal rectum showing normal stool collection ...
Figure 5.2.8 Micturating cystourethrogram (MCUG) done to evaluate the cause ...
Figure 5.2.9 A dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scan was done to evaluate the ...
Chapter 5.3
Figure 5.3.1 Diagnostic algorithm for the presentation of vomiting.
Figure 5.3.2 Pyloric stenosis is a condition affecting babies at around 6 we...
Figure 5.3.3 Abdominal x‐ray demonstrating the double bubble sign of duodena...
Figure 5.3.4 Ultrasound demonstrating pyloric stenosis. (A) Transverse secti...
Chapter 5.4
Figure 5.4.1 Diagnostic algorithm for the presentation of diarrhoea.
Figure 5.4.2 Typical pattern of
Escherichia coli
0157 infection in children....
Figure 5.4.3 Ultrasound abdomen demonstrating intussusception. Note the clas...
Chapter 5.5
Figure 5.5.1 Diagnostic algorithm for the presentation of jaundice.
Figure 5.5.2 The metabolism of bilirubin. Red blood cells are degraded withi...
Figure 5.5.3 Scleral icterus in a baby with jaundice.
Figure 5.5.4 Signs of finger clubbing may be seen in chronic liver disease, ...
Chapter 5.6
Figure 5.6.1 Diagnostic algorithm for the presentation of faltering growth....
Figure 5.6.2 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence suggests thre...
Chapter 6.1
Figure 6.1.1 Diagnostic algorithm for the presentation of haematuria.
Figure 6.1.2 How to perform and interpret a urine dipstick. 1. Ensure urine ...
Figure 6.1.3 A ureterorenoscopy is performed under general anaesthetic and i...
Figure 6.1.4 Renal calculi as seen on an abdominal x‐ray.
Chapter 6.2
Figure 6.2.1 Diagnostic Algorithm for the Presentation of Oedema.
Figure 6.2.2 Oedema can be visually assessed by the appearance of swollen de...
Figure 6.2.3 Starling’s hypothesis helps explain fluid shifts between the in...
Chapter 6.3
Figure 6.3.1 Diagnostic algorithm for the presentation of scrotal swelling....
Figure 6.3.2 (A) An indirect hernia is caused by abdominal contents that pas...
Figure 6.3.3 The difference between a non‐communicating and a communicating ...
Figure 6.3.4 A varicocele involves abnormal distension of the pampiniform ve...
Figure 6.3.5 Diagram of inflammation of the epididymis and testicle in epidi...
Figure 6.3.6 A testicular ultrasound demonstrating a testicular torsion. Nor...
Chapter 7.1
Figure 7.1.1 Diagnostic algorithm for the presentation of hypoglycaemia.
Figure 7.1.2 Normal glucose homeostasis.
Figure 7.1.3 Causes of hypoglycaemia according to age. Age is an important i...
Figure 7.1.4 There are a variety of point‐of‐care blood sugar monitors that ...
Figure 7.1.5 Regardless of the cause, significant or symptomatic hypoglycaem...
Figure 7.1.6 There are variety of powdered carbohydrate drink mixes for use ...
Chapter 7.2
Figure 7.2.1 Diagnostic algorithm for the presentation of hyperglycaemia.
Figure 7.2.2 The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions. Exocrin...
Chapter 8.1
Figure 8.1.1 Diagnostic algorithm for the presentation of headache.
Figure 8.1.2 Pre‐ and post‐contrast computed tomography of a glioma in a 12‐...
Figure 8.1.3 Layout of the dural venous sinuses of the brain (simplified): a...
Figure 8.1.4 Detecting meningism on clinical examination: Kernig’s sign (ina...
Figure 8.1.5 Papilloedema (right) compared with a normal optic disc (left)....
Figure 8.1.6 Position of the sinuses with approximate age at pneumatisation....
Figure 8.1.7 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) manometry for use in idiopathic intra...
Chapter 8.2
Figure 8.2.1 Diagnostic algorithm for the presentation of suspected seizures...
Figure 8.2.2 Magnetic resonance image showing type 1 Chiari malformation, wi...
Figure 8.2.3 Magnetic resonance image of Chiari malformation with syringomye...
Figure 8.2.4 Electroencephalogram from a 3‐year‐old girl who presented with ...
Figure 8.2.5 Electroencephalogram of a 7‐year‐old boy with childhood absence...
Figure 8.2.6 Electroencephalogram from a 11‐year‐old boy in absence status e...
Chapter 8.3
Figure 8.3.1 Diagnostic algorithm for the presentation of acute hemiparesis....
Figure 8.3.2 Computed tomography brain showing an acute left‐sided subdural ...
Figure 8.3.3 Computed tomography brain showing a large acute right frontal i...
Figure 8.3.4 (A) T2‐weighted axial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). (B) Dif...
Figure 8.3.5 T2‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging. There is a large right‐...
Figure 8.3.6 Computed tomography brain showing a mass in the 4th ventricle (...
Chapter 8.4
Figure 8.4.1 Diagnostic algorithm for the presentation of acute lower‐limb w...
Figure 8.4.2 Spinal space‐occupying lesions can be divided into intramedulla...
Figure 8.4.3 Magnetic resonance imaging of the spine showing an ill‐defined ...
Figure 8.4.4 The motor neuron functions when an action potential reaches a n...
Figure 8.4.5 Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showing multiple, large...
Figure 8.4.6 Magnetic resonance imaging of the spine showing cauda equina co...
Chapter 8.5
Figure 8.5.1 Diagnostic algorithm for the presentation of delirium and agita...
Figure 8.5.2 Signs of basal skull fracture: mastoid ecchymosis, known as ‘ba...
Chapter 8.6
Figure 8.6.1 Diagnostic algorithm for the presentation of a decreased level ...
Figure 8.6.2 The Monroe–Kellie hypothesis explains that brain tissue, blood ...
Figure 8.6.3 Drugs and alcohol may be ingested in combination or in isolatio...
Figure 8.6.4 Ammonia is primarily derived from ingested nitrogenous compound...
Figure 8.6.5 If there is a failure of this pathway, extrahepatic organs, suc...
Chapter 8.7
Figure 8.7.1 Diagnostic algorithm for the presentation of dizziness.
Figure 8.7.2 Anatomical diagram of the ear, showing some of the structures t...
Chapter 9.1
Figure 9.1.1 Diagnostic algorithm for the presentation of urticaria.
Figure 9.1.2 Urticaria is characterised by a raised, itchy erythematous rash...
Figure 9.1.3 Erythema multiforme: an urticaria mimic.
Figure 9.1.4 Dermatographism is a benign skin disorder in which urticaria ap...
Chapter 9.2
Figure 9.2.1 Diagnostic algorithm for the presentation of non‐blanching rash...
Figure 9.2.2 Immune thrombocytopenic purpura.
Figure 9.2.3 Typical appearance of a petechial rash with lesions <2 mm.
Figure 9.2.4 Typical appearance of a purpuric rash with lesions >2 mm.
Figure 9.2.5 Distribution of petechial rash caused by increased pressure in ...
Figure 9.2.6 Body areas typically affected by the rash of Henoch–Schönlein p...
Figure 9.2.7 Petechial rash on the face and trunk in a child with meningococ...
Chapter 9.3
Figure 9.3.1 Diagnostic algorithm for the presentation of childhood rash.
Figure 9.3.2 Eczema herpeticum on the face.
Figure 9.3.3 The classic rash of chickenpox involves pruritic, fluid‐filled ...
Figure 9.3.4 Reactivation of herpes zoster infection leads to shingles, whic...
Figure 9.3.5 Impetigo on the scalp, characterised by the golden crusted lesi...
Figure 9.3.6 Vesicles on the palm in hand, food and mouth disease, usually c...
Chapter 10.1
Figure 10.1.1 Diagnostic algorithm for the presentation of a limp.
Figure 10.1.2 Compartment syndrome occurs when swelling of injured muscles c...
Figure 10.1.3 Although named ‘slipped upper femoral epiphysis’, this is actu...
Figure 10.1.4 Anteroposterior view of a left slipped upper femoral epiphysis...
Chapter 10.2
Figure 10.2.1 Diagnostic algorithm for the presentation of a swollen joint....
Figure 10.2.2 X‐ray of osteosarcoma in the femur (accounts for 40% of osteos...
Figure 10.2.3 X‐ray of osteosarcoma in the humerus (accounts for 15% of oste...
Figure 10.2.4 Magnetic resonance imaging of pelvic Ewing’s sarcoma.
Chapter 11.1
Figure 11.1.1 Diagnostic algorithm for the presentation of neonatal jaundice...
Figure 11.1.2 Baby with jaundiced skin.
Figure 11.1.3 Rhesus Disease. Formation of rhesus antibodies occurs during d...
Figure 11.1.4 Physiological jaundice: the process of metabolism of bilirubin...
Figure 11.1.5 ABO Incompatibility. Maternal antibodies (immunoglobulin G) to...
Figure 11.1.6 Treatment threshold chart for ≥38 weeks’ gestation.
Figure 11.1.7 Baby being treated for jaundice under phototherapy lights.
Chapter 11.2
Figure 11.2.1 Diagnostic algorithm for the presentation of an unsettled baby...
Figure 11.2.2 Hair tourniquet. Courtesy of James Heilman, MD, CC BY‐SA 3.0....
Figure 11.2.3 Centile chart of crying time in the first 12 weeks of life, as...
Figure 11.2.4 Diagnosis and management flowchart for cow’s milk protein alle...
Chapter 11.3
Figure 11.3.1 Diagnostic and management flowchart for breastfeeding difficul...
Chapter 12.1
Figure 12.1.1 The airway assessment of children has fundamental differences ...
Chapter 12.3
Figure 12.3.1 Enteral replacement and the ‘fluid challenge’. In a non‐shocke...
Figure 12.3.2 Instructions for making a simple oral rehydration solution (OR...
Chapter 12.5
Figure 12.5.1 Factors to consider when assessing the probability of safeguar...
Figure 12.5.2 A body map with markings for suspicious areas for bruising fro...
Figure 12.5.3 Suspicious areas for bruising from the back.
Chapter 13.1
Figure 13.1.1 Algorithm for the approach to the management of sepsis.
Chapter 13.2
Figure 13.2.1 Algorithm for the approach to the management of anaphylaxis.
Chapter 13.3
Figure 13.3.1 Algorithm for the management of acute severe and life‐threaten...
Chapter 13.4
Figure 13.4.1 Algorithm for the approach to the management of prolonged seiz...
Chapter 13.5
Figure 13.5.1 Algorithm for the emergency management of raised intracranial ...
Guide
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The Clinical Guides series
Series Editor: Christian Fielder Camm
The Clinical Guides are a brand new resource for junior doctors and medical students. They provide practical and concise information on symptoms, common conditions, and day‐to‐day problems faced in the clinical environment. They are easy to navigate and allow swift access to information as it is needed, with step‐by‐step guidance on investigations, decision‐making and interventions, and how to survive and thrive on clinical rotations and attachments.
Clinical Guide to Paediatrics
Edited by
Rachel Varughese
Specialist Registrar in Paediatrics
Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
and
Anna Mathew
Consultant Paediatrician
University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Worthing, UK
Chair of MRCPCH Clinical Examinations, RCPCH
Series Editor:
Christian Fielder Camm
Cardiology Specialist Registrar
Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading, UK
This edition first published 2022© 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
The right of Rachel Varughese and Anna Mathew to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law.
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data
Names: Varughese, Rachel, editor. | Mathew, Anna, editor.Title: Clinical guide to paediatrics / edited by Rachel Varughese and Anna Mathew.Other titles: Clinical guides series.Description: First edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley‐Blackwell, 2021. | Series: Clinical guides series | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2021027295 (print) | LCCN 2021027296 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119539117 (paperback) | ISBN 9781119539124 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119539094 (epub)Subjects: MESH: PediatricsClassification: LCC RJ61 (print) | LCC RJ61 (ebook) | NLM WS 100 | DDC 618.92–dc23LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021027295LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021027296
Cover image: WileyCover design: © Gettyimages\PIXOLOGICSTUDIO/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
List of Contributors
Abdulhakim AbdurrazaqDepartment of Paediatrics, Walsall Manor Hospital, Walsall Healthcare NHS Trust, Walsall, UK
Geetha AnandDepartment of Paediatrics, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
Rachel AthertonDepartment of Paediatrics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
Rebecca BrownDepartment of Paediatrics, London School of Paediatrics, London, UK
Dannika BuckleyDepartment of Paediatrics, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Worthing, West Sussex, UK
Catarina Pinto CarrDepartment of Paediatrics, East Surrey Hospital, Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, UK
Benjamin CarterDepartment of Paediatrics, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Chichester, UK
Samyami S. ChowdhuryDepartment of Paediatric Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
Duana CookDepartment of Paediatrics, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Worthing, UK
Eleanor DuckworthUniversity College Hospital, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
Gary FoleyDepartment of Paediatrics, Centre for Genomics and Child Health, London, UK
Emma HughesDepartment of Paediatrics, Great Western Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Swindon, UK
Sally‐Anne HultonDepartment of Paediatric Nephrology, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
Robin JosephOxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
Umaiyal KugathasanUniversity Hospitals Sussex NHS Trust, Brighton, UK
Ilana LeveneNational Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Anna MathewDepartment of Paediatrics, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Worthing, UK
Simon MattusDepartment of Paediatrics, Wexham Park Hospital, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, Slough, UK
Katie MckinnonDepartment of Paediatrics, North Middlesex University Hospital, London, UK
Philippa MikolajskiDepartment of Paediatrics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
Lottie MountDepartment of Community Paediatrics, Sussex Community NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, UK
Maxine MurrayMedica Group, Hastings, UK
Karim NoordallyDepartment of Paediatrics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
Emily OpertoDepartment of Paediatrics, The Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
Kate ParkDepartment of Paediatric Radiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
Ashish PatelDepartment of Paediatric Nephrology, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
Rebecca PuddifootDepartment of Paediatrics, Wexham Park Hospital, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, Slough, UK
Sithara RamdasDepartment of Paedatrics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
Helen RatcliffeOxford Vaccine Group, Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Oxford, UK
Gillian RivlinDepartment of Paediatrics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
Claire RoomeDepartment of Paediatrics, Wexham Park Hospital, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, Slough, UK
Tim SellDepartment of Paediatrics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
Domenico SiricoDepartment of Women’s and Children’s Health, Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
Andrew L. SmithDepartment of Paediatrics, Children’s Services, Homerton University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
Nicola J. SmithDepartment of Paediatrics, Oxford University NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
Eleni LoukaDepartment of Paediatric Haematology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
Dora SteelDepartment of Paediatrics, London School of Paediatrics, London, UK
Caroline TaylorDepartment of Paediatrics, Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Aylesbury, UK
Rachel VarugheseDepartment of Paediatrics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
Samantha WhiteDepartment of Paediatrics, Wexham Park Hospital, NHS Frimley Health Foundation Trust, UK
Jenny WoodruffDepartment of Paediatrics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
Acronyms and Abbreviations
AAT
alpha‐1‐antitrypsin
ABD
acute behavioural disturbance
ACE
angiotensin‐converting enzyme
AChR
acetylcholine receptor
ACS
acute chest syndrome
ACTH
adrenocorticotropic hormone
ADEM
acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis
AED
anti‐epileptic drug
AFP
alpha‐fetoprotein
AGN
acute glomerulonephritis
AIDS
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
AIHA
autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
AIS
arterial ischaemic stroke
AKI
acute kidney injury
ALL
acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
ALP
alkaline phosphatase
ALT
alanine aminotransferase
ANA
antinuclear antibody
ANCA
antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody
APTT
activated partial thromboplastin time
ARB
angiotensin receptor blocker
ARF
acute rheumatic fever
ASA
anterior spinal artery
ASD
atrial septal defect
ASOT
anti‐streptolysin O titre
AST
aspartate aminotransferase
AVM
arteriovenous malformation
AVNRT
AV nodal re‐entry tachycardia
AVRT
atrioventricular re‐entry tachycardia
AVSD
atrioventricular septal defect
BIMDG
British Inherited Metabolic Diseases Group
BiPAP
bilevel positive airway pressure
BMI
Body Mass Index
BNF
British National Formulary
BNP
B‐type natriuretic peptide
BP
blood pressure
BPPV
benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
BPVC
benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood
BSPED
British Society for Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes
CAMHS
Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service
CF
cystic fibrosis
CFRD
cystic fibrosis–related diabetes
CFTR
cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator
CGD
chronic granulomatous disease
CHD
congenital heart disease
CMPA
cow’s milk protein allergy
CMV
cytomegalovirus
CNS
central nervous system
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CPAP
continuous positive airway pressure
CPVT
catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia
CRH
corticotropin‐releasing hormone
CRP
C‐reactive protein
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
CT
computed tomography
CVST
cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
DAT
direct antiglobulin test
DCM
dilated cardiomyopathy
DDH
developmental dysplasia of the hip
DI
diabetes insipidus
DIC
disseminated intravascular coagulation
DJ
duodenojejunal
DKA
diabetic ketoacidosis
DMSA
dimercaptosuccinic acid
DOT
directly observed therapy
dsDNA
double‐stranded DNA
DWI
diffusion‐weighted imaging
EBV
Epstein–Barr virus
ECG
electrocardiogram
ECMO
extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
EDS
Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
EEG
electroencephalogram
EM
erythema multiforme
ENT
Ear, Nose and Throat
ERCP
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
ESR
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
ETN
erythema toxic neonatorum
FAOD
fatty acid oxidation defect
FBC
full blood count
FFA
free fatty acids
FFP
fresh frozen plasma
FHM
familial hemiplegic migraine
FII
fabricated or induced illness
FVC
forced vital capacity
γ‐GT
gamma‐glutamyltransferase
G6PD
glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase
GAL‐1‐PUT
galactose‐1‐phosphate uridyltransferase
GAS
group A
Streptococcus
GBS
group B
Streptococcus
GBS
Guillain–Barré syndrome
GCS
Glasgow Coma Scale
GGT
gamma‐glutamyltransferase
GI
gastrointestinal
GOR
gastro‐oesophageal reflux
GORD
gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease
GSD
glycogen storage disorders
GU
genitourinary
HACEK
Haemophilus,
Aggregatibacter
,
Cardiobacterium
,
Eikenella
,
Kingella
HbF
foetal haemoglobin
HCG
human chorionic gonadotropin
HCM
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
HCT
haematocrit
HDU
high‐dependency unit
HHFNC
heated humidified high‐flow nasal cannula oxygen
HHS
hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state
HHV
human herpesvirus
Hib
Haemophilus influenzae
type B
HIDA
hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
HLA
human leucocyte antigen
HLH
haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
HNIg
human normal immunoglobulin
HONK
hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar non‐ketotic coma
HPV
human papillomavirus
HR
heart rate
HS
hereditary spherocytosis
HSP
Henoch–Schönlein purpura
HSV
herpes simplex virus
HUS
haemolytic uraemic syndrome
HVA
homovanillic acid
IA
innominate artery
IBCLC
International Board Certified Lactation Consultant
IBD
inflammatory bowel disease
IBS
irritable bowel syndrome
ICD
implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator
ICP
intracranial pressure
IDA
iron‐deficiency anaemia
IEM
inborn errors of metabolism
Ig
immunoglobulin
IIH
idiopathic intracranial hypertension
ILCA
International Lactation Consultant Association
IM
intramuscular
INR
international normalised ratio
IOH
initial orthostatic hypotension
IST
inappropriate sinus tachycardia
ITP
immune thrombocytopenia
IUGR
intrauterine growth restriction
IV
intravenous
IVC
inferior vena cava
IVIg
intravenous immunoglobulin
JIA
juvenile idiopathic arthritis
JRA
juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
JVP
jugular venous pressure
LA
left atrium
LAIV
live attenuated influenza vaccine
LCCA
left common carotid artery
LDH
lactate dehydrogenase
LFTs
liver function tests
LMA
laryngeal mask airway
LMWH
low molecular weight heparin
LP
lumbar puncture
LQT
long QT
LSA
left subclavian artery
LV
left ventricle
LVH
left ventricular hypertrophy
LVOT
left ventricular outflow tract
MAHA
microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia
MAOI
monoamine oxidase inhibitor
MC&S
microscopy, culture and sensitivity
MCADD
medium‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
MCHC
mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration
MCUG
micturating cystourethrogram
MCV
mean corpuscular volume
MDT
multi‐disciplinary team
MELAS
mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke‐like episodes
MEN1
multiple endocrine neoplasia
MenB
meningococcal group B
MG
myasthenia gravis
MMR
measles, mumps, rubella
MODY
maturity‐onset diabetes of the young
MRCP
magnetic resonance cholangio pancreatogram
MRSA
methicillin‐resistant
Staphyloccocus aureus
MSH
melanocyte‐stimulating hormone
MSSA
methicillin‐sensitive
Staphylococcus aureus
NAC
N‐acetylcysteine
NAI
non‐accidental injury
NCSE
non‐convulsive status epilepticus
NDM
neonatal diabetes mellitus
NEAD
non‐epileptic attack disorder
NEC
necrotising enterocolitis
NG
nasogastric
NICE
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
NJ
nasojejunal
NMS
neuroleptic malignant syndrome
NPA
naso‐pharyngeal aspirate
NSAIDs
non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs
NT‐proBNP
N‐terminal‐pro hormone BNP
OGD
oesophago‐gastro‐duodenoscopy
OH
orthostatic hypotension
OI
osteogenesis imperfecta
ORS
oral rehydration solution
PA
pulmonary artery
PaCO
2
partial pressure of carbon dioxide
PAC
premature atrial contraction
PAS
Paediatric Appendicitis Score
pCO
2
partial pressure of carbon dioxide
PCR
polymerase chain reaction
PCV
pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
PDA
patent ductus arteriosus
PE
pulmonary embolism
PEFR
peak expiratory flow rate
PEG‐J
percutaneous endoscopic transgastric jejunostomy
