Complex Macromolecular Architectures E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1594

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

The field of CMA (complex macromolecular architecture) stands at the cutting edge of materials science, and has been a locus of intense research activity in recent years. This book gives an extensive description of the synthesis, characterization, and self-assembly of recently-developed advanced architectural materials with a number of potential applications. The architectural polymers, including bio-conjugated hybrid polymers with poly(amino acid)s and gluco-polymers, star-branched and dendrimer-like hyperbranched polymers, cyclic polymers, dendrigraft polymers, rod-coil and helix-coil block copolymers, are introduced chapter by chapter in the book. In particular, the book also emphasizes the topic of synthetic breakthroughs by living/controlled polymerization since 2000. Furthermore, renowned authors contribute on special topics such as helical polyisocyanates, metallopolymers, stereospecific polymers, hydrogen-bonded supramolecular polymers, conjugated polymers, and polyrotaxanes, which have attracted considerable interest as novel polymer materials with potential future applications. In addition, recent advances in reactive blending achieved with well-defined end-functionalized polymers are discussed from an industrial point of view. Topics on polymer-based nanotechnologies, including self-assembled architectures and suprastructures, nano-structured materials and devices, nanofabrication, surface nanostructures, and their AFM imaging analysis of hetero-phased polymers are also included. * Provides comprehensive coverage of recently developed advanced architectural materials * Covers hot new areas such as: click chemistry; chain walking; polyhomologation; ADMET * Edited by highly regarded scientists in the field * Contains contributions from 26 leading experts from Europe, North America, and Asia Researchers in academia and industry specializing in polymer chemistry will find this book to be an ideal survey of the most recent advances in the area. The book is also suitable as supplementary reading for students enrolled in Polymer Synthetic Chemistry, Polymer Synthesis, Polymer Design, Advanced Polymer Chemistry, Soft Matter Science, and Materials Science courses. Color versions of selected figures can be found at www.wiley.com/go/hadjichristidis

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

List of Contributors

Preface

About the Editors

Part One: Synthesis

Chapter 1: Cyclic and Multicyclic Topological Polymers

1.1 Introduction

1.2 The Progress on the Synthesis of Ring Polymers

1.3 Functional Ring Polymers and Topology Effects Thereby

1.4 New Developments in the Construction of Multicyclic Polymer Topologies

1.5 Conclusions and Perspectives

References

Chapter 2: Ultrarapid Approaches to Mild Macromolecular Conjugation

2.1 Introduction

2.2 RAFT-HDA Chemistry

2.3 Ultrafast RAFT-HDA Chemistry

2.4 Cycloadditions with Strained or Activated Alkynes

2.5 Thiol-Ene/Thiol-Yne Chemistry

2.6 Thiol-Isocyanate Chemistry

2.7 Thio-Bromo Chemistry

2.8 Inverse Electron Demand Diels–Alder

2.9 Cycloadditions Involving Nitrile Oxides

2.10 Oxime Formation

2.11 Tetrazole–Ene Reaction

2.12 Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 3: Synthesis and Self-Assembly of Hydrogen-Bonded Supramolecular Polymers

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Synthetic Strategies Towards Hydrogen-Bonded Supramolecular Polymers

3.3 Self-Assembly of Supramolecular Polymers via Hydrogen Bonds

3.4 Conclusions and Outlook

3.5 Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 4: Recent Synthetic Developments in Miktoarm Star Polymers with More than Three Different Arms

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Miktoarm Star-Branched Polymers up to 2000

4.3 Novel and Versatile Methodology Based on an “Iterative Approach” for Miktoarm Star Polymer Syntheses

4.4 Miktoarm Star Polymers by Other Methodologies Based on Living Anionic Polymerization

4.5 Miktoarm Star Polymers by Living/Controlled Radical Polymerization

4.6 Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 5: Precise Synthesis of Dendrimer-Like Star-Branched Polymers, a New Class of Well-Defined Hyperbranched Polymers

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Synthetic Approach

5.3 Hydrodynamic Radii and Radii of Gyration

5.4 Viscosity Behavior

5.5 Branching Factor (g′ Value)

5.6 Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 6: Arborescent Polymers with a Mesoscopic Scale

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Arborescent Polystyrene

6.3 Arborescent Polystyrene-graft-Poly(2-vinylpyridine) Copolymers

6.4 Arborescent Polystyrene-graft-Polystyrene-block-Poly(2-vinylpyridine)

6.5 Arborescent Polystyrene-graft-Polyisoprene

6.6 Arborescent Polystyrene-graft-Poly(tert-Butyl Methacrylate)

6.7 Arborescent Polystyrene-graft-Poly(ethylene Oxide)

6.8 Arborescent Polyisoprene

6.9 Conclusions

References

Chapter 7: Hyperbranched Glyco-Conjugated Polymers

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Synthesis of Hyperbranched Glyco-Conjugated Polymers

7.3 Unimolecular Reversed Micelle Based on Hyperbranched Glyco-Conjugated Polymer Core

7.4 Conclusions

7.5 Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 8: Highly Branched Functional Polymer Architectures by Click-Chemistry Strategies

8.1 Introduction

8.2 What's Available in the Click Chemistry Toolbox?

8.3 Click Approaches for the Synthesis of Dendrimers

8.4 Click Approaches for Hyperbranched Polymers, Dendronized Polymers and Unsymmetrical Dendrimers

8.5 Click Approaches for the Synthesis of Star-Shaped Polymers

8.6 Conclusion

8.7 Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 9: Living Alkene Polymerization for Polyolefin Architectures

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Living Olefin Polymerization

9.3 Early Metal Olefin Polymerization Catalysts

9.4 Late-Metal Olefin Polymerization Catalysts

9.5 Outlook and Summary

References

Chapter 10: Precision Polyolefins

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Precision Polyolefins

10.3 Linear ADMET Polyethylene: Meeting the Benchmark

10.4 Precision Halogenated Polyolefins

10.5 Precision Alkyl-Branched Polyolefins

10.6 Precison Ether-Branched Polyolefins

10.7 Precision Acid-Functionalized Polyolefins

10.8 Precision Amphiphilic Copolymers

10.9 Summary and Outlook

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 11: Polyhomologation: The Living Polymerization of Ylides

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Motivation for Developing a Polyethylene Surrogate

11.3 A Living Polymerization of Ylides

11.4 Mechanism of the Polyhomologation Reaction

11.5 Topological Control of Polymethylene

11.6 Copolymers of Polymethylene

11.7 Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 12: Phenylenevinylene Homopolymers and Block Copolymers via Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Phenylenevinylene Homopolymers by Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization

12.3 Phenylenevinylene Block Copolymers by Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization

12.4 Conclusions

References

Chapter 13: Block Copolymers Containing Rod Segments

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Block Copolymers Containing Nonconjugated Rod Segments

13.3 Block Copolymers Containing π-Conjugated Rod Segments

13.4 Rod–Rod Block Copolymers

13.5 Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 14: Synthesis of Well-Defined Poly(meth)acrylamides with Varied Stereoregularity by Living Anionic Polymerization

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Anionic Polymerization of N,N-Dialkylacrylamides

14.3 Enolates of N,N-Dialkylamides as Novel Anionic Initiators

14.4 Anionic Polymerization of Protected N-Isopropylacrylamide

14.5 Anionic Polymerization of N,N-Dialkylmethacrylamides

14.6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 15: Complex Macromolecular Chimeras

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Linear Multiblock Chimeras

15.3 Nonlinear Chimeras

15.4 Concluding Remarks

References

Part Two: Characterization and Self-Assembly

Chapter 16: Self-Assembly and Applications of Polyferrocenylsilane Block Copolymers

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Synthesis of PFS Homopolymers

16.3 Synthesis of PFS Block Copolymers

16.4 Solution Self-Assembly of PFS Block Copolymers

16.5 Self-Assembly of PFS Block Copolymers in the Solid State

16.6 Summary

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 17: Functional Polymeric Nanostructures Prepared by Self-Assembly and Beyond

17.1 Methods for Polymer Particle Formation

17.2 Methods for Substrate Incorporation

17.3 Conclusions

References

Chapter 18: Morphologies of Block and Star-Branched Polymers with Three Components

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Linear ABC Triblock Terpolymers

18.3 Pioneering Works

18.4 Network Morphologies

18.5 Strongly Frustrated Systems

18.6 Theoretical Approaches

18.7 ABC Miktoarm Star Polymer

18.8 Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 19: Morphologies and Photophysical Properties of Conjugated Rod–Coil Block Copolymers

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Solution Micelles

19.3 Thin Films or Bulk Samples

19.4 Electrospun Nanofibers

19.5 Polymer Brushes

19.6 Future Directions and Outlook

References

Chapter 20: Bulk Self-Assembly of Linear Hybrid Polypeptide-Based Diblock and Triblock Copolymers

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Diblock Copolymer Architectures

20.3 Triblock Copolymer Architectures

20.4 Theory and Phase Diagram

20.5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 21: AFM Study of Comb (Co)Polymers with Complex Chain Architecture

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Strategies of Comb Synthesis

21.3 Linear Combs with Polystyrene Branches (Deffieux and Schappacher, 1998; Deffieux and Schappacher, 1999; Schappacher et al., 1999; Schappacher and Deffieux, 1997)

21.4 Star Combs with PCEVE Backbone and PS Branches (Deffieux and Schappacher, 1999)

21.5 Macrocyclic PS Combs

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 22: Tunable Thermoresponsive Polymers by Molecular Design

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Applications of Thermoresponsive Polymers

22.3 Methoxyoligoethylene Glycol Methacrylate (OEGMA)-based Thermoresponsive (Co)polymers by RAFT

22.4 Thermoresponsive Poly(2-hydroxypropylacrylate)s by NMP

22.5 Thermoresponsive Poly(2-oxazoline)s

22.6 Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 23: Fluorine-Containing Block Copolymers: Synthesis and Application as a Template for Nanocellular and Porous Structures Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Synthesis of Well-Defined Block Copolymers Containing Perfluoroalkylated Polymer Segments

23.3 Application as a Template to Nanocellular and Porous Structures Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

References

Chapter 24: Architectural Polymers, Nanostructures, and Hierarchical Structures from Block Copolymers

24.1 Introduction

24.2 Block Copolymer Self-Assembly

24.3 Our Approaches to Block Copolymer Architectures

24.4 A Block Copolymer Approach to Architectural Polymers

24.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 25: Block Copolymer Nanostructured Thin Films for Advanced Patterning

25.1 Introduction

25.2 “Top-Down” Patterning Using Optical Photolithography

25.3 Patterning Using Block Copolymers

25.4 Combining “Top-Down” and “Bottom-Up” Patterning Techniques to Enhance Long-Range Order

25.5 Transferring Nanopatterns Using Dry Etching

25.6 Industrial Applications and Devices Using Block Copolymers

25.7 Future Challenges and Outlook

References

Chapter 26: Ring Polymers: Effective Isolation and Unique Properties

26.1 Effective Isolation

26.2 Unique Properties

26.3 Outlook

Acknowledgments

References

Index

This edition first published 2011

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Complex macromolecular architectures : synthesis, characterization, and self-assembly / Nikos

Hadjichristidis . . . [et al.].

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-470-82513-6 (hardback)

1. Macromolecules. 2. Polymerization. I. Hadjichristidis, Nikos, 1943-

QD381.C658 2011

547'.7–dc22

2010053511

Print ISBN: 978-0-470-82513-6

ePDF ISBN: 978-0-470-82514-3

oBook ISBN: 978-0-470-82515-0

ePub ISBN: 978-0-470-82827-4

Contributors

Amelia M. Anderson-Wile, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

Toufic Nabil Aridi, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada

Christopher Barner-Kowollik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany

Haskell W. Beckham, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA

Erik B. Berda, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA

Wolfgang H. Binder, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany

Michelle A. Chavis, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

Wen-Chang Chen, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

Geoffrey W. Coates, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

Alain Deffieux, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France

Filip Du Prez, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

Joseph B. Edson, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

Claudia Enders, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany

Mario Gauthier, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada

Jessica Gwyther, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

Katharina Hackethal, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany

Nikos Hadjichristidis, University of Athens, Athens, Greece

Hirokazu Hasegawa, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Mayumi Hayashi, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan

Florian Herbst, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany

Tomoya Higashihara, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan

Akira Hirao, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan

Richard Hoogenboom, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

Hermis Iatrou, University of Athens, Athens, Greece

Andrew J. Inglis, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany

Takashi Ishizone, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan

Toyoji Kakuchi, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

Chi-Ching Kuo, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

Mieke Lammens, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

Sébastien Lecommandoux, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France; CNRS, Pessac, France

Cheng-Liang Liu, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

Guojun Liu, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada

Jun Luo, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA

Ian Manners, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

Rachel K. O'Reilly, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK

Christopher K. Ober, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

Marinos Pitsikalis, University of Athens, Athens, Greece

David A. Rider, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

Georgios Sakellariou, University of Athens, Athens, Greece

Toshifumi Satoh, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

Michel Schappacher, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France

Evan L. Schwartz, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

Kenneth J. Shea, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA

Kenji Sugiyama, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan

Yasuyuki Tezuka, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan

Michael L. Turner, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

Mitsuru Ueda, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan

Kenneth B. Wagener, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

George R. Whittell, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

Ian Wyman, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada

Takuya Yamamoto, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan

Hideaki Yokoyama, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

Hee-Soo Yoo, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan

Chin-Yang Yu, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

Preface

This book is dedicated to materials with complex macromolecular architectures. The book is unique in its focus, since only a few of these structures have, until now, been considered in volumes covering the broader area of macromolecular engineering. In addition, the collection of chapters provides an in-depth study of the self-assembly and potential applications of these cutting-edge materials, providing information not available in any other reference volume.

The structures described include those previously discussed elsewhere (miktoarm stars, combs, grafts, rings, dendritic, hyperbranched and arborescent), as well as newly synthesized complex architectures (multicyclic, hydrogen-bonded complex architectures, structures from living alkene polymerization, ADMET and polyhomologation, as well as topological polymer chemistry).

Each chapter is the outstanding contribution of top scientists, currently active in the field. The content is thorough and scientifically rigorous, yet presented with such clarity that all interested researchers will easily grasp the concepts and will surely be inspired to learn more about these highly complex materials.

The well-defined macromolecular structures presented here are only a few of the myriad of those possible. Imagination, nature and other scientific disciplines (polymer physics, materials science and molecular biology) will lead polymer scientists to novel structures with the ultimate goal of designing and synthesizing complex macromolecular architectures with predetermined properties.

About the Editors

Nikos Hadjichristidis obtained his BSc at the University of Athens, Greece, his PhD at the University of Liege, Belgium, and his DSc at the University of Athens. He conducted postdoctoral research at the University of Liege and at the National Research Council of Canada. He has been the Director of the Industrial Chemistry Laboratory at the University of Athens since 1994 and the Chairman of the Chemistry Department (1991–1995, 1999–2003 and 2005–2009). He has supervised, until now, 45 PhD and 55 Masters' theses.

He was a Visiting Scientist at the University of Liege, Visiting Research Officer at the NRC of Canada, Visiting Scientist at the University of Akron and a Distinguished Visiting Scientist at the NRC of Canada. He has been a Visiting Professor at Exxon Research and Engineering Co., NJ, since 1984, and at REPSOL-YPF Research Center, Madrid (2000–2009).

He has received the International Award of the Society of Polymer Science, Japan (SPSJ, 2007), the ACS PMSE Cooperative Research Award (2010) and the ACS Rubber Division Chemistry of Thermoplastic Elastomer Award (2011). He was elected as a PMSE Fellow in 2004 and was the “Ralph Milkovich” Memorial Lecturer in 2006 at the University of Akron. He was a member of the Editorial Board of Macromolecules (1997–1999), and is currently an Editorial Board member of Journal of Polymer Science, Polymer Chemistry and Progress in Polymer Science. He is also one of the editors of European Polymer Journal.

Nikos Hadjichristidis has dedicated his career primarily to the synthesis of model polymers with complex macromolecular architectures and has published more than 370 papers and 23 reviews in refereed scientific journals, 6 patents, two books (as editor), and is the author of Block Copolymers: Synthetic Strategies, Physical Properties, and Applications (2003).

Nikos Hadjichristidis's Web Site: http://www.chem.uoa.gr/polymers/pg_polym_index.htm

Akira Hirao was born in Tokushima, Japan, on December 4, 1947. He received his Doctorate Degree from Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan in 1975. Then, he joined the group of Professor Charles U. Pittman, Jr. at the University of Alabama, USA, as a postdoctoral fellow, from 1975 to 1977. His professional career at the Tokyo Institute of Technology progressed from Assistant Professor (1977–1983), Associate Professor (1983–1996), to Full Professor (1996–present). He held the position of the Chairman of Polymeric and Organic Materials Department for four terms and was the Vice-Dean of Chemistry Division, undergraduate course from 2004 to 2006. In 2010, he received The Award of the Society of Polymer Science, Japan. He has been working in the area of polymer synthesis since 1975. His research is mainly focused on the following areas: synthesis and living anionic polymerization of new functional monomers, the precise synthesis of architectural polymers such as block copolymers, graft copolymers, comb-like polymers, chain-end- and in-chain-multifunctionalized polymers, star-branched polymers, dendritic hyperbranched polymers, surface control and analysis, as well as molecular self-assemblies and nanostructured materials derived from multiphased polymers. He was a member of the Editorial Board of Macromolecules, Polymer Journal and is currently a member of Macromolecular Research, European Polymer Journal, and others. He has published more than 300 refereed scientific journals and several book chapters (as editor) and has given 80 plenary and invited lectures at international conferences on polymer science.

Yasuyuki Tezuka, born in 1953, is a graduate of The University of Tokyo. In 1982, he received his doctorate degree from Ghent University (Belgium) with a thesis on poly(THF)-based telechelic polymers. He then joined Nagaoka University of Technology (Japan) as an assistant professor. In 1991, he was promoted to an associate professor. He moved to the Tokyo Institute of Technology in 1994 and has been a professor since 2003 in the Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials. He received the Tokyo Tech Award of Best Teacher in 2004, the Tokyo Tech Innovative Research Engineering Award in 2009, and The Award of the Society of Polymer Science, Japan (2010). He has served as an Asian Editor of Reactive and Functional Polymers since 2006. He was an associate editor of Polymer Journal, a publication by The Society of Polymer Science, Japan (2002–2006). He has co-authored three books and published about 170 original papers and review articles. His current research is focused on topological polymer chemistry, in particular, on the design of topologically unique macromolecular architectures by developing a new process of electrostatic self-assembly and covalent fixation, and of novel polymer materials by their topology effects.

Yasuyuki Tezuka's Web Site: http://www.op.titech.ac.jp/lab/tezuka/ytsite/sub0e.html

Filip Du Prez is since 1999 head of the Polymer Chemistry Research Group (www.PCR.UGent.be) at Ghent University in Belgium (PhD in 1996 at Ghent University, Belgium and Lehigh University, USA; post-doc in Montpellier, France), where about 20 researchers are dealing with the design of functional polymer architectures and polymer materials, controlled polymerization techniques and “click” chemistry. In 2008, he had a Visiting Professor position at the Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) (UNSW, Sydney), hosted by Christopher Barner-Kowollik. A few actual research domains are polymeric nano- and microparticles, self-healing materials, step-growth polymerization in combination with “click” chemistry, polymeric solid supports for ATRP and “click” catalysts, shape-memory polymers and highly branched copolymer structures. He is the author of more than 130 peer-reviewed publications and patents, 8 book chapters and (co-)chairman of 10 (inter)national conferences on polymer chemistry related topics. Since 2008, he has been one of the editors of European Polymer Journal. In addition, he is a member of the Editorial Board of Polymer, Designed Monomers and Polymers, Journal of Macromolecular Science (Part A: Pure and Applied Chemistry) and Reactive and Functional Polymers.

Filip Du Prez's Website: http://www.pcr.ugent.be/

Part One

Synthesis