CMOS Biomicrosystems E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 820

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

The book will address the-state-of-the-art in integrated Bio-Microsystems that integrate microelectronics with fluidics, photonics, and mechanics. New exciting opportunities in emerging applications that will take system performance beyond offered by traditional CMOS based circuits are discussed in detail. The book is a must for anyone serious about microelectronics integration possibilities for future technologies. The book is written by top notch international experts in industry and academia. The intended audience is practicing engineers with electronics background that want to learn about integrated microsystems. The book will be also used as a recommended reading and supplementary material in graduate course curriculum.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

PREFACE

CONTRIBUTORS

PART I: HUMAN BODY MONITORING

1 INTERFACING BIOLOGY AND CIRCUITS: QUANTIFICATION AND PERFORMANCE METRICS

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.2 THE SIGNAL PROCESSING AIM

1.3 REPRESENTATIVE TESTING

1.4 PERFORMANCE METRICS

1.5 STATISTICAL VALIDATION

1.6 CONCLUSIONS

2 FULLY INTEGRATED SYSTEMS FOR NEURAL SIGNAL RECORDING: TECHNOLOGY PERSPECTIVE AND LOW-NOISE FRONT-END DESIGN

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.2 NEURAL SIGNALS AND FRONT-END REQUIREMENTS

2.3 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE AND POWER BUDGET PARTITIONING

2.4 PREAMPLIFIER AND FILTER

2.5 SYSTEM INTEGRATION AND RESULTS

2.6 REFINEMENTS OF AMPLIFIER DESIGN

2.7 CONCLUSIONS

3 VLSI IMPLEMENTATION OF WIRELESS NEURAL RECORDING MICROSYSTEM FOR NEUROMUSCULAR STIMULATION

3.1 REVIEW OF THE RECORDING MICROSYSTEM

3.2 WIRELESS POWER AND DATA TRANSMISSION MICROSTIMULATOR SYSTEM

3.3 VERY LARGE-SCALE INTEGRATED CIRCUITS IN THE RECORDING MICROSYSTEM

3.4 CONCLUSION

4 HEALTH-CARE DEVICES USING RADIO FREQUENCY TECHNOLOGY

4.1 INTRODUCTION

4.2 REMOTE DETECTION OF HUMAN VITAL SIGNS

4.3 HEALTH-CARE SENSOR USING RADIO FREQUENCY TECHNOLOGY

4.4 MEASUREMENTS

4.5 CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

5 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF LOW-POWER DIGITAL INTEGRATED SYSTEMS FOR IMPLANTABLE MEDICAL APPLICATIONS

5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.2 GENERAL MODEL OF IMPLANTABLE MEDICAL ELECTRONIC DEVICES

5.3 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF LOW-POWER DIGITAL INTEGRATED CIRCUIT DESIGN INSIDE AN IMPLANT UNIT

5.4 A DESIGN CASE: LOW-POWER DIGITAL INTEGRATED CIRCUIT DESIGN FOR WIRELESS CAPSULE ENDOSCOPY

5.5 CONCLUSION

PART II: BIOSENSORS AND CIRCUITS

6 AFFINITY-BASED BIOSENSORS: STOCHASTIC MODELING AND FIGURES OF MERIT

6.1 MODELING BIOSENSORS: INTRODUCTION

6.2 BIOSENSOR MODEL: DETERMINISTIC AND STOCHASTIC

6.3 SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO AND NOISE FIGURE DEFINITIONS

6.4 TRANSIENT SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO ANALYIS

6.5 SIMULATIONS

6.6 CONCLUSION

7 FABRICATION EXAMPLES BASED ON STANDARD CMOS AND MEMS PROCESSES

7.1 THE NEED FOR INFRASTRUCTURES

7.2 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT MANUFACTURING AT CMP

7.3 MICRO-ELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS MANUFACTURING AT CMP

7.4 OTHER MAJOR INFRASTRUCTURES

7.5 ICs AND MICRO-ELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS

7.6 CONCLUSIONS

8 CMOS CAPACITIVE BIOINTERFACES FOR LAB-ON-CHIP APPLICATIONS

8.1 INTRODUCTION

8.2 ON-CHIP SENSING ELECTRODES

8.3 CAPACITIVE BIOCHEMICAL METHODS

8.4 CAPACITIVE INTERFACE CIRCUITS

8.5 MICROFLUIDIC PACKAGING

8.6 CONCLUSION

9 LENSFREE IMAGING CYTOMETRY AND DIAGNOSTICS FOR POINT-OF-CARE AND TELEMEDICINE APPLICATIONS

9.1 INTRODUCTION

9.2 CLINICAL NEED FOR CYTOMETRY AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR BIOMEDICAL DIAGNOSTICS

9.3 MODERN CYTOMETRY TECHNOLOGIES

9.4 AN EMERGING LENSLESS OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY FOR HIGH-THROUGHPUT ON-CHIP CYTOMETRY AND DIAGNOSTICS: LUCAS

9.5 CONCLUSION

10 ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES FOR REAL-TIME MONITORING AND CONTROL IN BIOMICROFLUIDICS

10.1 INTRODUCTION

10.2 BIOMICROFLUIDICS SYSTEMS AND RELATED ISSUES

10.3 POINTWISE FLOW MONITORING

10.4 CELLULAR NONLINEAR NETWORKS-BASED FULL-FIELD MONITORING

10.5 CELLULAR NONLINEAR NETWORKS APPLICATIONS IN BIOMICROFLUIDICS

10.6 DISCUSSION ON FUTURE TRENDS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

11 MONITORING OF STEM CELL CULTURE PROCESS USING ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSORS

11.1 INTRODUCTION

11.2 BUILDING A MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

11.3 STEM CELL CULTURE PROCESS MONITORING

11.4 SUMMARY

PART III: EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES

12 BUILDING INTERFACES TO DEVELOPING CELLS AND ORGANISMS: FROM CYBORG BEETLES TO SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY

12.1 INTRODUCTION

12.2 EXAMPLE INTERFACES

12.3 CONCLUSIONS

13 TECHNOLOGIES FOR ARRAYED SINGLE-CELL BIOLOGY

13.1 THE IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING SINGLE CELLS

13.2 ELECTRONIC DETECTION OF MOLECULES IN THE NANOSCALE

13.3 SINGLE-CELL RESPIRATION MEASUREMENTS

13.4 OXYGEN DETECTION

13.5 OVERVIEW OF THE MINIATURE CELL INCUBATOR PLATFORM

13.6 OXYGEN CONSUMPTION RATE MEASUREMENTS USING A SINGLE-CELL SELF-ASSEMBLY METHOD

13.7 CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

14 APPLICATION OF BACTERIAL FLAGELLAR MOTORS IN MICROFLUIDIC SYSTEMS

14.1 INTRODUCTION

14.2 FLAGELLAR MOTOR MICROPUMP

14.3 EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES

14.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

15 GENE INJECTION AND MANIPULATION USING CMOS-BASED TECHNOLOGIES

15.1 INTRODUCTION

15.2 PHYSICAL STRATEGIES FOR GENE INJECTION

15.3 CHALLENGES IN BIOCHIP–CMOS INTEGRATION

15.4 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE OUTLOOK

16 LOW-COST DIAGNOSTICS: RF DESIGNER’S APPROACH

16.1 INTRODUCTION

16.2 REVIEW OF NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

16.3 CMOS RADIO FREQUENCY TRANSCEIVER INTEGRATED CIRCUIT DESIGN: CHALLENGES

16.4 CMOS RADIO FREQUENCY TRANSCEIVER INTEGRATED CIRCUIT DESIGN: ARCHITECTURE

16.5 CMOS RADIO FREQUENCY TRANSCEIVER INTEGRATED CIRCUIT DESIGN: FRONT-END DESIGN

16.6 CMOS RADIO FREQUENCY TRANSCEIVER INTEGRATED CIRCUIT DESIGN: OTHER CIRCUIT CONSIDERATIONS

16.7 EXPERIMENTS

16.8 CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

INDEX

Copyright © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. All rights reserved.

Published simultaneously in Canada

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Iniewski, Krzysztof, 1960- , author.

 CMOS Biomicrosystems : Where Electronics Meet Biology / Krzysztof Iniewski.

p. cm

 ISBN 978-0-470-64190-3 (hardback)

 1. Medical electronics. 2. Bioelectronics. 3. Metal oxide semiconductors, Complementary. I. Title.

 R856.I385 2011

 610.28–dc22

2010042345

oBook ISBN: 978-1-118-01649-7

ePDF ISBN: 978-1-118-01647-3

ePub ISBN: 978-1-118-01648-0

PREFACE

The emerging generation of health care that offers dramatic improvements in disease detection will likely be enabled by bioelectronics, a frontier discipline at the interfaces of electronics, biology, physics, chemistry, and materials science. By integrating these diverse scientific fields, bioelectronics will revolutionize how we interact with, measure, and understand biological systems, enabling emerging technologies from DNA injection to implantable sensors in the human body. This paradigm shift will have enormous impact on improving the quality and hopefully reducing the cost of health care.

CMOS Biomicrosystems provides contemporary coverage of major advances as the well-established CMOS microelectronics technologies are employed to provide innovative solutions in the broad areas of biomedical applications. The book is an overview of the numerous new advancements in this exciting field of microelectronics that is “meeting” biology. It contains many applications and examples of CMOS systems already realized or being developed for providing new tools to interface to biology.

The topic of biomicrosystems is a very active research area worldwide, as the various areas in this field are enjoying considerable popularity. The book contains a broad overview of many different applications of CMOS technology and fabrications, ranging from electrocardiograph and electroencephalogram signals acquisition to molecular and cell detection to in vivo imaging systems. The book is more in the style of a reprint book, highlighting individual, self-contained chapters. In this context, the information likely will be of greatest value to those working in the field. However, the chapters are appropriately written to introduce the newcomer to the chapter topic before delving into the detailed technical topics, a benefit for the reader who is from outside the bioelectronics field.

The book is divided into three parts: Human Body Monitoring, Biosensors and Circuits, and Emerging Technologies. The first part on human body monitoring starts with introducing fundamental concepts and performance key metrics, a chapter written by researchers from Imperial College London. This chapter is followed by chapters on neural signal recording written by authors from Politecnico di Milano and National Chung-Cheng University. Researchers from Samsung describe the use of RF technology for health care applications. Finally, a team from Tsinghua University covers design considerations for implantable systems.

The second part on biosensors and biocircuits starts with the fundamentals of biosensors, discussing stochastic modeling and figures of merit, a chapter written by researchers from the University of Texas at Austin. This chapter is followed by a description of CMOS and MEMS biochip technologies written by Dr. Courtois from Circuits Multi-Projets (CMP). The following chapters by authors from Polytechnic Montreal and the University of California, Los Angeles, deal with biointerfaces for lab-on-chip applications and lensfree on-chip imaging, a new tool for telemedicine. Finally, researchers from the University of California, San Diego, and Imperial College London describe monitoring systems for biomicrofluidics and stem cell culture processing.

The third part on emerging technologies starts with an introduction to futuristic biology interfacing written by researchers from Berkeley. They show three examples of the types of interfaces that link CMOS paradigms with biological systems: remote flight control of insects through implantable microsystems, pixelated interfaces to developing cells, and CMOS-compatible very high-density (VLSI) microfluidics. This chapter is followed by a description of technologies for arrayed single-cell biology authored by researchers from the University of Washington. The following chapters by authors from the University of Arkansas and Arizona State University cover an intriguing field of nanoscale engineering systems; both bacterial flagellar motors and gene injection are presented. Finally, an innovative approach to early disease detection based on RF circuits is proposed by researchers from Harvard.

I sincerely hope that you, as reader, will enjoy the book, and I am sure you will learn something new in this exciting field of bioelectronics. If you have any comments or suggestions about the material presented, please contact me at [email protected]. I would also love to hear suggestions from you about future books on bioelectronics.

Books like this one would not possible without many creative individuals meeting together in one place to exchange thoughts and ideas in a relaxed atmosphere. I would like to invite you to attend CMOS Emerging Technologies events that are held annually in beautiful British Columbia, Canada, where many topics covered in this book are discussed. See http://www.cmoset.com for presentation slides from the previous meeting and announcements about future ones.

Let electronics meet biology and benefit each other!

KRIS INIEWSKI

CONTRIBUTORS

Editor

Krzysztof Iniewski, CMOS Emerging Technologies, Coqutilam, British Columbia, Canada

Authors

Andrea Bonfanti, Department of Robotic, Brain, and Cognitive Sciences, Italian Institute of Technology, Genoa, Italy

Tommaso Borghi, Department of Electronics and Information, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy

Maide Bucolo, Department of Electrical, Electronics, and Informatics Engineering, University of Catania, Catania, Italy

Alexander J. Casson, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

Xinkai Chen, Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

Chih-Jen Cheng, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chung-Cheng University, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, Taiwan

Jung Han Choi, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Yongin, Korea

Daniel Cohen, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA

Bernard Courtois, CMP, Grenoble, France

Shreepriya Das, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA

Emmanuel M. Drakakis, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

Anthony Erlinger, Electrical Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA

James R. Etzkorn, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

Qiang Fang, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Ebrahim Ghafar-Zadeh, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA

Donhee Ham, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

Arjang Hassibi, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA

Marcos Intaglietta, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, La Jolla, California, USA

Dong Kyun Kim, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Yongin, Korea

Jin-Woo Kim, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA

Andrea L. Lacaita, Department of Electronics and Information, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy

Shuenn-Yuh Lee, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chung-Cheng University, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, Taiwan

Shyh-Chyang Lee, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chung-Cheng University, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, Taiwan

Xiaowen Li, Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

Yong Liu, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York, USA

Michel M. Maharbiz, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA

Sarah C. McQuaide, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

Jit Muthuswamy, Bioengineering, School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA

Aydogan Ozcan, Electrical Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA

Babak A. Parviz, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

Ryan Pooran, Microelectronics–Photonics Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA

Esther Rodriguez-Villegas, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

Francesca Sapuppo, Department of Electrical, Electronics and Informatics Engineering, Catania University, Catania, Italy

Hirotaka Sato, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA

Sungkyu Seo, Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea University, Jochiwon, Chungnam, Korea

Arati Sridharan, Bioengineering, School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA

Ting-Wei Su, Electrical Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA

Nan Sun, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA

Steve Tung, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA

Haris Vikalo, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA

Zhihua Wang, Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

Xiang Xie, Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

Xicai Yue, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

Guido Zambra, Department of Electronics and Information, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy