Competitive Inteligence 2.0 E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 551

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

The recent "concept of 2.0", a consequence of "Web 2.0", discusses the emergence of a new style, emancipated from the Web, which finds applications in all areas of social activity: management, innovation, education , organization, territory, etc. This book considers the implications of the changing paradigm for competitive, economic and territorial intelligence applied to innovation, value creation and enhancement of territories. Competitive intelligence is therefore in the "2.0" and its values: perpetual beta, user-generated content, social relations, etc., horizontality, a renewed legitimacy. This book, collecting contributions from international experts, testifies to the heterogeneity and richness of possible approaches. It provides a totally new way of evaluating the impact of 2.0 with concrete examples, while analyzing the theoretical models allowing the reader to develop in other contexts the described cases of success.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Foreword

Introduction

PART ONE: Organization

Chapter 1: Competitive Intelligence 2.0: A Three-Dimensional Relationship?

1.1. Introduction: From information society boom…

1.2. … to the emergence of competitive intelligence

1.3. CI perceived as a way of managing relationships

1.4. Decision-maker – watcher – information triangle: Toward a “bermudization” of actors?

1.5. Teaching companies to be “intelligent”: competitive versus competition?

1.6. Conclusion

1.7. Bibliography

Chapter 2: Management 2.0

2.1. Introduction

2.2. Competitive environment of the 21st Century

2.3. Management 2.0: the world is flat, but organizations should be full

2.4. Conclusion

2.5. Bibliography

Chapter 3: Sustainable Development 2.0: Seeking “The Creation of Shared Values”

3.1. Introduction

3.2. Common features of a new paradigm of 2.0 compliant organizational management

3.3. The outlines of Sustainable Development 2.0

3.4. Conclusion

3.5. Bibliography

Chapter 4: Corporate Education and Web 2.0

4.1. Introduction: what is corporate education?

4.2. Evolution of corporate education

4.3. Corporate Education 2.0

4.4. Good examples of Corporate Education 2.0

4.5. Competitive Intelligence and Corporate Education 2.0

4.6. Conclusion

4.7. Bibliography

Chapter 5: Marketing 2.0

5.1. Introduction

5.2. E-marketing: a changing activity

5.3. Web Analytics: an essential discipline for an effective e-marketing piloting

5.4. Conclusion

5.5. Bibliography

PART TWO: Innovation

Chapter 6: Parallax: Mindset 2.0

6.1. Introduction

6.2. Thought and action in the digital age

6.3. Talent for economic intelligence

6.4. Final considerations

6.5. Bibliography

Chapter 7: Competitive Intelligence 2.0 Tools

7.1. Introduction

7.2. The impact of 2.0 tools on the deployment of competitive intelligence in business

7.3. Typology of 2.0 technologies for competitive intelligence

7.4. Perspectives of Competitive Intelligence 2.0

7.5. Conclusion

7.6. Bibliography

Chapter 8: Patent Information 2.0, Technology Transfer, and Resource Development

8.1. Introduction

8.2. Methodology

8.3. International patent classification

8.4. A systematic analysis

8.5. Search strategies for establishing the initial corpus

8.6. Interpretation of results

8.7. More precise choices from selected patent

8.8. Generalization of the method

8.9. Conclusion

8.10. Bibliography

Chapter 9: Industrial Property: Competitive Weapon 2.0 (Case Study of Tenofovir)

9.1. Introduction

9.2. Current status of the subject in the international context

9.3. Research and results on Tenofovir

9.4. Results

9.5. Conclusion

9.6. Bibliography

Chapter 10: Innovation, Serendipity 2.0, Filing Patents from Biomedical Literature Exploration

10.1. Introduction

10.2. The work of Don Swanson

10.3. Diseases-Physiopathology-Molecules (DPM)

10.4. Conclusion: the place of LBD today

10.5. Acknowledgments

10.6. Bibliography

Chapter 11: Processing Business News for Detecting Firms’ Global Networking Strategies

11.1. Introduction

11.2. A strong trend: Webs of transactions

11.3. Leveraging Web 2.0 for analysis of global interfirm trade

11.4. Companies: “open” but “caught in the Web”

11.5. Conclusion

11.6. Bibliography

Chapter 12: Information Property and Liability in the 2.0?

12.1. Introduction

12.2. Information Property 2.0: questioning authors’ status

12.3. Personal information property: considering the topic in the light of 2.0

12.4. Publishing Activity 2.0: liability and information

12.5. Conclusion

12.6. Bibliography

PART THREE: Territory

Chapter 13: Territory and Organizational Reputation 2.0

13.1. Introduction

13.2. Communication strategies of organizations in the 2.0 concept

13.3. Promotion of the territories

13.4. Conclusion

13.5. Bibliography

Chapter 14: Triple Helix and Territorial Intelligence 2.0

14.1. Evolution in the 2.0 world

14.2. Knowledge, innovation, and development

14.3. The ST&I systems for Brazilian intelligence

14.4. Innovation Portal, the observatory for strategic intelligence

14.5. The strategic intelligence system of the Innovation Portal (SISIP): a tool for the Brazilian government

14.6. Conclusion

14.7. Bibliography

Chapter 15: Regional Development 2.0

15.1. Introduction

15.2. Definition of Competitive Intelligence

15.3. Innovation

15.4. An introductory example: South Korea

15.5. Other examples of cluster development

15.6. The “pre-clustering” in developing countries

15.7. Conclusion

15.8. Bibliography

Chapter 16: Government Strategies of Territorial Intelligence 2.0: Support to SMEs-TPE

16.1. Introduction

16.2. Elements of the 2.0 concept applied to the TIN network

16.3. Social and economic impact of the TIN network: some indicators

16.4. Telecenters and competitive intelligence: the future of Innovation 2.0

16.5. Bibliography

Chapter 17: University: Catalyst for the Implementation of Competitive Intelligence 2.0 in Africa (Case Study of Nigeria)

17.1. Introduction

17.2. Genesis of the introduction of EI in Nigeria

17.3. Participation in international projects

17.4. Economic intelligence: a developmental perspective for Nigeria

17.5. Bibliography

List of Authors

Index

First published 2011 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:

ISTE Ltd27-37 St George’s RoadLondon SW19 4EUUKJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc.111 River StreetHoboken, NJ 07030USAwww.iste.co.ukwww.wiley.com

© ISTE Ltd 2011

The rights of Luc Quoniam to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Competitive intelligence 2.0: organization, innovation and territory / edited by Luc Quoniam.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-84821-305-0

1. Business intelligence. 2. Information technology. I. Quoniam, Luc.

HD38.7.C6576 2011

658.4'72--dc23

2011020211

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 978-1-84821-305-0

Foreword

The 21st Century has proclaimed the arrival of a developed world, which is filled with hope and opportunities. However, this century is also full of challenges. Indeed, the information globalization context has influenced the vision of the world in a new way.

This book, Competitive Intelligence 2.0, is a welcome development, as it addresses an elusive field which impresses itself in the economy, social studies, environmental issues, territorial development, innovation, knowledge, etc. Moreover, it is intended to occupy a privileged position as a creativity tool.

Information and world network systems are evolving. From the first generation system, which was predominantly related to the passive storage of information, we are evolving toward a second generation system in which methods, tools, and applications give users new perspectives. This development is generally associated with the suffix 2.0 and testifies to the new capabilities of applications, which should be combined with the countless ways of improving organizational and individual strategies.

For example, technological information processing especially through evolution of bibliometric methods opens new perspectives for innovation. In addition, the progress made in China in translation techniques plays a pivotal role in exchanges between nations, organizations, and individuals.

Thus, the wide variety of topics presented and discussed in this book will offer a broad vision of new aspects of competitive intelligence. The readers will find original articles, as well as relevant bibliographic references, in this book. They will also find various ways of introducing different aspects of Competitive Intelligence 2.0 in their professional practices.

Finally, the decision-maker will be able to develop, without any doubt, the interest in adopting the recommended perception (both sharpened and broadened), allowing us to contemplate the world from the viewpoint of sustainable development and the evolution of values in light of the changing economic models and innovation processes.

This indispensable book should be considered as the domain reference of Competitive Intelligence 2.0.

Zhouying JIN1

June 2011

1 Pr Zhouying JIN is the holder of the chair of the Beijing Academy of Soft Technology.

Introduction1

From the recognition of the disciplinary field of competitive intelligence in the 1990s to the emergence of Competitive Intelligence 2.0, we have witnessed and contributed to the development of tools, practices, and new theoretical approaches based on the current well-established paradigm of “many-to-many” communication. This book is part of the studies conducted by a team, where the team is endowed with 20 years of observations and experiments, from the creation of the first postgraduate degree course dedicated to information (for the benefit of decision-making) in 1989, to the creation of a Research Laboratory 2.0 “Lab4u” in 2009. The “2.0” concept calls thenceforth for the emergence of a new emanticipated Web model with applications in all areas of social activity: management, innovation, education, organization, territorial planning, etc. This book aims to examine the implications of this paradigm shift on competitive intelligence and propose research perspectives.

In the beginning there were semiconductors…

Moore’s conjecture in the 1960s described the evolution of semiconductor capability, which doubles each year at a constant cost. Machrone’s economic law later indicated that the price of a computer was still, in effect, determined by the consumer irrespective of changes in its technical capabilities. Despite the limitations and contestations witnessed by these economic models, we could, however, observe a continuous increase in the capacity of equipment available to the public for an ever-decreasing cost, which bodes well for a democratization of access to this evolving medium. The promises offered by these technologies were indications of a real change in the world. Graphical interfaces and hypertext navigation brought out tangible changes, and since 1994, each calendar year corresponded to seven technological years thereby receiving the appellation “dog years”. This phenomenon is rapidly increasing and a year might correspond to even 10, 20, or 30 years!

This phenomenon can be viewed from several angles; the most simple can be illustrated by the amount of information published annually on the Web, an order of magnitude of several exabytes (1018 bits). Considering that a 500-page book represents 1 megabyte (106 bits), this quantity is incomparable with the storage capacity of man, which is inferior.

In addition, new features offered by these technologies should be adopted. For example, it is now possible to communicate freely in all languages; this was something unimaginable a few years ago. With language barriers collapsing, competitive intelligence intends to capture knowledge and cultural domains which have been inaccessible so far. Learning these new possibilities and new functioning modes of our society is a complex phenomenon, since it surpasses the updating capabilities of teachers, as well as professionals. The result of this evolution is the emergence of a new “Concept 2.0”.

“User generated contents” versus “Publisher contents”

The expression Web 2.0, initially used by Darcy Di Nucci in 1999, refers to the second generation of Web design and development. Tim O’Reilly related this appellation, in 2004, to the idea of cumulative changes in the development of the Internet, as well as its new uses. Compared to 2.0, the early days of the Internet looked like a fake revolution. It was a replication of the traditional information publishing model, where content produced by someone (a “knowledge holder”) was imposed and addressed to others, despite the proclaimed possibility that everyone could publish themselves. Therefore, traditional media models (television, radio, etc.) based on vertical communication remained.

A fundamentally different model emerged with about 240 million Websites, in June 2009, and imposed its hegemony. The horizontal communication paradigm, i.e. “many to many” was henceforth dedicated and welcomed with new uses. Two types of phenomena had appeared simultaneously. On the one hand, the vertical communication (one to many) model gave way to a horizontal communication model of “many to many (n to n)” in which a speaker doubles as a facilitator. This is the extension of peer-to-peer functioning in the organization of our societies; network technical architecture transposing into social interactions. On the other hand, this “flattening” of social relations, under the influence of the technical architecture of networks, was accompanied by a community phenomenon.

Applications for collaboration

The emergence of groupware in the 1990s became a starting point for the development of collaboration applications, which allowed users to work “together” and resolve problems of knowledge fragmentation. Web 2.0 is thus regularly called writable Web. This term also expresses the passage from interactivity to interaction through peer-to-peer relationship between users. The peer-to-peer phenomenon thus leads to a method of production, which may sometimes imply the coordination of thousands of volunteer contributors with the selfless goal of completing a project. Therefore the 2.0 tools enable a contributive publishing, which is destined for the collective intelligence of territories and organizations. This aspect shall be developed in the contribution by Serge Chaudy1 and Lucia Granget (Chapter 13). In fact, these tools would facilitate new information behaviors and communication interactions in everyday life, and more particularly in professional relationships.

These applications described in the contribution by Christophe Deschamps (Chapter 7) can be grouped into categories (VoIP – Instant Messaging Tools, Video Conferencing, Screen-Sharing, Remote-Control, Web Conferencing, Co-browsing, Web Presenting, Work grouping, File Sharing, Document Sharing and Wikis, Collaborative Document Reviewing, Collaborative Event Scheduling, and Mind-Mapping, Project Management). These tools ought to be understood on a broad-scale within the perspective of anthropological changes. The creation of Wikipedia, available for free in 262 different languages, and co-written by thousands of people, is an example of the emergence of new publishing models. Despite the dominance of English (about 2 million documents), Wikipedia enables the creation of encyclopedias in other languages, which would not have been possible a few years ago.

These contributive models, which are present in all the socio-economic domains, are accompanied with new information behavior and legal issues in terms of intellectual property and liability (see Arnaud Lucien2, Chapter 12). In addition, through collaboration tools and the interactive capability of information, social relationships evolve: interaction and contribution create or reinforce social links through a community phenomenon, which is centered on common interests. Blogs and other previously cited applications are concerned, but social networks appear to be the best example of this phenomenon. Different applications are possible: professional networks like Viadeo or LinkedIn and friendship networks such as Facebook or Myspace.

The Semantic Web

Aggregation of information and applications from different users and Websites is possible through the use of interoperable languages. This dimension of Web 2.0 constitutes its semantic nature, i.e. the possibility of applications to interact together.

Semantic Web can therefore be defined as a set of interoperable online technologies and applications which interact with each other through a metadata system. These human-generated metadata can be compared to neurons interconnected by synapses. Semantic Web is therefore a form of neural network leading to intelligent Web.

Social bookmarking is a good example of the linking of these elements. This is based on the contribution by Web users who save information resources. The interface allows users to share these resources and rate them, thus adding a possibility to determine their popularity. This information can be consulted based on subject, category, keywords, etc. A list of links is accessible to the public and the links can be made private or shared only among a group of individuals. 2.0 applications network keywords and their relationships allow information to be classified, commented on, rated, etc. for innovation strategies. This aspect is dealt with by Brigitte Gay3 in Chapter 11.

It is also possible to search using tags and generate graphical representations called “cloud tags”. There are several applications which allow us to do this. For example, Zotero, a software available for free in more than 30 languages, makes it possible to collect the bibliography that is made available by major information providers (almost all) or by private individuals, and ensures the formatting of the developed document which is totally standard compliant.

From Web 2.0 to “Concept 2.0”

Gradually, the possibilities offered by Web 2.0 have emancipated from the Web to evolve toward Concept 2.0, i.e. a state of mind dedicated to organizations, and based on the values highlighted earlier.

The phenomenon reflects a society where exchanges are more horizontal, networked, and where vertical hierarchy no longer exists. Speeches and organization types are changing, with valorizing individual involvement, and working in ephemeral teams, around various projects. Adaptability and flexibility are the keywords. It is therefore necessary to analyze the relationship between social architecture and shared, collaborative, distributed computer application architectures. “2.0 Architecture” therefore should use a “many-to-many communication (n to n)” in order to ensure collective knowledge. The system should adopt the “permanent beta” status. In the same way, the system and its constituting individuals should continually think out of the box, i.e. integrate a “parallax” as explained in the contribution by Patricia Dupin4 (Chapter 6) or think “globally” (think global, act local).

We will focus on the keys for implementing a continuous innovation policy. This is why a large portion of this book is focussed on patents. Technological information, mostly represented by the title deeds of an invention (patents), is discussed in the contribution by Jean Dominique Pierret5 and Fabrizio Dolphi (Chapter 10). Strategic analysis of patents presented by Henri Dou6 (Chapter 8) shows the concern for strategic information technology within the reach of developing countries. This aspect can be linked with practices based on “serendipity” and other offensive strategies of industrial property such as those highlighted by Wanise Barroso7 and Joachim Queyras (Chapter 9).

In fact, the 2.0 concept revolutionizes practices in the innovation field. Rosana Pauluci8 has demonstrated how a state can be endowed with an information management tool for creating innovation (Chapter 14). These devices are helpful in implementing the “triple helix” model, which is essential for harmonious innovation, even in small enterprises as presented in the contribution by Kira Tarapanoff, José Rincon Ferreira and Lillian Alvares9 (Chapter 16).

New economic models

One of the changes brought about by the Concept 2.0 and “peer-to-peer communication” is the market evolution (see Chapter 5 by Sébastien Bruyère10). The market is thenceforth characterized by the changing demand, management of atypical flows that challenge traditional economic models and organizational conception and management (Miguel R. Trigo11, João Casqueira Cardoso and Bruno Filipe Carvalho Soares, Chapter 2). At the center of the model is the user, who generates the content that allows an application to succeed. The Internet users are largely encouraged, particularly by the financial profit of the most active and by the media coverage of some success stories, to increase the number of attractive publications, which satisfy their personal interest (ego) and the economic interest of the exploiters.

Arnaud Lucien and Franck Renucci (Chapter 12) show, in addition, that in terms of economic models, the guiding principles of Web 2.0 are gratuity (free) and advertising. In fact, the more the public, the more the profit. The specific 2.0 architecture thus enables working with the global micro-markets characteristics of the long tail. Chris Anderson explains that “those products that are in less demand or record low sales volume can collectively represent market share which is equal or greater than that of the best-sellers, if the distribution channels can propose more choices and create links which facilitate the discovery of such products”. In this sense, 2.0 markets are modifying traditional oligopolistic market vision, to return to a more multidirectional, sometimes aggregated, conception, which through the connectivity relationships among economic actors tends toward atomicity. This notion of target market has been clearly demonstrated. Applied at national and territorial (other than geographic) level, competitive intelligence would then become territorial intelligence. Kira Tarapanoff, Lilian Alvarez and José Rincon Ferreira propose an example of territorial intelligence for helping very small firms which are digitally excluded but represent one of the micro-markets of the long tail.

Management 2.0, always connected to Enterprise 2.0, as presented by Miguel Trigo, João Casqueira Cardoso and Bruno Filipe Carvalho Soares (Chapter 6), goes far beyond the use of information and communication technology, even if it is very much present. They base their explanations on market acceleration, requests made to organizations, and evolution of their forms. In fact, organizations are increasingly being called to adapt to volatile markets and meet specific requests in a very short time, while combining risk-taking and high-added value. This acceleration is not unrelated to the evolution of an information society in which dematerialized relationships are eliminating borders and dissimulating hierarchical relationships. This results in new forms of organizations: small pluridisciplinary structures working in high mobility and flexibility conditions. Physically, it is the open space that characterizes this need for communication and project management.

A number of resulting values and principles could be identified: collective goals meeting with individual goals, building of identity within the group and development, at the same time, of strong feelings of belonging, and a permanent link to the team – mobile telephone, chat, Blackberry, connected micro-computers, etc. which may lead to burnout (overwork). In hyperconnectivity, it has become impossible for workers to be “disconnected”.

Perspectives of Competitive Intelligence 2.0

As explained in the contribution by Philippe Kislin12 (Chapter 1), as regards France, “economic intelligence” has emerged as an increasing trend in Western countries and is gaining ground in developing countries (see Henri Dou, Chapter 15 and Amos David13, Chapter 17), especially through higher education training with necessary cultural adaptations. From the perspective of information system for helping decision-makers, it implies providing good and correctly packaged information at any given time. The term “intelligence” should therefore be understood in the English-speaking sense of intelligence service.

Thenceforth, the 2.0 concept evokes an anthropological paradigm shift in which competitive intelligence involves new tools and a wider scope of action, in so far as competitiveness is being sought in all social activity sectors. Through watch and the constant questioning that it imposes, competitive intelligence is intended to evolve with knowledge and technology. The term “competitive” has to be understood in the sense of constantly seeking improvements in all undertakings geared toward the profit of humanistic values, and far from ambiguities previously maintained in processing “black” information. The contribution by Fabrice Mauléon14 also establishes a clear link with sustainable development (Chapter 3).

The 2.0 is a natural extension for fields of study, as far as the values of the concept and the discipline come together. This latest evolution legitimates, a little more, the compelling need and newness of problematic areas which it is intended to address. Already, Web 3.0 and 4.0 are part of its objects of research in a prospective dimension and predict new practices and anthropological evolutions ensuring sustainability of future researches. This book therefore proposes an overview of Competitive Intelligence 2.0 through the contributions of the authors who by the diversity of their backgrounds, origins, and approaches testify to the richness of this field made open through the “connectivity revolution”. In Part 1, we shall consider the impact of 2.0 on organizations, and Part 2 shall focus on the interest of the concept within the framework of innovation strategies. Finally, we shall analyze territorial valorization policies in Part 3.

1 Introduction written by Luc QUONIAM.

1 Serge Chaudy is a strategy and communication consultant. His present research works centre on changes in modalities of information production in connection with Web 2.0.

2 Arnaud Lucien PhD is a lawyer in information and communication sciences. He specializes in innovation and sociability issues in 2.0 context.

3 Brigitte Gay PhD is Professor of strategy at Toulouse Business School, France. She is interested in driving strategies of alliance networks in complex economic and financial environments.

4 Patricia Dupin is a PhD holder in economic intelligence. She is a specialist in organizational learning and in training on cultural biology.

5 Jean-Dominique Pierret PhD is a specialist in scientific information in the pharmaceutic field. He also specializes in technological watch and in the exploitation of biomedical database.

6 Pr. Henri Dou is a former research director at CNRS. He is Professor of Information and Communication Sciences. He was a former secretary general of ChIN (Chemical Information Network UNESCO), expert for the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).

7 Wanisse Barroso, PhD is a chemical engineer, expert in patent and industrial property.

8 Rosana Pauluci holds a PhD in Competitive Intelligence. Her research works focus on the planning and conduct of prospective studies in strategic sectors for the Brazilian government.

9 Pr. Lillian Alvares’ research works center on digital inclusion in micro and small scale enterprises as well as in professional training.

10 Sébastien Bruyère PhD is a specialist in the piloting of projects related to new Web technologies. He also specializes in e-marketing piloting based on Web analytics.

11 Miguel R. Trigo holds a PhD in Information and Communication Sciences. He is a Professor of Competitive Intelligence and Strategic Creativity.

12 Philippe Kislin is Associate Professor in Information and Communication Sciences. He specializes in Watch and Economic Intelligence, especially with regard to the translation of decision problems into information problems.

13 Pr. Amos David is the director of studies of a master programme in Technical and Scientific Information – Economic Intelligence (IST-IE) at university of Nancy, France.

14 Fabrice Mauléon PhD is the coordinator and co-author of the book Management durable: l’essentiel du développement durable appliqué à l’entreprise, published by Hermes Science in 2005.

PART ONE

Organization

Chapter 1

Competitive Intelligence 2.0: A Three-Dimensional Relationship?1

1.1. Introduction: From information society boom…

Among the various 20th Century industrial revolutions which have influenced the business world, Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)1 are part of those that have experienced the maximum turmoil. These evolutions have contributed to the boom in information production and particularly in the demand for information2, which is essential for all spheres of human activities, for man’s adaptation to his environment, as well as for decision-making. From the production perspective, we have observed, as noted by Théry et al. “a quantitative increase in information (in its different forms) especially via the Internet, mobile telephony and multimedia production, as well as from other knowledge domains” [THE 94]. From the demand perspective, the present consideration of “information as raw material” [ROS 96] implies the need to rise up to “this increase” through knowledge specialization.

To cope with this demand for information, new tools, techniques, sharing modes, knowledge exchange methods, and particularly new information search and analysis methodologies have been developed in order to enable:

– acquisition, in the short term and with little or no delay, of relevant documents containing high added-value information which is indispensable for situation clarification and decision-making;

– long-term capitalization and continuous mobilization of knowledge in order to optimize the acquisition;

– storage and protection of information, resulting from situation clarification and decision-making, for future reuse.