Coastal Ecosystems in Transition E-Book
174,99 €
Mehr erfahren.
- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Serie: Geophysical Monograph Series
- Sprache: Englisch
Explores how two coastal ecosystems are responding to the pressures of human expansion The Northern Adriatic Sea, a continental shelf ecosystem in the Northeast Mediterranean Sea, and the Chesapeake Bay, a major estuary of the mid-Atlantic coast of the United States, are semi-enclosed, river-dominated ecosystems with urbanized watersheds that support extensive industrial agriculture. Coastal Ecosystems in Transition: A Comparative Analysis of the Northern Adriatic and Chesapeake Bay presents an update of a study published two decades ago. Revisiting these two ecosystems provides an opportunity to assess changing anthropogenic pressures in the context of global climate change. The new insights can be used to inform ecosystem-based approaches to sustainable development of coastal environments. Volume highlights include: * Effects of nutrient enrichment and climate-driven changes on critical coastal habitats * Patterns of stratification and circulation * Food web dynamics from phytoplankton to fish * Nutrient cycling, water quality, and harmful algal events * Causes and consequences of interannual variability The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals. Read a review of this book in Marine Ecology review of this book
Sie lesen das E-Book in den Legimi-Apps auf:
Seitenzahl: 818
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2020
Ähnliche
Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
PREFACE
1 Introduction: Coastal Ecosystem Services at Risk
1.1. WHY COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND WHY THE NORTHERN ADRIATIC SEA AND CHESAPEAKE BAY?
1.2. THE 1999 COMPARISON
REFERENCES
2 Recent Status and Long‐Term Trends in Freshwater Discharge and Nutrient Inputs
2.1. INTRODUCTION
2.2. OVERVIEW OF THE WATERSHED AND FRESHWATER INPUTS
2.3. NUTRIENT INPUTS
2.4. CONTROLS OF NUTRIENT EXPORT
2.5. MAJOR CHALLENGES
2.6. IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
3 Sea State: Recent Progress in the Context of Climate Change
3.1. INTRODUCTION
3.2. CHESAPEAKE BAY
3.3. NORTHERN ADRIATIC SEA
3.4. PARALLELS AND PROSPECTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
4 Phytoplankton Dynamics in a Changing Environment
4.1. INTRODUCTION
4.2. STUDY SITES
4.3. HYDROGRAPHIC REGIMES AND NUTRIENTS
4.4. PHYTOPLANKTON BIOMASS
4.5. PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE
4.6. PHYTOPLANKTON PRIMARY PRODUCTION
4.7. SYNTHESIS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
5 Eutrophication, Harmful Algae, Oxygen Depletion, and Acidification
5.1. INTRODUCTION
5.2. SUSCEPTIBILITY TO EUTROPHICATION
5.3. PHYTOPLANKTON BIOMASS, HARMFUL ALGAE, AND MUCILAGE EVENTS
5.4. OXYGEN DEPLETION
5.5. OLIGOTROPHICATION
5.6. ACIDIFICATION
5.7. FUTURE DIRECTIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
6 Mesozooplankton and Gelatinous Zooplankton in the Face of Environmental Stressors
6.1. INTRODUCTION
6.2. OVERALL TAXONOMIC, SPATIAL, AND TEMPORAL PATTERNS
6.3. TROPHIC DYNAMICS
6.4. LONG‐TERM TRENDS
6.5. NONINDIGENOUS SPECIES
6.6. COMPARISON OF THE NORTHERN ADRIATIC SEA AND CHESAPEAKE BAY
6.7. THE IMPORTANCE OF MONITORING AND THE OUTLOOK FOR ZOOPLANKTON IN THE NAS AND THE CB
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
7 Ecological Role of Microbes
7.1. INTRODUCTION
7.2. BACTERIA
7.3. JELLYFISH BLOOMS AND BACTERIA
7.4. SECULAR CHANGES AND TRENDS IN BACTERIAL ABUNDANCE AND PRODUCTIVITY
7.5. CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
8 Advances in Our Understanding of Pelagic–Benthic Coupling
8.1. INTRODUCTION
8.2. LAND‐WATER FLUXES AND SEDIMENT COMPOSITION
8.3. SUSPENDED PARTICULATE ORGANIC MATTER
8.4. POM DEPOSITION TO SEDIMENTS
8.5. BENTHIC PRIMARY PRODUCTION AND INVERTEBRATES
8.6. BENTHIC RESPIRATION AND NUTRIENT REGENERATION
8.7. ANNUAL MASS BALANCES OF C
ORG
, N, AND P
8.8. SYNTHESIS AND FURTHER DIRECTIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
9 Status of Critical Habitats and Invasive Species
9.1. INTRODUCTION
9.2. CRITICAL HABITATS
9.3. PRESSURES
9.4. SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
10 Status of Fish and Shellfish Stocks
10.1. INTRODUCTION
10.2. RECENT FISHERIES YIELDS AND TRENDS
10.3. FISHERIES RESOURCES
10.4. PREDATOR–PREY DYNAMICS
10.5. ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACTS: PROBLEMS AND CONCERNS
10.6. FISHERIES MANAGEMENT
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
11 Ecosystem‐Based Management of Multiple Pressures:
11.1. SUMMARY
11.2. IMPACTS OF ANTHROPOGENIC PRESSURES ON ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
11.3. MANAGEMENT, MONITORING, AND MODELING
REFERENCES
INDEX
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1 Mean riverine inputs and physical and ecological characteristics of...
Chapter 2
Table 2.1 Median annual inputs of freshwater (Q, km
3
) and nutrients (10
6
kg y...
Chapter 4
Table 4.1 Estimates of phytoplankton primary production (PP) for different re...
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 Frequency of Occurrence of Selected Harmful Algal Bloom Species in ...
Chapter 6
Table 6.1 Generalized monthly presence of common gelatinous zooplankton in Ch...
Table 6.2 Monthly presence of common gelatinous zooplankton in the northern A...
Table 6.3 Abundance of siphonophore species (nectophorae) in the northern Adr...
Table 6.4 The number of metazoan zooplankton taxa in the northern Adriatic Se...
Chapter 7
Table 7.1 Published studies that have investigated seasonal dynamics of micro...
Table 7.2 Average bacterial abundance (10
6
cells mL
−1
) and bacterial ca...
Chapter 8
Table 8.1 Sedimentary organic matter: elemental composition (%), elemental ra...
Table 8.2 Sedimentary organic matter in Chesapeake Bay: elemental composition...
Table 8.3 Suspended particulate organic carbon (POC), particulate nitrogen (P...
Table 8.4 Benthic fluxes (mmol m
−2
day
−1
) in the northern Adriati...
Table 8.5 Benthic fluxes (mmol m
−2
day
−1
) in three regions of Che...
Table 8.6 Tentative mass balances of C
org
, N, and P in the western part of th...
Table 8.7 Tentative mass balances of C
org
, N, and P for the mainstem Chesapea...
Chapter 9
Table 9.1 Lagoons of the Northern Adriatic Sea.
Table 9.2 List of alien species in the northern Adriatic sea (updated major s...
Chapter 11
Table 11.1 Ecosystem services impacted by increases in indicators of ecosyste...
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 (Left) The mainstem Chesapeake Bay (CB), which runs 320 km from t...
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 Time series of annual freshwater input to (a) Chesapeake Bay and ...
Figure 2.2 Boxplots showing seasonal loads of (a) total nitrogen (TN), (b) n...
Figure 2.3 Time series of annual loads of (a) total nitrogen (TN), (b) nitra...
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Bathymetry of the mainstem of Chesapeake Bay, its tributaries, an...
Figure 3.2 Schematic response of an estuary to longitudinal wind‐stress forc...
Figure 3.3 Flow response of Chesapeake Bay to Hurricane Isabel. Wind speed i...
Figure 3.4 (a) Observed (solid line with a dot) and modeled (solid line) mon...
Figure 3.5 (a) The difference between the present mean tidal range (MTR) and...
Figure 3.6 Numerical results on the response of Chesapeake Bay to changes in...
Figure 3.7 Adriatic basin topography (TS, Trieste; KP, Koper; VE, Venice; Go...
Figure 3.8 (a) Bora and (b) sirocco surface circulations (arrows) from the R...
Figure 3.9 Surface salinity averages from the ROMS reanalysis for the northe...
Figure 3.10 Sea‐temperature transects along the open boundary of Figure 3.9....
Figure 3.11 Number of 5‐day‐long marine warm water outbreaks (upward bars) a...
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Average monthly SeaWiFS satellite‐derived surface Chl‐a concentra...
Figure 4.2 Long‐term CBP monitoring stations used in this analysis for water...
Figure 4.3 Interannual variability of salinity and nutrients in the (left) s...
Figure 4.4 Annual cycles of surface nutrients (NO
3
and PO
4
), Chl‐
a
, and sali...
Figure 4.5 Average downbay distributions of surface salinity, total suspende...
Figure 4.6 Average annual cycles of (left) surface and (right) bottom salini...
Figure 4.7 Relationships between average annual Susquehanna River discharge ...
Figure 4.8 (Top) Interannual and (bottom) monthly variability of Chl‐
a
in th...
Figure 4.9 Interannual variability of Chl‐
a
depth profiles in the Gulf of Tr...
Figure 4.10 Average annual cycles of surface Chl‐
a
by salinity zone in CB (s...
Figure 4.11 (a) Average downbay distributions of surface Chl‐
a
in CB, based ...
Figure 4.12 Relationships between average annual Susquehanna River discharge...
Figure 4.13 Seasonal patterns of abundance represented by monthly geometric ...
Figure 4.14 Annual pattern of monthly mean phytoplankton abundance in the NA...
Figure 4.15 Locally estimated scatterplot smoothing time‐series trends for
P
Figure 4.16 Change over time in the seasonal timing (phenologies) of maximum...
Figure 4.17 Linear relationship between the NAO and the month of minimum Chl...
Figure 4.18 Primary production and biomass (as Chl‐
a
) from a shallow station...
Figure 4.19 The seasonal cycle of depth‐integrated primary production (mg C ...
Figure 4.20 (a) Average downbay distribution of
14
C‐based light‐saturated pr...
Figure 4.21 (a–c) Average annual cycles of
14
C‐based light‐saturated product...
Figure 4.22 Cross‐system regressions of (a) mean annual surface Chl‐
a
and (b...
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Mean annual concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and NO
x
(dissol...
Figure 5.2 Po River daily (grey line) and annual average (triangles) dischar...
Figure 5.3 Average annual cycles of (a) surface, (b) water‐column average, a...
Figure 5.4 Annual cycles of surface chlorophyll‐
a
(Chl‐
a
) at two Chesapeake ...
Figure 5.5 Decadal changes in mean (±95% CI) surface chlorophyll‐
a
(Chl‐
a
) c...
Figure 5.6 Box plots showing median, interquartile range, and total range of...
Figure 5.7 Interannual occurrence and duration in mucilaginous macroaggregat...
Figure 5.8 Average annual cycles of bottom dissolved oxygen concentration by...
Figure 5.9 Vertical cross‐sections of dissolved oxygen concentration along t...
Figure 5.10 Time series of July hypoxic (O
2
< 2 mg L
−1
) volume in Ches...
Figure 5.11 Dissolved oxygen in bottom waters of the Gulf of Trieste (sampli...
Figure 5.12 Dissolved oxygen in bottom waters of the northern Adriatic Sea (...
Figure 5.13 Frequency of days with hypoxia (%) in coastal waters of Emilia‐R...
Figure 5.14 Time series of nutrient loads, surface chlorophyll‐
a
(Chl‐
a
), di...
Figure 5.15 Time series as in Figure 5.14, but for three additional regions ...
Figure 5.16 Long‐term changes in surface water pH (a–c) and temperature (d–f...
Figure 5.17 Total alkalinity (TA) versus salinity in surface waters of the n...
Figure 5.18 Nomogram of total alkalinity (TA) versus dissolved inorganic car...
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Means and standard deviations (top panel, annual means; bottom pa...
Figure 6.2 Mean abundance (individuals m
−3
) of mesozooplankton at five...
Figure 6.3 Stable nitrogen (N) composition of bulk net mesozooplankton and s...
Figure 6.4 Annual anomalies of near‐surface seawater temperature (bars; modi...
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 (Left) Key study sites in the northern Adriatic Sea: Triangles, s...
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 Pelite (clay and silt) and organic carbon content in the surface ...
Figure 8.2 Chlorophyll‐
a
and particulate organic carbon concentrations along...
Figure 8.3 Temporal variations in particulate organic carbon concentration n...
Figure 8.4 Seasonal cycle of vertically integrated gross primary production ...
Figure 8.5 (Left) Seasonal variations in mean sedimentation rates of particu...
Figure 8.6 (Top and middle) Time series of annual averages for observed (bla...
Figure 8.7 (a) Average biomass (ash‐free dry weight (AFDW) g m
−2
; gran...
Figure 8.8 Seasonal patterns of sediment oxygen consumption; benthic fluxes ...
Figure 8.9 Countour maps of seasonal diffusive fluxes of ammonium and phosph...
Figure 8.10 Seasonal patterns of benthic fluxes of dissolved inorganic carbo...
Figure 8.11 Temporal variations of solute concentrations in the sediment ove...
Figure 8.12 Annual mean (± SD) cycles of sediment–water (a) ammonium, (b) ni...
Figure 8.13 Spatial variation in sediment–water fluxes of ammonium and phosp...
Figure 8.14 Relationship between dissolved oxygen concentrations in overlyin...
Figure 8.15 Relationships between total organic matter (OM) inputs (i.e., au...
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Seagrass abundance in Chesapeake Bay, 1978–2017: nd and id indica...
Figure 9.2 Map of Chesapeake Bay showing the distribution of seagrass meadow...
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 Total and national catch from FAO Area 37.2.1 (GFCM, 2018): (lef...
Figure 10.2 Total commercial harvest of finfish and shellfish in Chesapeake ...
Figure 10.3 Yearly catch in FAO Area 37.2.1 Adriatic Sea of anchovy
Engrauli
...
Figure 10.4 Commercial catch of Atlantic menhaden and other pelagic finfish ...
Figure 10.5 Yearly catch in FAO Area 37.2.1 Adriatic Sea of European hake
Me
...
Figure 10.6 Yearly catch of miscellaneous coastal fish in FAO Area 37.2.1 Ad...
Figure 10.7 Yearly catch of sharks, rays and chimaeras in FAO Area 37.2.1 Ad...
Figure 10.8 Trends in commercial catch for three main demersal finfish in Ch...
Figure 10.9 Yearly catch of river eel in FAO Area 37.2.1 Adriatic Sea (GFCM,...
Figure 10.10 Trends in commercial catch of anadromous (striped bass, white p...
Figure 10.11 Yearly catch of striped Venus clam
Chamelea gallina
in FAO Area...
Figure 10.12 Yearly catch of squid
Illex coindetii
and octopus
Octopus vulga
...
Figure 10.13 Yearly catch (metric tons) of Norway lobster
Nephrops norvegicu
...
Figure 10.14 Commercial catch of crustaceans and mollusks (upper panel) and ...
Figure 10.15 Phase diagram of pelagic and benthic fisheries harvest in Chesa...
Figure 10.16 Time series of pelagic/benthic (P/B) fisheries catch biomass ra...
Guide
Cover Page
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
PREFACE
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
Index
WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
Pages
ii
iii
iv
vii
viii
ix
xi
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
Geophysical Monograph Series
Remote Sensing of the Terrestrial Water Cycle
Venkat Lakshmi (Ed.)
Magnetotails in the Solar System
Andreas Keiling, Caitriona Jackman, and Peter Delamere (Eds.)
Hawaiian Volcanoes: From Source to Surface Rebecca
Carey, Valerie Cayol, Michael Poland, and Dominique Weis (Eds.)
Sea Ice: Physics, Mechanics, and Remote Sensing
Mohammed Shokr and Nirmal Sinha (Eds.)
Fluid Dynamics in Complex Fractured‐Porous Systems
Boris Faybishenko, Sally M. Benson, and John E. Gale (Eds.)
Subduction Dynamics: From Mantle Flow to Mega Disasters
Gabriele Morra, David A. Yuen, Scott King, Sang Mook Lee, and Seth Stein (Eds.)
The Early Earth: Accretion and Differentiation
James Badro and Michael Walter (Eds.)
Global Vegetation Dynamics: Concepts and Applications in the MC1 Model
Dominique Bachelet and David Turner (Eds.)
Extreme Events: Observations, Modeling and Economics
Mario Chavez, Michael Ghil, and Jaime Urrutia‐Fucugauchi (Eds.)
Auroral Dynamics and Space Weather
Yongliang Zhang and Larry Paxton (Eds.)
Low‐Frequency Waves in Space Plasmas
Andreas Keiling, Dong‐ Hun Lee, and Valery Nakariakov (Eds.)
Deep Earth: Physics and Chemistry of the Lower Mantle and Core
Hidenori Terasaki and Rebecca A. Fischer (Eds.)
Integrated Imaging of the Earth: Theory and Applications
Max Moorkamp, Peter G. Lelievre, Niklas Linde, and Amir Khan (Eds.)
Plate Boundaries and Natural Hazards
Joao Duarte and Wouter Schellart (Eds.)
Ionospheric Space Weather: Longitude and Hemispheric Dependences and Lower Atmosphere Forcing Timothy Fuller‐ Rowell,
Endawoke Yizengaw, Patricia H. Doherty, and Sunanda Basu (Eds.)
Terrestrial Water Cycle and Climate Change Natural and Human‐Induced Impacts
Qiuhong Tang and Taikan Oki (Eds.)
Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere Coupling in the Solar System
Charles R. Chappell, Robert W. Schunk, Peter M. Banks, James L. Burch, and Richard M. Thorne (Eds.)
Natural Hazard Uncertainty Assessment: Modeling and Decision Support
Karin Riley, Peter Webley, and Matthew Thompson (Eds.)
Hydrodynamics of Time‐Periodic Groundwater Flow: Diffusion Waves in Porous Media
Joe S. Depner and Todd C
. Rasmussen (Auth.)
Active Global Seismology
Ibrahim Cemen and Yucel Yilmaz (Eds.)
Climate Extremes
Simon Wang (Ed.)
Fault Zone Dynamic Processes
Marion Thomas (Ed.)
Flood Damage Survey and Assessment: New Insights from Research and Practice
Daniela Molinari, Scira Menoni, and Francesco Ballio (Eds.)
Water‐Energy‐Food Nexus – Principles and Practices
P. Abdul Salam, Sangam Shrestha, Vishnu Prasad Pandey, and Anil K Anal (Eds.)
Dawn–Dusk Asymmetries in Planetary Plasma Environments
Stein Haaland, Andrei Rounov, and Colin Forsyth (Eds.)
Bioenergy and Land Use Change
Zhangcai Qin, Umakant Mishra, and Astley Hastings (Eds.)
Microstructural Geochronology: Planetary Records Down to Atom Scale
Desmond Moser, Fernando Corfu, James Darling, Steven Reddy, and Kimberly Tait (Eds.)
Global Flood Hazard: Applications in Modeling, Mapping and Forecasting
Guy Schumann, Paul D. Bates, Giuseppe T. Aronica, and Heiko Apel (Eds.)
Pre‐Earthquake Processes: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Earthquake Prediction Studies
Dimitar Ouzounov, Sergey Pulinets, Katsumi Hattori, and Patrick Taylor (Eds.)
Electric Currents in Geospace and Beyond
Andreas Keiling, Octav Marghitu, and Michael Wheatland (Eds.)
Quantifying Uncertainty in Subsurface Systems
Celine Scheidt, Lewis Li, and Jef Caers (Eds.)
Petroleum Engineering
Moshood Sanni (Ed.)
Geological Carbon Storage: Subsurface Seals and Caprock Integrity
Stephanie Vialle, Jonathan Ajo‐Franklin, and J. William Carey (Eds.)
Lithospheric Discontinuities
Huaiyu Yuan and Barbara Romanowicz (Eds.)
Chemostratigraphy Across Major Chronological Eras
Alcides N.Sial, Claudio Gaucher, Muthuvairavasamy Ramkumar, and Valderez Pinto Ferreira (Eds.)
Mathematical Geoenergy: Discovery, Depletion, and Renewal
Paul Pukite, Dennis Coyne, and Daniel Challou (Eds.)
Ore Deposits: Origin, Exploration, and Exploitation
Sophie Decree and Laurence Robb (Eds.)
Kuroshio Current: Physical, Biogeochemical and Ecosystem Dynamics
Takeyoshi Nagai, Hiroaki Saito, Koji Suzuki, and Motomitsu Takahashi (Eds.)
Geomagnetically Induced Currents from the Sun to the Power Grid
Jennifer L. Gannon, Andrei Swidinsky, and Zhonghua Xu (Eds.)
Shale: Subsurface Science and Engineering
Thomas Dewers, Jason Heath, and Marcelo Sánchez (Eds.)
Submarine Landslides: Subaqueous Mass Transport Deposits From Outcrops to Seismic Profiles
Kei Ogata, Andrea Festa, and Gian Andrea Pini (Eds.)
Iceland: Tectonics, Volcanics, and Glacial Features
Tamie J. Jovanelly
Dayside Magnetosphere Interactions
Qiugang Zong, Philippe Escoubet, David Sibeck, Guan Le, and Hui Zhang (Eds.)
Carbon in Earth’s Interior
Craig E. Manning, Jung‐Fu Lin, and Wendy L. Mao (Eds.)
Nitrogen Overload: Environmental Degradation, Ramifications, and Economic Costs
Brian G. Katz
Biogeochemical Cycles: Ecological Drivers and Environmental Impact
Katerina Dontsova, Zsuzsanna Balogh‐Brunstad, and Gaël Le Roux (Eds.)
Seismoelectric Exploration: Theory, Experiments, and Applications
Niels Grobbe, André Revil, Zhenya Zhu, and Evert Slob (Eds.)
El Niño Southern Oscillation in a Changing Climate
Michael J. McPhaden, Agus Santoso, Wenju Cai (Eds.)
Dynamic Magma Evolution
Francesco Vetere (Ed.)
Large Igneous Provinces: A Driver of Global Environmental and Biotic Changes
Richard. E. Ernst, Alexander J. Dickson, Andrey Bekker (Eds.)
Geophysical Monograph 256
Coastal Ecosystems in Transition
A Comparative Analysis of the Northern Adriatic and Chesapeake Bay
Thomas C. MaloneAlenka MalejJadran Faganeli
Editors
This Work is a co‐publication of the American Geophysical Union and John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
This edition first published 2021© 2021 American Geophysical Union
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
Published under the aegis of the AGU Publications Committee
Brooks Hanson, Executive Vice President, ScienceCarol Frost, Chair, Publications CommitteeFor details about the American Geophysical Union visit us at www.agu.org.
The right of Thomas C. Malone, Alenka Malej, and Jadran Faganeli to be identified as the editors of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.
Registered OfficeJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
Editorial Office111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print‐on‐demand. Some content that appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of WarrantyWhile the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data
Names: Malone, Thomas C., editor. | Malej, Alenka, editor. | Faganeli, Jadran, editor.Title: Coastal ecosystems in transition : a comparative analysis of the northern Adriatic and Chesapeake Bay / [edited by] Thomas C. Malone, Alenka Malej, Jadran Faganeli.Description: First edition. | Hoboken, NJ : American Geophysical Union/Wiley, 2021. | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2020022364 (print) | LCCN 2020022365 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119543589 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119543602 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119543565 (epub)Subjects: LCSH: Coastal ecosystem health–Chesapeake Bay (Md. and Va.) | Coastal ecosystem health–Adriatic Sea. | Marine ecosystem management.Classification: LCC QH541.5.C65 C565 2020 (print) | LCC QH541.5.C65 (ebook) | DDC 333.95/60975518–dc23LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020022364LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020022365
Cover Design: WileyCover Image: © Martina Orlando Bonaca
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Fabrizio Bernardi AubryInstitute of Marine Sciences, National Research Council, Venice, Italy
William C. BoicourtHorn Point Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, MD 21613, USA
Luca BologniniInstitute for Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Ancona, Italy
Walter R. BoyntonChesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, MD 20688, USA
Mark J. BrushVirginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
Elisa CamattiInstitute of Marine Science, National Research Council, Venice, Italy
Mauro CelussiNational Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics - OGS, Trieste, Italy
Feng ChenInstitute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA
Stefano CovelliDepartment of Mathematics and Geosciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
Stefano CozziInstitute of Marine Science, National Reseach Council, Trieste, Italy
Jacob CramHorn Point Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, MD 21613, USA
Cinzia De VittorNational Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics - OGS, Trieste, Italy
Tamara DjakovacCenter for Marine Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Rovinj, Croatia
Jakov DulčićLaboratory for Ichthyology and Coastal Fishery, Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Split, Croatia (Hrvatska)
Jadran FaganeliMarine Biology Station Piran, National Institute of Biology, Piran, Slovenia
Serena Fonda UmaniDepartment of Life Science, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
Janja FrancéMarine Biology Station Piran, National Institute of Biology, Piran, Slovenia
Michele GianiNational Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics - OGS, Trieste, Italy
Lora A. HarrisChesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, MD, 20688, USA
Raleigh HoodHorn point Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, MD 21613, USA
W. Michael KempHorn Point Environmental Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, MD 21613, USA
Victor S. KennedyHorn Point Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, MD, USA
Tjaša KogovšekMarine Biology Station Piran, National Institute of Biology, Piran, Slovenia
Nives KovačMarine Biology Station, National Institute of Biology, Piran, Slovenia
Petar KružićDepartment of Biology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Ming LiHorn Point Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, MD 21613, USA
Matjaž LičerMarine Biology Station Piran, National Institute of Biology, Piran, Slovenia
Lovrenc LipejMarine Biology Station, National Institute of Biology, Piran, Slovenia
Davor LučicćInstitute for Marine and Coastal Research, University of Dubrovnik, Dubrovnik, Croatia
Vlado MalačičMarine Biology Station Piran, National Institute of Biology, Piran, Slovenia
Alenka MalejMarine Biology Station Piran, National Institute of Biology, Piran, Slovenia
Francesca MalfattiNational Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics - OGS, Trieste, Italy
Sairah MalkinHorn Point Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, MD 21613, USA
Thomas C. MaloneHorn Pont Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, MD 21613, USA
Michele MistriDeptartment of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
Patricija MozetičMarine Biology Station Piran, National Institute of Biology, Piran, Slovenia
Cristina MunariDepartment of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
Meghann NiesenChesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, MD, 20688, USA
Nives OgrincDepartment of Environmental Science, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Martina Orlando-BonacaMarine Biology Station, National Institute of Biology, Piran, Slovenia
Cindy PalinkasHorn Point Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, MD, 21613, USA
James PiersonHorn point Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, MD 21613, USA
Lorie StaverHorn Point Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, MD, 21613, USA
J. Court StevensonHorn Point Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, MD, 21613,USA
Mario TamburriChesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, MD, 20688, USA
Jeremy M. TestaChesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, MD, 20688, USA
Tinkara TintaMarine Biology Station Piran, National Institute of Biology, Piran, Slovenia; and Department of Limnology and Biological Oceanography, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Valentina TirelliNational Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics - OGS, Trieste, Italy
Cecilia TottiDepartment of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
Valentina TurkMarine Biology Station Piran, National Institute of Biology, Piran, Slovenia
Cinzia De VittorSection of Physical, Chemical, and Biological Oceanography, National Institute of Oceanography and Experimental Geophysics, Trieste, Italy
Martin VodopivecMarine Biology Station Piran, National Institute of Biology, Piran, Slovenia
Michael J. WilbergChesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons MD, 20688, USA
Ryan J. WoodlandChesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, MD, 20688, USA
Qian ZhangUniversity of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, USEPA Chesapeake Bay Program, Annapolis, MD, USA
PREFACE
A series of workshops was hosted in the 1990s by the Marine Biology Station Piran of the National Institute of Biology (Slovenia), the Centre for Marine Research of the Ruđer Bošković Institute Rovinj (Croatia), and the Horn Point Laboratory of the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science (USA). Their purpose was to advance our understanding of how coastal ecosystems are responding to cultural eutrophication, coastal development, and fishing pressure through a comparative analysis of the Northern Adriatic Sea and Chesapeake Bay, two river‐dominated systems with urbanized watersheds that support extensive industrial agriculture.
These workshops led to the 1999 publication of Ecosystems at the Land–Sea Margin: Watershed to the Coastal Sea as part of the AGU Estuarine and Coastal Sciences Series. The comparative analysis was undertaken in order to improve our understanding of how coastal ecosystems are responding to the pressures of human expansion. The focus was on impacts of local anthropogenic pressures that are occurring globally (coastal development, habitat loss, nutrient pollution, and fisheries) and was based on research conducted during the 1980s and 1990s.
Revisiting these two ecosystems two decades later provides an opportunity to assess changes in anthropogenic pressures (including climate‐driven changes) that have occurred in the past two decades and to inform ecosystem‐based approaches to managing multiple anthropogenic pressures on coastal marine ecosystem services. In addition, we hope that this publication will foster international collaboration and information exchange on the ecology and value of coastal ecosystems in the Anthropocene.
The chapters that follow include updates on current anthropogenic pressures with an emphasis on the effects of nutrient enrichment and climate change on the extent and condition of critical coastal habitats, patterns of stratification and circulation, food‐web dynamics from phytoplankton to fish, nutrient cycling, water quality, and harmful algal events. A common theme running throughout is the causes and consequences of interannual variability and secular trends in annual cycles and means.
Publication of this book commemorates the 50th anniversary of Slovenia’s Marine Biology Station Piran, the only institution for marine research and monitoring of seawater quality in Slovenia. We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the following: Long Term Ecological Research Network in Italy and Slovenia (LTER‐Italy, LTER‐Slovenia), Slovenian Research Agency, Croatian Ministry of the Science, Environmental Agency of Slovenia, Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service, the European Environmental Agency, the District Po River Basin Authority, the Regional Environmental Protection Agencies of Emilia Romagna, European Commission, US Environmental Protection Agency, US Geological Survey, US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and US National Science Foundation.
Thomas C. Malone
University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Horn Point Laboratory, USA
Alenka Malej
National Institute of Biology, Marine Biology Station, Slovenia
Jadran Faganeli
National Institute of Biology, Marine Biology Station, Slovenia
2Recent Status and Long‐Term Trends in Freshwater Discharge and Nutrient Inputs
Qian Zhang1, Stefano Cozzi2, Cindy Palinkas3, and Michele Giani4
1 University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, USEPA Chesapeake Bay Program, Annapolis, MD, USA
2 Institute of Marine Science, National Research Council, Trieste, Italy
3 Horn Point Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, MD, USA
4 National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics ‐ OGS, Trieste, Italy
ABSTRACT
Anthropogenic inputs of nutrients via river runoff are the primary drivers of ecosystem degradation in Chesapeake Bay (CB) and the northern Adriatic Sea (NAS). The annual cycle of river flow is typically unimodal in CB (seasonal peak during spring) and bimodal in the NAS (peaks during April–June and October–December). Dissolved inorganic nitrogen accounts for most of the total nitrogen (TN) in both systems. During 1985–2015, annual loads of TN to CB tended to decrease while total phosphorus (TP) loads tended to increase. In contrast, annual loads of TN to the NAS tended to increase while TP loads tended to decrease. However, these annual input trends were significant only for dissolved inorganic P in the NAS, whereas in the case of N they were masked by interannual changes of the runoff. Climate‐driven changes in the water cycle may bring new challenges of controlling nutrient loading in CB, where annual rainfall is expected to increase. In contrast, annual rainfall is projected to decrease in the NAS region, which would aid efforts to control nutrients. An additional challenge unique to CB is the filling up of Conowingo Reservoir on the Susquehanna River, which resulted in increased P and sediment loads due to reduced trapping efficiency.
2.1. INTRODUCTION
Increasing anthropogenic inputs of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sediments to the coastal ocean via river discharge over the past 100 years are primary drivers of ecosystem degradation in many estuarine and coastal systems worldwide, including Chesapeake Bay (CB) and the northern Adriatic Sea (NAS) (Degobbis, 1989; Giani et al., 2012; Hagy et al., 2004; Kemp et al., 2005; Murphy et al., 2011; Salvetti et al., 2006; Testa et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2018). The effects of these inputs include the annual recurrence of seasonal hypoxia, declines in water transparency, habitat loss, and loss of biodiversity (Boesch et al., 2001; Breitburg et al., 2018; Cloern, 2001; Degobbis, 1989; Diaz & Rosenberg, 2008; Giani et al., 2012; Kemp et al., 2005; Testa et al., 2019). Consequently, reducing land‐based inputs of N, P, and sediments have long been a management priority for both CB and the NAS.
In CB, severe bottom‐water hypoxia and loss of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) were first evident in the 1950s and 1960s, respectively (Kemp et al., 2005). In subsequent decades, restoration of SAV was a largely uncoordinated voluntary effort. In 1983, the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) signed the first Chesapeake Bay Agreement with four jurisdictions in the bay’s watershed, and the Chesapeake Bay Program was formed to coordinate and facilitate multijurisdictional efforts to restore CB by reducing nutrient and sediment inputs. Subsequent agreements set goals of reducing nutrient inputs by 40% by 2000 and to improve CB water quality sufficiently to remove it from the “dirty waters list” by 2010 (Boesch et al., 2001). Years later, it was realized that this deadline would not be met. Consequently, the USEPA established the Total Maximum Daily Load for CB (US Environmental Protection Agency, 2010), which mandates state‐wide efforts to establish watershed implementation plans to reduce nutrient and sediment runoff (Linker, Batuik, et al., 2013; Shenk & Linker, 2013). In 2014, the Chesapeake Bay Watershed Agreement established goals and outcomes for clean water, sustainable fisheries, vital habitats, toxic contaminants, healthy watersheds, stewardship, land conservation, public access, environmental literacy, and climate resiliency (Chesapeake Bay Program, 2014).
Since the 1970s, seasonal hypoxic and anoxic events in the NAS have been observed along the western coast and in the northernmost Gulf of Trieste, with episodic events occurring offshore (Alvisi & Cozzi, 2016; Djakovac et al., 2012; Stachowitsch, 2014
