Computational Fluid Dynamics and Energy Modelling in Buildings E-Book

Parham A. Mirzaei

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 744

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2022

Beschreibung

COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS AND ENERGY MODELLING IN BUILDINGS A Comprehensive Overview of the Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transport Simulation and Energy Performance in Buildings In the first part of Computational Fluid Dynamics and Energy Modelling in Buildings: Fundamentals and Applications, the author explains the fundamentals of fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and heat transfer, with a specific focus on their application in buildings. This background knowledge sets the scene to further model heat and mass transport in buildings, with explanations of commonly applied simplifications and assumptions. In the second part, the author elaborates how the fundamentals explained in part 1 can be used to model energy flow in buildings, which is the basis of all commercial and educational building energy simulation tools. An innovative illustrative nodal network concept is introduced to help readers comprehend the basics of conservation laws in buildings. The application of numerical techniques to form dynamic simulation tools are then introduced. In general, understanding these techniques will help readers to identify and justify their choices when working with building energy simulation tools, rather than using default settings. Detailed airflow information in buildings cannot be obtained in building energy simulation techniques. Therefore, part three is focused on introducing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) as a detailed modelling technique for airflow in buildings. This part starts with an introduction to the fundamentals of the finite volume method used to solve the governing fluid equations and the related challenges and considerations are discussed. The last chapter of this part covers the solutions to some practical problems of airflow within and around buildings. The key aspect of Computational Fluid Dynamics and Energy Modelling in Buildings: Fundamentals and Applications is that it is tailored for audiences without extensive past experience of numerical methods. Undergraduate or graduate students in architecture, urban planning, geography, architectural engineering, and other engineering fields, along with building performance and simulation professionals, can use this book to gain additional clarity on the topics of building energy simulation and computational fluid dynamics.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright Page

Preface

Emerging of Building Engineering

Necessity of Fundamental Books for Building Engineering

Structure of This Book

How to Read This Book

Acknowledgement and Dedication

1 An Overview of Heat and Mass Transport in Buildings

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Heat and Mass Transport in Traditional Buildings

1.3 Heat and Mass Transports in Modern Buildings

1.4 Modelling of Heat and Mass Transport in Buildings

1.5 Modelling Approaches

References

2 An Overview on Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics in Buildings

2 An Overview of Fluid

2.1 Definition of Fluid

2.2 Properties of Fluid

2.3 Pressure and State of Fluid

2.4 Fluid in Motion

2.5 Governing Equation of Fluids

2.6 Differential Form of Fluid Flow

2.7 Dimensionless Analysis

2.8 Internal Flow

2.9 External Flow

References

3 Applications of Fluid Mechanics in Buildings

3 Applications of Fluid Mechanics in Buildings

3.1 Atmospheric Boundary Layer

3.2 Wind Profile and Directions

3.3 Building Aerodynamics

3.4 Turbulent Jet and Plume

3.5 Wall Effect

3.6 Piping and Ducting in Buildings

3.7 Fan and Pump in Buildings

References

4 An Overview on Fundamentals of Thermodynamics in Buildings

4 An Overview of Thermodynamics

4.1 Saturation Temperature

4.2 First Law of Thermodynamics

4.3 Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy

4.4 Mixture of Ideal Gases

4.5 Moisture Transport

References

5 Applications of Thermodynamics in Buildings

5 Introduction

5.1 Human Thermal Comfort

5.2 Thermal Comfort Measures in Building

5.3 Thermodynamic Processes in Air‐Conditioning Systems

5.4 Moist Air Transport in Buildings

References

6 An Overview on Fundamentals of Heat Transfer in Buildings

6 An Overview of Heat Transfer

6.1 Conduction

6.2 Convection

6.3 Radiation

References

7 Applications of Heat Transfer in Buildings

7 Introduction

7.1 Conduction in Walls

7.2 Thermal Resistance Analogy

7.3 Walls with Heat Generation

7.4 Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient of Exterior Walls

7.5 Convection on Interior Walls

7.6 Radiations

7.7 Long‐wave Radiation on Building Surfaces

References

8 Fundamental of Energy Modelling in Buildings

8 Introduction

8.1 Definition of a Zone

8.2 Conservation Law in Buildings

8.3 Governing Equations at Zones

8.4 Energy Balance Equation

8.5 Nodal Analogy of the Governing Equation

8.6 Walls, Windows, and Thermal Bridges

8.7 Mass Balance Equation

References

9 Dynamic Energy Modelling in Buildings

9 Physics of an Energy Balance Problem in Buildings

9.1 Mathematical Representation of Buildings with Integrated Nodal System

9.2 Numerical Solution Method for Nodal System

9.3 Inputs

9.4 Solution Strategies

9.5 Temporal Variation of Parameters

9.6 Linearization of the Radiation

9.7 Mass Imbalance

References

10 Fundamental of Computational Fluid Dynamics – A Finite Volume Approach

10 What Is CFD

10.1 Steps in CFD

10.2 Classification of Conservation Equations

10.3 Difference of Finite Difference and Finite Volume

10.4 Integral Form of the Conservation Equations

10.5 Grid (Mesh)

10.6 Diffusion Equation

10.7 Boundary Treatment

10.8 Expansion to Higher Dimensions

10.9 Discretization Methods

10.10 Steady‐State Diffusion–Convection Equation

10.11 Other Approximation Methods

10.12 Scheme Evaluation

10.13 Common Schemes

10.14 Unsteady Diffusion Equation

10.15 Unsteady Diffusion–Convection Equation

10.16 Pressure–Velocity Coupling

References

11 Solvers and Solution Analysis

11 Introduction

11.1 Solvers of Algebraic Equation Systems

11.2 Direct Method

11.3 Iterative Method

11.4 Solution Analysis

11.5 Physical Uncertainty

11.6 Numerical Errors

11.7 Verification and Validation

11.8 Measures to Minimize Errors

References

12 Application of CFD in Buildings and Built Environment

12.1 CFD Models in Built Environment

12.2 Inputs to CFD Models

12.3 Practical Examples

References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1 Importance of heat and mass transport elements in some building in...

Table 1.2 Importance of sub‐models effective in transport phenomena in diffe...

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 Common secondary quantities in building physics.

Table 2.2 Different relationships between pressure and volume.

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 Values of

α

and atmospheric boundary layer thickness (

δ

)...

Table 3.2 Values of averaged height of roughness element (

z

H

), roughness len...

Chapter 4

Table 4.E1 Thermodynamics properties of water vapour for a limited range of ...

Table 4.E2 Thermodynamics properties of air for a limited range of temperatu...

Chapter 6

Table 6.1 Nusselt numbers in some of the free convection scenarios.

Chapter 7

Table 7.1

U

‐value for some of the common walls.

Table 7.2 Material roughness coefficient for Simple‐combined correlation.

Table 7.3 Material roughness coefficient for TARP correlation.

Table 7.4 Coefficients in MoWiTT correlation.

Table 7.5 Adaptive convection algorithm details.

Table 7.6 Different surface types in Khalifa correlation.

Table 7.7 Different surface types in Walton correlation.

Table 7.8 Different surface types in Alamdari–Hammond correlation.

Table 7.9 Different surface types in Awbi–Hatton heated floor correlation....

Table 7.10 Different surface types in Fisher–Pedersen correlation.

Table 7.11 Different surface types in Goldstein–Novoselac correlation.

Table 7.12 Extraterrestrial Solar Irradiance and Related Data Note: Data are...

Table 7.13 Approximate Astronomical Data for the 21

st

Day of Each Month.

Table 7.14 Design conditions for Atlanta, GA, USA.

Table 7.15

F

ij

factors as a function of sky clearness range.

Chapter 8

Table 8.E3 Dimensions and view factors of different surfaces of the case stu...

Table 8.E7 Materials properties in a typical room.

Table 8.1 Coefficients of design flow rate model for different methods [4]....

Table 8.2 Effective leakage area model stack coefficient

C

s

(American Societ...

Table 8.3 Local shelter classes (American Society of Heating and Air‐Conditi...

Table 8.4 Effective leakage area model wind coefficient

C

w

(American Society...

Table 8.5 Enhanced model wind speed multiplier G (American Society of Heatin...

Table 8.6 Enhanced model stack and wind coefficients (American Society of He...

Table 8.7 Enhanced model shelter factor

s

(American Society of Heating and A...

Chapter 10

Table 10.1 Cell quality against various skewness values.

Table 10.2 Coefficient of diffusion equation for a 1D grid.

Table 10.3 Boundary cell and cell‐face coefficients (type I) of diffusion eq...

Table 10.4 Boundary cell and cell‐face coefficients (type II) of diffusion e...

Table 10.5 Non‐boundary cells coefficients of diffusion–convection equation ...

Table 10.6 Dirichlet boundary cell coefficients of diffusion equation for a ...

Table 10.7 First‐order Upwind coefficients of diffusion equation for a 1D gr...

Chapter 12

Table 12.1 Spatial scale of CFD simulation problems in built environment.

Table 12.2 Temporal scale of CFD simulation problems in built environment.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Heat and mass transport around and within buildings.

Figure 1.2 (a) A hypocaust portrait. (b) An underfloor heating system of a h...

Figure 1.3 Windcatchers (Badgir) used as a natural cooling system in Iranian...

Figure 1.4 The Palace of Winds built in 1799, Rajasthan, India.

Figure 1.5 A traditional Ottoman‐era Anatolian with architectural element of...

Figure 1.6 A 200‐year‐old traditional courtyard house, Isfahan, Iran.

Figure 1.7 Ancient Roman Peristylium in the House of Golden Cupids, Pompeii,...

Figure 1.8 (a) Traditional Hakka Tulou homes with (b) their typical interior...

Figure 1.9 Common cooling and ventilation strategies, including underfloor v...

Figure 1.10 Ground‐coupled (earth‐to‐air) heat exchanger.

Figure 1.11 A ground source (geothermal) heat pump schematic diagram, which ...

Figure 1.12 Solar chimney.

Figure 1.13 Trombe wall.

Figure 1.14 Windcatchers and cross‐ventilation in a building.

Figure 1.15 Building integrated photovoltaics/thermal air collector (BIPV/T)...

Figure 1.16 A hot‐water thermal collector.

Figure 1.17 Insulation materials and insulating glasses.

Figure 1.18 Thermal storage and greening strategies.

Figure 1.19 Objectives of building modelling.

Figure 1.20 Various sensors utilized in building modelling, including (a) he...

Figure 1.21 Various scales in building and urban sciences.

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Different states of materials.

Figure 2.2 Material deformation between a fixed and a pulled plate.

Figure 2.3 One unit of Newton over one unit of area equals one unit of Pasca...

Figure 2.4 Surface and body forces on a material control volume.

Figure 2.5 Absolute and gauge pressures.

Figure 2.6 Pressure on the bottom and side walls of a fluid container.

Figure 2.7 Hydrostatic force on a general submerged object.

Figure 2.E2 Rain trapped in a wall cavity.

Figure 2.8 Buoyancy force acting on a submerged body.

Figure 2.E3 Schematic of a traditional flush tank.

Figure 2.E4 Pressure variation in accordance to elevation.

Figure 2.9 Alteration of the boiling point of water in accordance with the a...

Figure 2.10 Various pressure measurement devices.

Figure 2.11 Streamlines and motion of a particle.

Figure 2.12 Free‐body diagram of the fluid particle.

Figure 2.E5.1 A piping system in a multi‐story building with a cold‐water ta...

Figure 2.E5.2 Pipes’ heights in the piping system.

Figure 2.13 Dynamic, stagnation and static pressures.

Figure 2.14 Pitot‐static tube (a) the schematic sketch and (b) mounted in an...

Figure 2.15 (a) Orifice, (b) Nozzle, and (c) Venturi.

Figure 2.E6 Pipes’ heights in the piping system.

Figure 2.16 Steady natural ventilation in a room.

Figure 2.17 (a) Laminar (b) turbulent flows.

Figure 2.18 (a) One‐dimensional flow in a pipe (b) two‐dimensional flow in a...

Figure 2.19 System progression in a control volume.

Figure 2.20 Outflow across an infinitesimal control surface area for a non‐n...

Figure 2.E7 Schematic of a humidifier.

Figure 2.21 Motion and deformation of a fluid element.

Figure 2.22 Translation and deformation of a fluid element.

Figure 2.23 Angular deformation of a fluid element.

Figure 2.24 A cubic infinitesimal control volume.

Figure 2.25 Normal and searing stresses on a control volume.

Figure 2.26 Normal and searing stresses.

Figure 2.E9.1 Couette flow.

Figure 2.E9.2 Normalized velocity against different Re numbers.

Figure 2.E10 Velocity profile across the pipe section for various ∂

p

/∂

x

.

Figure 2.27 Key parameters in pressure drop of flow in pipes.

Figure 2.28 Hydrodynamic entrance region and fully developed flow.

Figure 2.29 Pressure drops alongside entrance and fully developed regions of...

Figure 2.E12 Schematic diagram of the piping system of Example 2.5.

Figure 2.30 Shear and normal stresses as well as drag and lift forces on an ...

Figure 2.E13.1 Lift force acting on a half‐cylinder‐shaped building.

Figure 2.E13.2 Plot of

C

L

and lift force against Re

r

.

Figure 2.31 Uniform flow around a flat plate in various Reynolds numbers.

Figure 2.32 Boundary layer over an infinite flat plate.

Figure 2.E14 Re numbers for different wind velocities in water and wind tunn...

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Urban surface layer and roughness sublayer within urban boundary ...

Figure 3.2 Atmospheric boundary layer over various terrain types.

Figure 3.E1 Power‐law and log‐law profiles.

Figure 3.3 Flow field around an isolated building.

Figure 3.4 (a) Atmospheric wind tunnel with roughness.(b) A schematic di...

Figure 3.E2 Typical Reynolds number ranges in wind and water tunnels.

Figure 3.E3.1 Pressure coefficients over the external surfaces of three gabl...

Figure 3.E3.2 Forces acting on surfaces of the gable‐roof buildings.

Figure 3.5 Contours of

C

p

distribution over a case study gable‐roofed low‐ri...

Figure 3.6 Vena contracta effect for a sharp‐edged opening.

Figure 3.7

C

d

for two common window shape opening.

Figure 3.8 Wind‐driven ventilation throughout different zones of a building....

Figure 3.E5 Internal layout of the case study building.

Figure 3.9 Stack ventilation.

Figure 3.E7 Cross‐section layout of a naturally ventilated building.

Figure 3.10 (a) Turbulent plume and (b) turbulent jet.

Figure 3.11 Jet structures.

Figure 3.12 Entrainment in shear flow.

Figure 3.13 Illustrative application of jets and plumes in ventilation.

Figure 3.E8 Relation between the average exit velocity (

U

) and the orifice d...

Figure 3.14 Near wall layers.

Figure 3.15 Laminar, turbulent, and total shear stresses near a wall.

Figure 3.E9.1 Plotted thicknesses of the viscous sublayer (

δ

s

) and log‐...

Figure 3.16 Moody chart for a round pipe [15].

Figure 3.17 Sample pipe components and their loss coefficient.

Figure 3.18 Entrance and exit flow and their loss coefficients.

Figure 3.19 Pipe components and their loss coefficients.

Figure 3.E10.1 A simple cold‐water pipeline system.

Figure 3.E10.2 Schematic diagram of the case study pipeline system.

Figure 3.20 Parallel and series flow in piping systems.

Figure 3.E11.1 Cold‐water piping system of a two‐story building.

Figure 3.E11.2 Schematic diagram of the case study pipeline system.

Figure 3.E12 Schematic diagram of the piping system of Example 2.12.

Figure 3.21 (a) Common centrifugal fans and (b) common axial flow fans.

Figure 3.22 Schematic of (a) centrifugal pump and (b) axial‐flow pump.

Figure 3.E13.1 Performance characteristic curves of a pump with impeller dia...

Figure 3.E13.2 Performance characteristic of the case study pump for the sha...

Figure 3.23 A typical pump characteristic curve.

Figure 3.24 Operating point of the system and best performance efficiency of...

Figure 3.E14.1 Performance curve of Example 3.10.

Figure 3.E14.2 System equation and characteristic pump curve of the case stu...

Fig 3.E14.3 New system equation of the case study piping system.

Figure 3.E14.4 System equations of different modification scenarios.

Figure 3.E15.1 Piping system a multi‐story building.

Figure 3.E15.2 Pump performance curve of the case study piping system.

Figure 3.E15.3 Schematic diagram of the case study piping system.

Figure 3.E15.4 System equation of the case study piping system.

Figure 3.E15.5 New performance curves of the case study dual‐pump systems.

Figure 3.25 Modified pump performance curve of two identical pump installed ...

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Vapour–pressure curve for a pure substance.

Figure 4.E1 Adiabatic case study room.

Figure 4.2 Volume–temperature curve for a pure substance.

Figure 4.3 System cycle of pressure–volume

Figure 4.4 Pressure–volume cycle of a system.

Figure 4.5 Schematic of a control volume in a thermodynamic process.

Figure 4.E5 Well‐insulated case study hall room.

Figure 4.E6 Schematic of a dehumidifier system.

Figure 4.E7 Well‐insulated case study hall room of Example 4.5 with a mechan...

Figure 4.6 Entropy balance in a control volume.

Figure 4.7 Visualization of Dalton model.

Figure 4.8 Psychrometer for measurement of the wet‐bulb temperature.

Figure 4.9 Psychrometric chart.

Figure 4.10 Different lines in psychrometric chart.

Figure 4.11 Convective and diffusive mass transfer mechanisms due to the con...

Figure 4.12 Diffusive and advective concentration fluxes in a convective mas...

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Thermoreceptors on human skins.

Figure 5.2 Energy balance over the control volume of a human body

Figure 5.3 Comfort zone in winter and summer seasons.

Figure 5.4 General schematic of air conditioning process.

Figure 5.5 Adiabatic saturation or evaporative cooling process.

Figure 5.E1.1 A typical evaporative cooling system.

Figure 5.E1.2 Identification of the properties of the entering moist air usi...

Figure 5.6 Sensible (a) cooling and (b) heating processes.

Figure 5.7 Schematic of sensible heating process.

Figure 5.8 Schematic of heating and humidification processes.

Figure 5.9 Schematic of cooling and dehumidification processes.

Figure 5.E4 Identification of the properties of the leaving moist air using ...

Figure 5.10 Schematic of evaporative cooling process.

Figure 5.11 Schematic of adiabatic mixing process.

Figure 5.E6 Variation of vapour pressure from pool’s surface.

Figure 5.12 Moisture transfer in buildings throughout the porosities and ope...

Figure 5.13 Pores in porous materials.

Figure 5.14 Pores’ characteristics and vapour resistance factor.

Figure 5.E7 Vapour pressures and their associated saturation pressures in ac...

Figure 5.15 Mass flow of vapour in a well‐mixed room.

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Different heat transfer mechanisms, including conduction, convect...

Figure 6.2 Molecular diffusion in the conduction mechanism.

Figure 6.3 One‐dimensional heat conduction in a wall plane.

Figure 6.4 Control volume for conduction mechanism.

Figure 6.E2 Temperature distribution for different values of

n

.

Figure 6.5 Various types of boundary condition for the heat diffusion equati...

Figure 6.6 Velocity and thermal boundary layers.

Figure 6.7 Heat convection transfer from an arbitrary object.

Figure 6.8 Boundary layer over an infinite flat plate.

Figure 6.E3.1 Case study building exposed to an approaching wind.

Figure 6.E3.2 Variation of the convective heat transfer coefficient of the c...

Figure 6.E3.3 Variation of Nusselt number over the case study building’s roo...

Figure 6.E4.1 Variation of the local Nu numbers.

Figure 6.E4.2 Variation of the average Nusselt number of the case study buil...

Figure 6.9 Local Nusselt number over a cylinder.

Figure 6.10 Average Nusselt number coefficients for circular and noncircular...

Figure 6.11 Temperature boundary layer development in a circular tube.

Figure 6.12 Control volume in an internal flow.

Figure 6.13 Mean temperature variation in a tube with constant heat flux and...

Figure 6.E5.1 The case study house with an integrated solar chimney.

Figure 6.E5.2 Linear variation of the mean temperature through the length of...

Figure 6.14 Nusselt number and friction factor for different conduits.

Figure 6.15 (a) Unstable and (b) stable condition of fluid between two large...

Figure 6.16 Various forms of free convection (a, b) plume and buoyant jet an...

Figure 6.E6 Case study building exposed to an approaching wind.

Figure 6.17 Free convection heat transfer from downward/upward facing cold/h...

Figure 6.E7 Case study building with nonuniform internal surface temperature...

Figure 6.18 Free convection heat transfer in a channel flow.

Figure 6.19 Free convection heat transfer in cavities.

Figure 6.20 Radiation mechanism between a solid object and its surrounding e...

Figure 6.21 Electromagnetic radiation spectrum.

Figure 6.22 Radiation energy balance upon (a) semi‐transparent and (b) opaqu...

Figure 6.23 Emission from a sold area of

dA

1

into a hemisphere.

Figure 6.24 Definition of an isothermal blackbody cavity.

Figure 6.25 View factor of

F

ij

.

Figure 6.26 View factor in a diffuse emitter and reflector enclosure with un...

Figure 6.27 View factors for some of two‐dimensional geometries.

Figure 6.28 View factors for some of three‐dimensional geometries.

Figure 6.29 View factors for parallel and perpendicular surfaces.

Figure 6.E8.1 Case study street canyon.

Figure 6.E8.2 Variation of view factors in accordance to the street canyon’s...

Figure 6.30 Network concept of radiative heat transfer (a) between a surface...

Figure 6.31 Radiative heat transfer in two‐surface enclosures.

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 0ne‐dimensional conduction in a plane wall.

Figure 7.E1 One‐dimensional wire with constant temperatures on the boundary ...

Figure 7.E2 One‐dimensional wire with a constant temperature and a constant ...

Figure 7.E3 One‐dimensional wire with a constant temperature and a constant ...

Figure 7.2 0ne‐dimensional series conduction in a multi‐layer plane wall.

Figure 7.3 0ne‐dimensional parallel conduction in a multi‐layer plane wall....

Figure 7.E4.1 One‐dimensional wall with multi‐layer materials.

Figure 7.E4.2 Nodal system of the case study multi‐layer wall.

Figure 7.E5 A building wall with three layers of reinforced concrete, insula...

Figure 7.E6 A building layout exposed to the local wind.

Figure 7.4 Windward, leeward, upward, and downward faces.

Figure 7.E7.1 Ground and first floors of the case study building of Example ...

Figure 7.E7.2 External convective heat transfer coefficients over the case s...

Figure 7.5 Different surface types in a regular room.

Figure 7.E8.1 Ground floor of the case study building.

Figure 7.E8.2 Internal convective heat transfer coefficients over the case s...

Figure 7.E9 A highly glazed case study room.

Figure 7.6 Solar intensity incident on the outer atmosphere.

Figure 7.7 Solar radiation in buildings’ exterior surfaces.

Figure 7.8 Sun position in the sky presented by its elevation, and azimuth....

Figure 7.E10 Daily plot of direct and diffuse radiations using different mod...

Figure 7.9 Long‐wave radiation between buildings’ exterior surfaces and surr...

Figure 7.10 Variation of view factors of building surfaces in respect to the...

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Zoning in buildings.

Figure 8.2 Energy balance in a zone.

Figure 8.3 Heat transfer mechanisms in a zone.

Figure 8.4 (a) A 2‐zone building and (b) its associated nodal system.

Figure 8.5. Colour code graph of thermal resistances, sources, and ca...

Figure 8.E2 Solar radiation in a room.

Figure 8.6 Short‐wave radiation incident at exterior and interior surfaces o...

Figure 8.7 Two‐zone nodal system with internal short‐wave radiation when ref...

Figure 8.8 Long‐wave radiation exchanges at exterior and interior surfaces o...

Figure 8.E3 Case study room.

Figure 8.E4 Temperature and emissivity of the surfaces of the case study roo...

Figure 8.9 Geometrical resistance in a single zone room.

Figure 8.10 Geometrical resistance in a single zone room in the presence of ...

Figure 8.11 Heat balance in interior and exterior nodes of solid boundaries....

Figure 8.12 Nodal system of a single zone building with conduction through w...

Figure 8.E5 Dimensions of two parallel buildings in an urban setting.

Figure 8.E6 Flux exchanges between an isolated building and its surrounding ...

Figure 8.13 Nodal system of a single zone building in addition to external l...

Figure 8.14 Nodal system with neglecting internal long‐wave radiations for (...

Figure 8.15 Various ways to split a wall to single or multiple control volum...

Figure 8.16 One‐zone building with heat storage in surface nodes.

Figure 8.17 The nodal system of a multi‐layer wall with thermal mass at inte...

Figure 8.18 One‐zone building with thermal mass only in internal wall nodes....

Figure 8.19 One‐zone building with thermal mass in walls and furniture.

Figure 8.E8.1 Layout of the case study building.

Figure 8.E8.2 Splitting of the wall of the case study building.

Figure 8.20 Thermal nodal network of a multilayer and multi component wall (...

Figure 8.21 Mass balance in a single zone building.

Figure 8.22 (a) A multi‐zone building and its (b) thermal nodal network.

Figure 8.23 (a) A multi‐zone building and its (b) airflow nodal network.

Figure 8.24 Current and potential network of (a) zonal exchanges and (b) inf...

Figure 8.E10.1 Layout of ground and first floors.

Figure 8.E10.2 AFN for ground and first floors.

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 Nodal system of a cylindrical (a) brick house and (b) a greenhous...

Figure 9.2 Thermal nodal network of a (a) cavity wall and (b) double‐glazing...

Figure 9.E1 Nodal system of the case study masonry ventilated cavity walls....

Figure 9.3 Typical thermal node types in a nodal system.

Figure 9.E3.1 Isolated room with zero mass exchange with outdoor climate.

Figure 9.E3.2 Simplified nodal system of the case study isolated room.

Figure 9.E3.3 Further simplification of the nodal system due to zero heat tr...

Figure 9.E3.4 Final nodal system of the isolated room.

Figure 9.E3.5 Wall and zone temperature variation in addition to the heat lo...

Figure 9.E4.1 Nodal system of the isolated room with the consideration of th...

Figure 9.E4.2 Wall and zone temperature variation in addition to the heat lo...

Figure 9.E5.1 Nodal system of the case study isolated room.

Figure 9.E5.2 Simplified nodal system of the case study isolated room.

Figure 9.E5.3 Zone temperature variation through time.

Figure 9.E5.4 Zone temperature variation through time using different heater...

Figure 9.4 Inputs in a building energy simulation model.

Figure 9.5 HVAC treatment in building energy simulation models.

Figure 9.6 Various schedules of appliances and occupants in a typical zone....

Figure 9.E6.1 Single zone house with 5 lightbulbs, one washing machine and a...

Figure 9.E6.2 Historical climatic data.

Figure 9.E6.3 Zone temperature variation through time.

Figure 9.E7.1 Single house zone of Example 9.6 with an additional heater.

Figure 9.E7.2 Zone temperature variation through time with a constant heat f...

Figure 9.E7.3 Zone temperature variation through time with a variable heat f...

Figure 9.E8.1 Nodal system of the case study isolated room with historical c...

Figure 9.E8.2 Zone temperature variation through time with different treatme...

Figure 9.E9.1 Nodal system of the case study isolated room without thermal m...

Figure 9.E9.2 Nodal system of the case study isolated room with thermal mass...

Figure 9.E9.3 Historical climatic data in the location of the case study iso...

Figure 9.E9.4 Time‐lag (

φ

) and decrement factor.

Figure 9.7 Climatic input effect to the zone temperature.

Figure 9.8 Strategies to solve system of linear equations.

Figure 9.E10.1 Historical climatic data.

Figure 9.E10.2 A single zone building with three-layer walls.

Figure 9.E10.3 Schematic of the three‐layer wall.

Figure 9.E10.4 Nodal diagram of the case study wall with five nodes.

Figure 9.E10.5 Zone temperature variation through time.

Figure 9.9 Integrated implicit algorithm to solve the system of linear equat...

Figure 9.10 Coupled implicit algorithm to solve the system of linear equatio...

Figure 9.E11.1 A single zone building with three‐layer walls.

Figure 9.E11.2 Nodal diagram of the case study wall with five nodes.

Figure 9.E11.3 Zone temperature variation through time found by exact soluti...

Figure 9.E12 Zone temperature variation through time using coupled and integ...

Figure 9.11 Connectivity of thermal nodal diagram of an arbitrary system wit...

Figure 9.E13.1 Internal and external convective heat transfer coefficients d...

Figure 9.E13.2 Zone temprature variation through time with constant and vari...

Figure 9.12 Heat balance on the external surface of a building.

Figure 9.E14 A naturally ventilated building case study.

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 Domain of dependence and domain of influence.

Figure 10.2 Domains of dependence and influence for (a) elliptic, (b) parabo...

Figure 10.3 1D, 2D and 3D cells.

Figure 10.4 (a) Structured, and (b) unstructured meshes.

Figure 10.5 Hybrid cells with (a) denser cells around the investigated objec...

Figure 10.6 2D and 3D of cell types with triangle or rectangle surfaces.

Figure 10.7 Mesh density around a simulation object (here a building).

Figure 10.8 Skewness in 2D tri and quad cells.

Figure 10.9 Smoothness of 2D quad cells in a structured grid.

Figure 10.10 Aspect ratio in 2D tri and quad cells.

Figure 10.11 One dimensional grid with a central Cell‐P and neighbouring wes...

Figure 10.E2.1 Layout of the building

Figure 10.E2.2 Various grid types

Figure 10.12 Linear variation of source/sink in a control volume.

Figure 10.13 Internal cells for a one‐dimensional grid.

Figure 10.14 Dirichlet boundary condition at the left‐side cell of a 1D grid...

Figure 10.15 Dirichlet boundary condition at the right‐side cell of a 1D gri...

Figure 10.E3 Building wall with one layer of brick.

Figure 10.16 Neumann constant flux at the left‐side cell of a 1D grid.

Figure 10.17 Neumann constant flux at the right‐side cell of a 1D grid.

Figure 10.18 Neumann convective flux at the left‐side cell of a 1D grid.

Figure 10.19 Neumann convective flux at the right‐side cell of a 1D grid.

Figure 10.20 A 2D grid with structured quadrilateral cells.

Figure 10.21 A 3D grid with structured hexahedral cells.

Figure 10.E5.1 Schematic of a microchip with an intensive cooling system. Le...

Figure 10.E5.2 Simplified mesh for the microchip.

Figure 10.22 First‐order forward difference of first‐derivate in a uniform o...

Figure 10.E6 Definition of a mirror cell of

T

00

.

Figure 10.23 Convective and diffusive fluxes in a 1D grid.

Figure 10.24 Left‐side boundary treatment of diffusion–convection equation i...

Figure 10.25 Right‐side boundary treatment of diffusion–convection equation ...

Figure 10.E7.1 1D mesh with six identical cells.

Figure 10.E7.2 Solution of steady‐state 1D advection–diffusion using central...

Figure 10.E7.3 Elimination of unwanted oscillations in the solution of stead...

Figure 10.26 Cell‐centred and vertex‐centred control volumes.

Figure 10.27 Utilization of corner vertices in the calculation of fluxes fro...

Figure 10.28 Conservation of central difference approximation in a 1D grid....

Figure 10.29 Peclet number as a ratio of convective to diffusive transport r...

Figure 10.30 First‐order Upwind in a 1D grid

Figure 10.31 Dirichlet left‐side boundary condition for first‐order Upwind i...

Figure 10.32 Dirichlet right‐side boundary condition for first‐order Upwind ...

Figure 10.E8.1 1D mesh with six identical cells.

Figure 10.E8.2 Solution of steady‐state 1D advection‐diffusion using 1st‐ord...

Figure 10.33 Second‐order Upwind in a 1D grid

Figure 10.34 Mirror vertex for Dirichlet boundary condition of second‐order ...

Figure 10.E9.1 Solution of steady‐state 1D advection–diffusion using first‐ ...

Figure 10.9.2 Solution of steady‐state 1D advection–diffusion using first‐ a...

Figure 10.35 Development of QUICK scheme in a 1D grid.

Figure 10.E10.1 Solution of steady‐state 1D advection–diffusion using QUICK ...

Figure 10.E10.2 Performance of various discretization schemes under differen...

Figure 10.36 Explicit scheme for a 1D grid.

Figure 10.E11.1 Temperature distribution across a rectangular aluminium plat...

Figure 10.E11.2 Temporal temperature variations of three typical cells of th...

Figure 10.E11.3 Temporal temperature variations of

T

6

using an implicit sche...

Figure 10.37 Implicit scheme for a 1D grid.

Figure 10.E12.1 Comparison of implicit and explicit schemes for Example 10.1...

Figure 10.E12.2 Comparison of implicit and explicit schemes for Example 10.1...

Figure 10.38 Coupling algorithm of velocity and pressure fields.

Figure 10.39 2D staggered grid.

Figure 10.40 (a)

x

‐Component (

u

‐grid), (b) interpolation of scalar variables...

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 Diagonal matrices in (a) 1D, (b) 2D, and (c) 3D conditions.

Figure 11.2 Jacobi Algorithm uses values only from the last iteration in a s...

Figure 11.E4 Plot of residual of Jacobi method after multiple iterations wit...

Figure 11.3 Gauss–Seidel algorithm uses values from both current and last it...

Figure 11.E5 Plot of residual of Jacobi and Gauss–Seidel methods after multi...

Figure 11.4 The sweeping process in 2D TDMA.

Figure 11.5 The sweeping process in 3D TDMA.

Figure 11.E8.1 Plot of residual of normalized Jacobi and Gauss–Seidel method...

Figure 11.E8.2 Plot of residual of Gauss–Seidel method after multiple iterat...

Figure 11.E9 Plot of residual of Gauss–Seidel method after multiple iteratio...

Figure 11.E10 Plot of residual of Gauss–Seidel method after multiple iterati...

Figure 11.6 Oversimplification of the inflow boundary condition and adding a...

Figure 11.7 Ignoring long‐wave radiation modelling in a city neighbourhood a...

Figure 11.8 Lack in understanding of the underlying physic of turbulence can...

Figure 11.E11 Plot of residual of Gauss–Seidel method after multiple iterati...

Figure 11.E13.1 Water flows between two infinite plates.

Figure 11.E13.2 1D domain with five similar cells.

Figure 11.E13.3 Velocity profiles for 1D meshes with 5, 10, 20, and 40 cells...

Figure 11.E13.4 Logarithmic plot of errors against change of mesh sizes.

Figure 11.9 The relation between truncation and roundoff errors.

Figure 11.10 Acceptable range (

ρ

opt

) of the overall error in built envi...

Figure 11.11 Level of details concept for buildings.

Figure 11.12 Demonstration of node-simulation sensors in refined meshes.

Figure 11.E14.1 Definition of node‐simulation sensors in the study domain.

Figure 11.E14.2 Plot of grid sensitivity against mesh size.

Figure 11.E15.1 Plot of residual of Gauss‐Seidel method with a convergence c...

Figure 11.E15.2 Plot of residual of Gauss‐Seidel method with a convergence c...

Figure 11.E15.3 Comparison of some of the temperatures using a direct method...

Figure 11.E16.1 Velocity field around a building integrated photovoltaic aga...

Figure 11.E16.2 Node‐simulation sensors around the building integrated photo...

Figure 11.E16.3 Validation of velocity field results obtained from CFD simul...

Figure 11.E17 Comparison of vertical profiles of the streamwise velocity obt...

Figure 11.13 Velocimetry techniques used for CFD validation studies. (a) A s...

Figure 11.14 Mass flow measurement used for CFD validation studies. (a) Sche...

Figure 11.15 Temperature measurement techniques used for CFD validation stud...

Figure 11.16 Pressure transducer technique used for CFD validation studies. ...

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 Steady‐state, quasi‐steady state, and transient problems in buil...

Figure 12.2 Boundary conditions in a typical enclosed space.

Figure 12.3 Incorrect/weak boundary conditions in enclosed spaces.

Figure 12.4 Boundary conditions in microclimates.

Figure 12.E1.1 One‐layer isolated 1D wall without internal heat generation....

Figure 12.E1.2 Average error plot against various number of cells.

Figure 12.E2.1 Structured quadrilateral cells.

Figure 12.E2.2 Residual plot against iterations.

Figure 12.E3.1 Three‐layer isolated 1D wall without internal heat generation...

Figure 12.E3.2 Structured quadrilateral cells.

Figure 12.E3.3 Residual plot against iterations.

Figure 12.5 Resolving (enhanced wall treatment) and bridging (wall‐function ...

Figure 12.E4.1 An isothermal 2D wall exposed to the environmental condition....

Figure 12.E4.2 Structured quadrilateral cells with various resolutions.

Figure 12.E4.3 Residual plot against iterations for M4.1 and M4.6 meshes.

Figure 12.E4.4 Velocity contour and vectors around the wall for the case of ...

Figure 12.E4.5 Resolved boundary layer across the simulation line‐sensor for...

Figure 12.E4.6 Differences of the averaged normalized velocities for consecu...

Figure 12.E5.1 Boundary layer mesh over the wall.

Figure 12.E5.2 Quadrilateral structured mesh with a denser arrangement in th...

Figure 12.E5.3 Velocity contour and vectors around the wall.

Figure 12.E5.4 Velocity contour and vectors around the wall.

Figure 12.E6.1 An isothermal and mechanically ventilated 2D office.

Figure 12.E6.2 A mesh with structured quadrilateral cells in boundary layer ...

Figure 12.E6.3 Residual plot against iterations.

Figure 12.E6.4 Velocity profiles across the simulation line‐sensor for vario...

Figure 12.E6.5 Contours and vectors of the velocity field for different poss...

Figure 12.E7.1 Isothermal cross‐ventilation flow around and through a 2D iso...

Figure 12.E7.2 A mesh with structured quadrilateral cells in the domain and ...

Figure 12.E7.3 Residual plot against iterations.

Figure 12.E7.4 Velocity profiles across the simulation line‐sensors for vari...

Figure 12.E7.5 Contours and vectors of the velocity field for different infl...

Figure 12.E8.1 Isothermal cross‐ventilation flow around and through a 2D she...

Figure 12.E8.2 A mesh with structured quadrilateral cells for microclimate d...

Figure 12.E8.3 Residual plot against iterations.

Figure 12.E8.4 Velocity profiles across the simulation line‐sensors for vari...

Figure 12.E8.5 Contours and vectors of the velocity field for different stre...

Figure 12.E9.1 Isothermal cross‐ventilation flow around and through a 3D she...

Figure 12.E9.2 A mesh with structured hexahedral cells for microclimate doma...

Figure 12.E9.3 Residual plot against iterations.

Figure 12.E9.4 Velocity profiles across the simulation line‐sensors for vari...

Figure 12.E9.5 Contours and vectors of the velocity field for 2D and 3D scen...

Figure 12.E10.1 A non‐isothermal 2D wall exposed to the environmental condit...

Figure 12.E10.2 Residual plot against iterations.

Figure 12.E10.3 Velocity contour and vectors around the non‐isothermal wall....

Figure 12.E10.4 Internal and external convective heat transfer coefficients ...

Figure 12.E11.1 An office with an electrical underfloor heating system and a...

Figure 12.E11.2 Residual plot against iterations.

Figure 12.E11.3 Contours and vectors of the velocity and temperature fields....

Figure 12.E12.1 2D pollution dispersion from a street canyon towards a shelt...

Figure 12.E12.2 A mesh with structured quadrilateral cells in boundary layer...

Figure 12.E12.3 Residual plot against iterations in different time steps.

Figure 12.E12.4 Velocity profiles across the simulation line‐sensors for var...

Figure 12.E12.5 Contours of the velocity field for three possible scenarios ...

Figure 12.E12.6 Iso‐line distributions of pollution concentration for three ...

Guide

Cover Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

Preface

Table of Contents

Begin Reading

Index

Wiley End User License Agreement

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Computational Fluid Dynamics and Energy Modelling in Buildings

Fundamentals and Applications

Parham A. Mirzaei

This edition first published 2023© 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication DataNames: Mirzaei, Parham A., author.Title: Computational fluid dynamics and energy modelling in buildings : fundamentals and applications / Parham A Mirzaei.Description: Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell, 2022. | Includes index.Identifiers: LCCN 2022026337 (print) | LCCN 2022026338 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119743514 (paperback) | ISBN 9781119743521 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119743538 (epub) | ISBN 9781119815099 (obook)Subjects: LCSH: Buildings–Environmental engineering. | Computational fluid dynamics.Classification: LCC TH6021 .M56 2022 (print) | LCC TH6021 (ebook) | DDC 696–dc23/eng/20220722LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022026337LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022026338

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Preface

Emerging of Building Engineering

The age of first buildings dates to the era of early human species to three million years ago. The adaption to environment forced our hunter‐gatherer ancestors to eventually dwell in permanent settlements after the invention of agriculture about 12 000 years ago. The buildings since those times evolved not only to shelter them from their predators but also to provide them with thermally comfortable environments, offering habitable spaces. Various building designs and technologies have been developed around the world since prehistoric era, inherently nurtured from their local resources, inspired from their surrounding nature, and adapted to their regional climate. Even with the scarcity of resources in different time periods in diverse worldwide regions, building design technologies were consistently flourished to respond to various personal needs of their dwellers.

It worth saying that the science employed in building houses was behind of early residents' common sense to understand particular concepts such as air quality or energy efficiency subjects, which only being understood in the modern time. From the delighted scent of foods to unpleasant smell of molds were found to be managed by inhabitants' instinct though the physics behind these concepts was just being explored after classic comprehension of fluid mechanics and particulate physics. As another example, energy shortage of fossil fuels was only being perceived a few decades ago, which enforced governments to admit buildings as a major consumer and urged them to seek energy efficiency actions. Surprisingly, global warming itself is being admitted only in the recent decades, yet the denial discourse, even at this time, has voices as strong as the observed scientific facts. This struggle evidently impacted the necessary global actions in development of net‐zero energy buildings as one of the countermeasure strategies against the global warming. All these examples and many more per se acknowledge the fact that buildings were around for millennium, although the accompanying science was only founded just few decades ago as a newborn discipline of building science. In other words, building science was historically undermined by scientist, authorities, and public due to the flawed assumption of dealing with simplified systems as well as their inability to scrutinize the butterfly effect, initiating from numerous buildings in a global scale, impacting vital issues such as energy crisis, disease transmissions and development, and environmental damages. The modern time, nevertheless, bluntly mirrored these misbelieves to the face of the new world.

After industrialization, modern universities have stablished engineering schools and after about two centuries many standards disciplines remained intact, including Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Industrial Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Manufacturing Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Metallurgical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, etc. In a worldwide spectrum, the name of such disciplines might be slightly different, but their content and course structures barely alter from a country to another and from a university to another. This has not happened by coincidence, but on the essence of decades of knowledge being developed and thus related books being authored by scientists, scholars, and educators. For example, Mechanical Engineering in its contemporary term was offered as a separate course initially back in the nineteenth century, and from those days, tons of fluid mechanics book have been written across the world. One can now access hundreds of books that correspond to fluid mechanics and select a suitable one in accordance with an institution's demand and culture.

Nonetheless, and as it was explained earlier, recognition of buildings as a bundle of complex systems connecting many players from randomly behaving bio‐occupants to multipart heating, cooling, and ventilation systems occurred only in the recent years, while the role of near future fossil fuel depletion and global warming cannot be denied on paving the road to reach such a global agreement. The result of revealing undermined science of buildings has led to many countries to launch a new engineering field just starting from few decades ago. The newborn engineering claimed, sometimes borrowed, and eventually assembled its diverse and scattered knowledge from other engineering programs and yet is recognized with various names in different regions of the world such as Architectural Engineering, Building Engineering, and Architectural Environmental Engineering. Here, for the sake of simplicity, the author refers to all of them as Building Engineering in the following paragraphs.

Necessity of Fundamental Books for Building Engineering

The author had the privilege to work and collaborate with many Building Engineering programs across the world. Through about past two decades, the author could clearly observe that the curriculum of such programs in different countries is yet to be frequently revisited and modified to become more effective and agile in response to the demands of the local and global industry and academia. This means that Building Engineering still might need years to become a fully self‐sufficient engineering program and declare its independency from other engineering disciplines. Nevertheless, this is merely plausible if the related fundamentals and textbooks are not simultaneously planned and authored to outline a clear boundary for Building Engineering programs.

In this aspect and aligned with the scope of this book, the author can frankly refer to a systematic lack of fundamental books related to numerical modelling of heat and mass transfer in the realm of building science. While great books are articulated in the field, those manuscripts are mainly suitable for graduate students, explaining the applications, tools, and knowledge around the topic. Nevertheless, they can be barely referred to undergraduate students due to the fact that the background level of students in Building Engineering disciplines may significantly vary in different countries in terms of mathematical level as some have allocated more focus on the architectural aspects of buildings while others have stressed more weight on the engineering aspects. On the other hand, books from other engineering programs like Mechanical Engineering have different approaches towards numerical solutions of heat and mass transfer phenomena. For example, Mechanical Engineering students are well equipped with mathematics and thermo‐fluid modules across their first two to three years of study to comprehend computational fluid dynamics (CFD) towards their final years of undergraduate or possibly graduate studies. However, Building Engineering students are more focused on other aspects of a particular system, which is a building, rather than being solemnly educated with the advanced mathematical background necessary to follow a CFD module. The result on many occasions is an agonizing struggle for Building Engineering students to follow CFD books tailored for Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering students. The same argument can be valid for heat transfer and fluid mechanics books. Even one further step backward would be lack of books for emerging, but on demand, topics such as building energy simulation. While a diverse range of commercial, in‐house, and governmental funded tools are around and used in many simulation modules, a fundamental book to explain working mechanism of these tools, specifically written for Building Engineering undergraduate students can be barely addressed. Despite the fact that there is a lack of such textbooks about numerical approaches in Building Engineering, it would be fair to highlight that some limited branches of heat and mass transfer approaches in Building Engineering have generated suitable textbooks such as design of HVAC systems in buildings.

Structure of This Book

The aim of ‘Computational Fluid Dynamics and Energy Modelling in Buildings – Fundamentals and Applications’ is to respond to the identified and explained lack in the latter section and thus to provide the fundamental knowledge of common numerical methods in understanding heat and mass transfer in buildings. While the book comprehensively elaborates on the dynamic energy simulation in building and the way airflow is simplified in the building energy simulation models, it also offers background knowledge of an alternative detailed and advanced technique of finite volume method to model heat and mass flow in buildings.

The key aspect of ‘Computational Fluid Dynamics and Energy Modelling in Buildings – Fundamentals and Applications’ is that it is tailored for audiences without extensive past experiences on numerical methods achieved from many years of the author's experience in delivering related courses to a diverse range of graduate and undergraduate students with various backgrounds. Hence, undergraduate or graduate students in Building Engineering, Architecture, Urban Planning, Geography, Architectural Engineering, and other engineering fields, along with building performance and simulation professionals, can read this book to gain additional clarity on the topics of building energy simulation and CFD. This book comprises three seasons each containing different chapters.

In the first season of ‘Computational Fluid Dynamics and Energy Modelling in Buildings – Fundamentals and Applications’, which has seven chapters, the author intends to review the fundamentals of fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and heat transfer in three separate chapters with a specific focus on the related knowledge to building physics. Examples are Bernoulli equation in fluid mechanics in Chapter 2, first laws of thermodynamics in Chapter 4, and convection in internal flows in Chapter 6. Hence, the readers with even a minimum level of familiarity with thermo‐fluid subjects can learn the very essential topics while being directed to the associated resources if they are seeking for further explanations over those topics. This background knowledge sets the scene for readers to discover the extent in which these fundamentals are applied in buildings with the explanations of commonly employed simplifications and assumptions in three following chapters (Chapters 3, 5, and 7). Again, some examples are the application of Bernoulli equation in airflow modelling within buildings that is related to fluid mechanics, conventional processes in air‐conditioning systems of buildings that is associated with thermodynamics, and heat loss in piping system of buildings that corresponds to heat transfer chapters.

In the second season, which has two chapters (Chapters 8 and 9), the author elaborates on the implementation of the fundamentals explained in the first season to model energy flow in buildings. This season, therefore, explains the basis of all the commercial and educational building energy simulation tools. In this sense, an innovative, illustrative nodal network concept is introduced in this book to help readers to easily comprehend the basics of conservation laws in buildings. The application of numerical techniques to form dynamic simulation tools is further presented in this season. In general, these understandings help readers to identify and justify their choices when working with building energy simulation tools rather than being a default user.

Detailed airflow information in buildings cannot be obtained in the building energy simulation techniques. Therefore, the third season, which has three chapters (Chapters 10, 11, and 12), is focused to introduce CFD as a detailed and powerful airflow modelling technique in buildings. While the related challenges and considerations are discussed, this season starts with an overview of the fundamentals of the finite volume method to solve the governing equation of fluid introduced in the first season. The last chapter of this season (Chapter 12) is specifically allocated to solve various practical problems of airflow within and around buildings using a commercial, but popular, tool.

How to Read This Book

The author suggests different ways to read this book. For those readers with a related background in thermo‐fluids from disciplines such as Mechanical Engineering, they might consider to directly start the book from the second season while they can use the first season as a quick review text on the fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and heat transfer. Inversely, for those readers with less background in these subject areas, for example from Architectural programs, the author recommends that they carefully read the book from the beginning to equip themselves with the necessary fundamental knowledge that is used in the latter seasons.

Furthermore, undergraduate students, building engineers, architects, etc., keen on learning building energy simulation but might not be interested in learning advanced numerical modelling of fluid flows, can comprehensively study the dynamic building energy simulation by only reading the second season.

The season three is also designed to offer fundamentals of CFD and necessary procedures for pre‐processing, solving, and post‐processing of CFD problems particularly in buildings. This season is suitable for undergraduate and graduate students in addition to engineers who are interested in learning CFD from a less mathematically oriented textbook. This does not imply that all the necessary knowledge and elements in a CFD simulation are not covered and addressed in this season. Inversely, this season offers a practical and step‐by‐step procedure to first form a CFD problem and then to solve and analyse it. This season not only is a suitable reference book for Building Engineering disciplines, but it can be a robust textbook for other disciplines such as Mechanical Engineering courses.

Acknowledgement and Dedication