Control of Power Electronic Converters with Microgrid Applications E-Book

Arindam Ghosh

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 607

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2022

Beschreibung

Control of Power Electronic Converters with Microgrid Applications Discover a systematic approach to design controllers for power electronic converters and circuits In Control of Power Electronic Converters with Microgrid Applications, distinguished academics and authors Drs. Arindam Ghosh and Firuz Zare deliver a systematic exploration of design controllers for power electronic converters and circuits. The book offers readers the knowledge necessary to effectively design intelligent control mechanisms. It covers the theoretical requirements, like advanced control theories and the analysis and conditioning of AC signals as well as controller development and control. The authors provide readers with discussions of custom power devices, as well as both DC and AC microgrids. They also discuss the harmonic issues that are crucial in this area, as well as harmonic standardization. The book addresses a widespread lack of understanding in the control philosophy that can lead to a stable operation of converters, with a focus on the application of power electronics to power distribution systems. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of: * A thorough introduction to controller design for different power electronic converter configurations in microgrid systems (both AC and DC) * A presentation of emerging technology in power distribution systems to integrate different renewable energy sources * Chapters on DC-DC converters and DC microgrids, as well as DC-AC converter modulation techniques and custom power devices, predictive control, and AC microgrids Perfect for manufacturers of power converters, microgrid developers and installers, as well as consultants who work in this area, Control of Power Electronic Converters with Microgrid Applications is also an indispensable reference for graduate students, senior undergraduate students, and researchers seeking a one-stop resource for the design of controllers for power electronic converters and circuits.

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IEEE Press Editorial BoardSarah Spurgeon, Editor in Chief

Jón Atli Benediktsson  

Andreas Molisch  

Diomidis Spinellis  

Anjan Bose  

Saeid Nahavandi  

Ahmet Murat Tekalp  

Adam Drobot  

Jeffrey Reed  

Peter (Yong) Lian  

Thomas Robertazzi  

Control of Power Electronic Converterswith Microgrid Applications

Arindam Ghosh PhD

Curtin University

Australia

Firuz Zare PhD

Queensland University of Technology

Australia

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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data Applied for

Hardback: 9781119815433

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Dedicated to my wife, Supriya, and my son, Aviroop, and in loving memory of my parents.

Arindam Ghosh

Dedicated to my lovely family, my wife, Leila, and my son, Farzan.

Firuz Zare

Author Biographies

Arindam Ghosh

Arindam Ghosh is a Research Academic Professor at Curtin University, Perth, Australia. He obtained his PhD from the University of Calgary, Canada. He was with the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur from 1985 to 2006 and a Research Capacity Building Professor at Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia from 2006 to 2013. He was a Fulbright Scholar in 2003. He is a Fellow of the Indian National Academy of Engineering: INAE (2005) and a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers: IEEE (2006). He was conferred the IEEE PES Nari Hingorani Custom Power Award in 2019. He has published over 450 peer reviewed journal and conference articles and has authored 2 books.

Firuz Zare

Professor Firuz Zare is a Fellow of the IEEE and Head of the School of Electrical Engineering and Robotics at Queensland University of Technology in Australia. He has over 20 years of experience in academia, industry, and international standardization committees, including eight years in two large R&D centers working on grid‐connected inverters, energy conversion systems, and power quality projects. He has been a very active member and leader in IEC, Danish, and Australian standardization committees and has been a Task Force Leader (International Project Manager) of Active Infeed Converters to develop the first international standard IEC 61000‐3‐16 within the IEC standardization SC77A. Professor Zare has received several awards, such as an Australian Future Fellowship, John Madsen Medal, Symposium Fellowship, and early career excellence research award. He was awarded a technology leadership program by the Danish Innovation Council to attend a one‐year leadership program delivered by Harvard Business School in Boston, USA in 2015. Professor Zare is a Senior Editor of the IEEE Access journal, a Guest Editor and Associate Editor of the IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, and an Editorial board member of several international journals.

Preface

Power converter applications in power systems have a long history. One of the first installations of high‐voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems was on the Swedish island of Gotland in 1954. Mercury arc valves were used in the project. These were replaced by thyristor valves in 1967. Since then, other thyristor‐based devices like the static var compensator (SVC), the thyristor‐controlled series compensator (TCSC), etc., started finding applications in power transmission systems. However, with the advance of insulated‐gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) technology, voltage source converters (VSCs) have started gaining prominence in power system applications. Currently, several VSC‐based devices have been used in power transmission applications, such as in VSC‐HVDC, flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) devices, etc. At the same time, VSC applications in power distribution systems have been gaining prominence in custom power technologies and in microgrids.

With increased concerns about climate change, there has been an increased application of power electronic converters in power systems and an increase in the use of solar photovoltaic (PV) or wind power generation. Since these renewable generators are intermittent in nature, energy storage devices (predominantly battery energy storages) are being used for both storing energy and smoothing power fluctuations. Since VSCs generate harmonics, they are equipped with output passive filters. These filters can cause resonance with the rest of the system. Therefore, the control of power electronic devices has gained prominence in recent times. A very large number of publications have appeared in different IEEE Transactions about converter controls and their usages.

The concept of a microgrid has gained much attention in recent times. Microgrids are small power systems that have distributed generators (s), battery storage units, and customer loads located in close proximity. They can either be connected to the utility grids or be operated independently in an autonomous mode. They can provide fuel diversity and can increase the reliability and resilience of power delivery systems. Microgrids have been installed in communities, university campuses, hospitals, manufacturing sites, as well as in military installations. Moreover, remote area microgrids have the potential of providing reliable power to locations that are far away from power lines. Even though small or medium‐sized diesel or gas‐fired generators can be used in a microgrid, power‐converter‐interfaced generators are most prevalent as they interconnect renewable generators and battery storages. Therefore, power converter control is a very critical issue for microgrid applications as well.

The aim of this book is twofold: to review the control theories used for smart power converter control and to review the applications of these control concepts in power electronic converters used in power distribution systems. A voltage source converter can have several different control aspects that depend on its application. However, the basic principles are somewhat common. Therefore, a systematic approach has been taken for the application‐specific converter control design in the book.

Three chapters in the book cover control theory. Most of the materials that are presented in these chapters can be used for a senior level undergraduate course or a junior level graduate course. There are several worked examples and design tips that can be used in MATLAB®, a product of MathWorks. The advantage of using MATLAB® is that complex control algorithms can easily be tested and verified using this software. In this book, MATLAB® has also been used for power converter controller design, while the design concepts have been verified through the Manitoba HVDC Research Center’s EMTDC/PSCAD simulation package.

The book is organized in 11 chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the book. This chapter presents a basic introduction to power electronic components and power converter modes of operation and topologies. The need for harmonic filtering is also discussed briefly. Since most of the power converters can be modeled as piece‐wise linear circuits, they need be linearized for feedback control design. This is also discussed in this chapter.

The methods of analysis of AC signals are presented in Chapter 2. Topics such as symmetrical components (phasor and instantaneous), Clarke and Park transforms, and the principle and use of phase locked loop (PLL) are covered in this chapter.

Chapter 3 provides an in‐depth review of the classical control for single‐input, single‐output (SISO) systems. Since most classical control analysis and design approaches are similar for both continuous‐time and discrete‐time systems, more focus has been given to continuous‐time systems in the book. Topics such as Routh–Hurwitz’s criterion, root locus, frequency response methods, Nyquist stability criterion, relative stability, compensator design, and the PID controller and its tuning are covered along with several numerical examples. At the end of the chapter, discrete‐time representation and z‐transform are discussed.

Power converter control design in classical domain is discussed in Chapter 4. Specifically, DC‐DC converters, such as buck and boost converters, are analyzed in detail. The process of deriving models of these converters using averaging methods and then designing classical controllers using these linearized models are explained. It also shows that a simple output voltage control is not sufficient for a boost converter since it has a right‐half s‐plane zero. A two‐loop control design is also presented.

State space analysis and control design in both continuous‐ and discrete‐time domains are presented in Chapter 5. Different topics such as the representation of a SISO system in state space domain, solutions of state equations, eigenvalues, and eigenvectors are covered in this chapter. Also, modal analysis using diagonalization, controllability, and observability are discussed. A state feedback control design using pole placement and a linear quadratic regulator is explained. The process of eliminating any steady state error using an integral control action is also described. At the end of the chapter, the process of deriving a DC‐DC boost converter model using state space averaging as well as designing a controller that has a much superior performance are demonstrated.

Chapter 6 discusses control system design in the discrete‐time domain, where prediction‐based controllers are explained. Topics that are covered in this chapter include minimum variance prediction and control, pole placement in the polynomial domain, generalized predictive control, and self‐tuning adaptive control that combines recursive parameter estimation with control design. A numerical example of the self‐tuning control of a boost converter is also presented.

The open‐loop control of DC‐AC converters is covered in Chapter 7, where hysteretic current control and sinusoidal pulse with modulation (SPWM) for both bipolar and unipolar modulations are discussed. The concept of space vectors and space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) are also presented in this chapter. It also discusses how the performance of SPWM can be improved through a third harmonic injection. Different multilevel converters – such as diode‐clamped, flying capacitor, cascaded, and modular – are also discussed in this chapter, along with the SPWM methods that can be used in multilevel converter output voltage modulation.

Chapter 8 presents several techniques of closed‐loop control of DC‐AC converters, and discusses both voltage and current controllers. To eliminate the harmonics generated by voltage source converters, they are equipped by output passive LC or LCL filters. First, a typical filter design principle is discussed. This is followed by a discussion of the state feedback based PWM and SVPWM voltage control of VSCs and sliding mode voltage control. Current control, using both state feedback and output feedback, is also discussed.

Power conditioning devices that are used for power quality improvements in power distribution networks use DC‐AC converters that need to be controlled in some specific manner to achieve their goals. Such devices are discussed in Chapter 9, where, in particular, the structure and operating principles of a distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) are presented. The chapter demonstrates that this device can be used for both voltage control, where a distribution bus voltage can be controlled against the load harmonics and unbalance, and for current control for load compensation. The associated converter control method is also presented.

Chapter 10 discusses microgrids. Both DC and AC microgrids are considered. The primary control applications in these microgrids are in the form of droop controllers, which are covered in detail in this chapter. Examples of different converter control principles that can be used for renewable energy integration are included in this chapter as well as the evolving smart power distribution systems that may contain several microgrids. Some of the possible connection and operating principles of microgrid networks are discussed. Specifically, the power exchange between the connected microgrid through a dedicated feeder is discussed in detail.

With the increased usage of power converters in power systems, higher‐frequency harmonics have been causing concerns for the operational health of power components and appliances. In Chapter 11, some of the aspects of harmonic analysis and the harmonic propagation aspects in distribution system are highlighted. Furthermore, the standards that are evolving to tackle the harmonic problem are also presented.

Arindam Ghosh

Firuz Zare

Acknowledgments

I thank two of my best friends and collaborators – Professor Gerard Ledwich and Professor Avinash Joshi – for the many hours of discussions that I have had with them over the last three decades. Many concepts in this book have been formulated or clarified through such discussions. The book is also a product of my long‐time friendship and collaboration with Firuz and the enthusiasm that we both have about the applications of power electronics in power systems. I also thank Professor Saikat Chakrabarti for being a source of encouragement and support over the last ten years.

I have been very blessed to have some outstanding PhD students. The critical discussions that I have had with them have enriched my knowledge in the diverse areas covered in this book. In particular, I thank Professor Mahesh Mishra, Professor Rajesh Gupta, Professor Anshuman Shukla, Dr Amit Jindal, Dr Ritwik Majumder, Dr Manjula Dewadasa, Dr Alireza Nami, Associate Professor Pooya Davari, Dr Megha Goyal, Dr Ehsan Pashajavid, Dr Amit Datta, and Dr Blessy John for helping to clarify doubts and for their contributions in the formulation of several concepts that have been included in the book.

I thank my wife, Supriya, for carefully proofreading the entire manuscript and my son, Aviroop, for making critical comments about several technical elements in the book. I also thank them for providing me with mental and moral support during the stressful times in the process of writing this book.

Arindam Ghosh

I know many people in industry, academia and standardization committees who have contributed to the development and the creation of knowledge in power electronics, harmonics, and power quality standards. I would like to start by thanking my PhD supervisor and colleague Professor Gerard Ledwich for his advice and contribution during my PhD program and later as a collaborator. I have known Professor Frede Blaabjerg since 2001 when I moved to Denmark. I would like to thank him for his contribution and technical discussions on several joint projects.

Many thanks to my post‐docs and PhD students. We have worked together on different topics and industry‐based projects. In particular, I would like to thank to Dr Alireza Nami, Dr Jafar Adabi, Dr Pooya Davari, Dr Jalil Yaghoobi, Dr Abdulrahman Alduraibi, Dr Davood Solati Alkaran, Dr Hamid Soltani, Mr. Arash Moradi, Mr. Amir Ganjavi, and Mr. Kiarash Gharani Khajeh for their contribution and development of new ideas on multil‐level converters, grid‐connected inverters, harmonics, and electromagnetic interferences.

It was a great opportunity to work in two large R&D centers in Denmark. Many thanks to my colleagues at the Danfoss and Grundfos companies where we worked on different challenging electromagnetic compatibility () and harmonic mitigations for low‐ and high‐power converters. My special thanks to Dr Dinesh Kumar at Danfoss: we have had interesting technical discussions on many projects, product developments, and proof of concepts.

I would like to thank my professional colleagues and technical experts on IEC, Danish, and Australian standardization committees. We have been working on the development and maintenance of several standards and compatibility levels since 2013.

Finally, I would like to thank Professor Arindam Ghosh, my mentor, colleague, and friend whom I have known since 1999 when I was a PhD student at QUT. He has inspired and helped me with generous support and advice at several stages of my career with unforgettable memories on many joint projects, and professional and social activities. It has been an honor working with him and contributing to the preparation of this book.

Firuz Zare