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Food processing technologies are an essential link in the food chain. These technologies are many and varied, changing in popularity with changing consumption patterns and product popularity. Newer process technologies are also being evolved to provide the added advantages.
Conventional and Advanced Food Processing Technologies fuses the practical (application, machinery), theoretical (model, equation) and cutting-edge (recent trends), making it ideal for industrial, academic and reference use. It consists of two sections, one covering conventional or well-established existing processes and the other covering emerging or novel process technologies that are expected to be employed in the near future for the processing of foods in the commercial sector. All are examined in great detail, considering their current and future applications with added examples and the very latest data.
Conventional and Advanced Food Processing Technologies is a comprehensive treatment of the current state of knowledge on food processing technology. In its extensive coverage, and the selection of reputed research scientists who have contributed to each topic, this book will be a definitive text in this field for students, food professionals and researchers.
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Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
List of Contributors
Foreword
Section 1: Conventional Food Processing
Chapter 1: Drying and Dehydration Processes in Food Preservation and Processing
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Drying kinetics
1.3 Different drying processes
1.4 Conclusions
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 2: Size Reduction Practices in Food Processing
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Applications of the grinding process
2.3 Grinding energy laws
2.4 Machinery requirement
2.5 Mechanism of size reduction
2.6 Size reduction of liquid
2.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: Dough Processing: Sheeting, Shaping, Flattening and Rolling
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Dough sheeting
3.3 Shaping
References
Chapter 4: Extrusion Processing of Foods
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Application of extrusion technology
4.3 Description of an extruder
4.4 Selected extrusion technology
4.5 Post-extrusion treatment
4.6 Quality characteristics of product
4.7 Equations related to food extrusion
4.8 Present status
References
Chapter 5: The Process of Gelling
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Classification of gels
5.3 Gelling process
5.4 Mechanism of gel formation
5.5 Methods for characterization of gels
5.6 Mathematical models
5.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6: Thermal Food Preservation Techniques (Pasteurization, Sterilization, Canning and Blanching)
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Pasteurization and sterilization
6.3 Aseptic processing
6.4 Canning
6.5 Blanching
References
Chapter 7: Extraction Processes
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Conventional extraction
7.3 Advanced extraction processes
References
Chapter 8: Baking
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Bread
8.3 Biscuit
8.4 Cake
8.5 Machinery
8.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Frying of Foods
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Frying as a unit operation
9.3 Properties of fried products
9.4 Machinery of frying
9.5 Stability of fried products
9.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 10: Roasting and Toasting Operations in Food: Process Engineering and Applications
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Applications of the process in specific foods
10.3 Process modelling
10.4 Machinery and methods
10.5 Changes during roasting/toasting
10.6 Recent researches
10.7 Possible future applications
10.8 Conclusions
Symbols
References
Chapter 11: Micronization and Encapsulation: Application of Supercritical Fluids in Water Removal
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Supercritical fluid
11.3 Developmental stages
11.4 Process description and influence of process parameters
11.5 Conclusions and future perspectives
Abbreviations
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 12: Flavouring and Coating Technologies for Preservation and Processing of Foods
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Flavouring of foods
12.3 Edible coatings for food applications
12.4 Food flavouring by coating
12.5 Regulatory aspects and future trends
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 13: Instantization and Agglomeration of Foods
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Applications of the technology/process
13.3 Process technology
13.4 Scientific principles
13.5 Conclusions and future possibilities
References
Chapter 14: Fortification and Impregnation Practices in Food Processing
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Food modification by vacuum impregnation
14.3 Food modification by osmotic dehydration
14.4 Influence parameters on food modification by VI and OD
14.5 Traditional and future applications
14.6 Combination of OD and VI with other processes
14.7 Conclusions
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 15: Refrigeration in Food Preservation and Processing
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Changes in foods during refrigeration
15.3 Chilling and freezing time prediction
15.4 Refrigeration equipment
15.5 Refrigerated storage and transport
15.6 Recent developments in food refrigeration
15.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 16: Biotransformation in Food Processing
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Production of gluconic acid
16.3 Ascorbic acid
16.4 Lactose hydrolysis by β-galactosidase
16.5 Invert sugar
16.6 Production of oligosaccharides
16.7 Glucose isomerization
16.8 Production of flavour and fragrance
16.9 Artificial sweetener
16.10 Conclusions
References
Section 2: Advanced Processes
Chapter 17: Ultraviolet in Food Preservation and Processing
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Microbial disinfection
17.3 Mycotoxin elimination
17.4 Inactivation of enzymes in juices
17.5 Improvement of polymer films
17.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 18: Application of Microwave Technology in Food Preservation and Processing
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Background
18.3 Principles
18.4 Applications of microwave in food preservation and processing
18.5 Present status and future possibilities
18.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 19: Infrared in Food Preservation and Processing
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Theory of infrared drying
19.3 Application of infrared energy in food industry
19.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 20: Application of Radiowave Frequency in Food Processing
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Principles of RF processing
20.3 Use of RF heating in food processing
20.4 Factors influencing RF heating processes
20.5 Computer simulation of RF heating in food processing
20.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 21: Application of Ultrasonics in Food Preservation and Processing
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Ultrasound mechanism
21.3 Application of ultrasound in food processing
21.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 22: Membrane Processing
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Terminology and general considerations
22.3 Pressure-driven membrane operations
22.4 Electrodialysis
22.5 Membrane contactors
22.6 Membrane bioreactors
22.7 Pervaporation
22.8 Conclusions
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 23: Nanoparticles and Nanotechnology in Food
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Advantages of nanotechnology
23.3 Applications in food preservation and processing
23.4 Process technology
23.5 Regulatory and safety issues
23.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 24: High Pressure Processing: Current Status
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Heat transfer during high pressure processing
24.3 Mass transfer during high pressure processing
24.4 Studies on nonuniformity of pressure in solid foods
24.5 Effect of high pressure on bioactive compounds in foods
24.6 Mechanisms of microbial inactivation during high pressure processing
References
Chapter 25: Ozone Processing
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Ozone properties
25.3 Ozone generation
25.4 Antimicrobial action
25.5 Applications of ozone
25.6 Remarks on health and safety concerns
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 26: Application of Pulsed Electric Fields in Food
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Principle of action
26.3 Application
26.4 Equipment design
26.5 Outlook
References
Chapter 27: Ohmic Heating
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Applications of OH system
27.3 OH heating process and equipment
27.4 Modelling of the OH process
27.5 Critical factors of OH processing
27.6 Sensitivity analysis of the continuous OH system
27.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 28: Intelligent Identification System for Poultry Portion Sorting
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Automation in poultry processing
28.3 Intelligent poultry portion identification
28.4 Future possible applications
28.5 Conclusions
References
Index
End User License Agreement
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Cover
Table of Contents
Foreword
Section 1: Conventional Food Processing
Begin Reading
Figure 1.1
Figure 1.2
Figure 1.3
Figure 2.1
Figure 2.2
Figure 2.3
Figure 2.4
Figure 2.5
Figure 2.6
Figure 3.1
Figure 3.2
Figure 3.3
Figure 3.4
Figure 3.5
Figure 3.6
Figure 3.7
Figure 3.8
Figure 3.9
Figure 3.10
Figure 4.1
Figure 4.2
Figure 4.3
Figure 4.4
Figure 4.5
Figure 5.1
Figure 5.2
Figure 5.3
Figure 5.4
Figure 6.1
Figure 6.2
Figure 6.3
Figure 6.4
Figure 6.5
Figure 6.6
Figure 6.7
Figure 7.1
Figure 8.1
Figure 8.2
Figure 9.1
Figure 9.2
Figure 9.3
Figure 9.4
Figure 9.5
Figure 9.6
Figure 10.1
Figure 10.2
Figure 10.3
Figure 10.4
Figure 10.5
Figure 10.6
Figure 10.7
Figure 10.8
Figure 10.9
Figure 11.1
Figure 11.2
Figure 11.3
Figure 11.4
Figure 11.5
Figure 12.1
Figure 12.2
Figure 12.3
Figure 13.1
Figure 13.2
Figure 13.3
Figure 13.4
Figure 13.5
Figure 13.6
Figure 13.7
Figure 14.1
Figure 14.2
Figure 14.3
Figure 15.4
Figure 15.5
Figure 15.6
Figure 15.7
Figure 15.8
Figure 15.9
Figure 16.1
Figure 16.2
Figure 16.3
Figure 18.1
Figure 18.2
Figure 18.3
Figure 18.4
Figure 18.5
Figure 19.1
Figure 19.2
Figure 19.3
Figure 19.4
Figure 19.5
Figure 21.1
Figure 21.2
Figure 22.1
Figure 22.2
Figure 22.3
Figure 22.4
Figure 22.5
Figure 22.6
Figure 22.7
Figure 22.8
Figure 23.1
Figure 23.2
Figure 24.1
Figure 24.2
Figure 24.3
Figure 24.4
Figure 24.5
Figure 24.6
Figure 24.7
Figure 24.8
Figure 24.9
Figure 24.10
Figure 24.11
Figure 25.1
Figure 25.2
Figure 26.1
Figure 26.2
Figure 26.3
Figure 26.4
Figure 26.5
Figure 27.1
Figure 27.2
Figure 27.3
Figure 27.4
Figure 27.5
Figure 27.6
Figure 27.7
Figure 27.8
Figure 27.9
Figure 27.10
Figure 28.1
Figure 28.2
Figure 28.3
Figure 28.4
Figure 28.5
Figure 28.6
Figure 28.7
Table 1.1
Table 1.2
Table 1.3
Table 1.4
Table 2.1
Table 2.2
Table 2.3
Table 2.4
Table 3.1
Table 4.1
Table 5.1
Table 5.2
Table 5.3
Table 7.1
Table 7.2
Table 8.1
Table 8.2
Table 9.1
Table 10.1
Table 11.1
Table 11.2
Table 11.3
Table 12.1
Table 12.2
Table 12.3
Table 12.4
Table 12.5
Table 13.1
Table 13.2
Table 13.3
Table 13.4
Table 13.5
Table 13.6
Table 13.7
Table 13.8
Table 13.9
Table 14.1
Table 15.1
Table 15.2
Table 17.1
Table 18.1
Table 18.2
Table 19.1
Table 19.2
Table 19.3
Table 19.4
Table 19.5
Table 21.1
Table 21.2
Table 22.1
Table 22.2
Table 22.3
Table 22.4
Table 23.1
Table 24.1
Table 26.1
Table 26.2
Table 26.3
Table 26.4
Table 28.1
Table 28.2
Edited by
Suvendu Bhattacharya, Ph.D.
Professor, AcSIR and Chief Scientist,
CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India
This edition first published 2015 © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Conventional and advanced food processing technologies / edited by Suvendu Bhattacharya.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-118-40632-8 (hardback)
1. Food industry and trade. I. Bhattacharya, Suvendu, editor.
TP370.C67 2014
664′.02— dc23
2014019555
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.
1 2015
Dedicated to
Mother
Jyotirmoyee Devi
Father
K.N. Bhattacharya
Suvendu Bhattacharya
(Editor)
Food Engineering Department, CSIR–Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India
Kemal Aganovic
German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL e.V.), Quakenbrueck, Germany
Lilia Ahrné
Process and Technology Development, SIK—The Swedish Institute for Food and Biotechnology, Göteborg, Sweden
Tesfaye Faye Bedane
Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Fisciano, SA, Italy
Debabrata Bera
Department of Food Technology, Techno India, Salt Lake City, Kolkata, India
Sila Bhattacharya
Grain Science and Technology Department, CSIR–Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India
Teresa R.S. Brandão
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