Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide-Based Thin-Film Solar Cells E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 915

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

Beginning with an overview and historical background of Copper Zinc Tin Sulphide (CZTS) technology, subsequent chapters cover properties of CZTS thin films, different preparation methods of CZTS thin films, a comparative study of CZTS and CIGS solar cell, computational approach, and future applications of CZTS thin film solar modules to both ground-mount and rooftop installation.

The semiconducting compound (CZTS) is made up earth-abundant, low-cost and non-toxic elements, which make it an ideal candidate to replace Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) and CdTe solar cells which face material scarcity and toxicity issues. The device performance of CZTS-based thin film solar cells has been steadily improving over the past 20 years, and they have now reached near commercial efficiency levels (10%). These achievements prove that CZTS-based solar cells have the potential to be used for large-scale deployment of photovoltaics.

With contributions from leading researchers from academia and industry, many of these authors have contributed to the improvement of its efficiency, and have rich experience in preparing a variety of semiconducting thin films for solar cells.

Leseprobe

CONTENTS

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

Preface

List of Contributors

Part I: Introduction

1 An Overview of CZTS-Based Thin-Film Solar Cells

1.1 Introduction

1.2 The Photovoltaic Effect

1.3 In Pursuit of an Optimal Semiconductor for Photovoltaics

1.4 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

2 Market Challenges for CZTS-Based Thin-Film Solar Cells

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Compound Thin-Film Technologies and Manufacturing

2.3 Challenges for CZTS Solar Cells in the Market

2.4 Conclusion

References

Part II: The Physics and Chemistry of Quaternary Chalcogenide Semiconductors

3 Crystallographic Aspects of Cu

2

ZnSnS

4

(CZTS)

3.1 Introduction: What Defines a Crystal Structure?

3.2 The Crystal Structure of CZTS

3.3 Point Defects in CZTS and the Role of Stoichiometry

3.4 Differentiation between Intergrown Kesterite- and Stannite-Type Phases: A Simulational Approach

3.5 Summary

References

4 Electronic Structure and Optical Properties from First-Principles Modeling

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Computational Background

4.3 Crystal Structure

4.4 Electronic Structure

4.5 Optical Properties

4.6 Summary

Acknowledgements

References

5 Kesterites: Equilibria and Secondary Phase Identification

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Chemistry of the Kesterite Reaction

5.3 Phase Identification

Acknowledgements

References

6 Growth of CZTS Single Crystals

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Growth Process

6.3 Properties of CZTS Single Crystals

6.4 Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

7 Physical Properties: Compiled Experimental Data

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Structural Properties

7.3 Thermal Properties

7.4 Mechanical and Lattice Dynamic Properties

7.5 Electronic Energy-Band Structure

7.6 Optical Properties

7.7 Carrier Transport Properties

References

Part III: Synthesis of Thin Films and Their Application to Solar Cells

8 Sulfurization of Physical Vapor-Deposited Precursor Layers

8.1 Introduction

8.2 First CZTS Thin-Film Solar Cells

8.3 ZnS as Zn-Source in Precursor

8.4 Influence of Absorber Thickness

8.5 New Sulfurization System

8.6 Influence of Morphology

8.7 Co-Sputtering System with Annealing Chamber

8.8 Active Composition

8.9 CZTS Compound Target

8.10 Conclusions

References

9 Reactive Sputtering of CZTS

9.1 Introduction

9.2 The Reactive Sputtering Process

9.3 Properties of Sputtered Precursors

9.4 Annealing of Sputtered Precursors

9.5 Device Performance

9.6 Summary

References

10 Coevaporation of CZTS Films and Solar Cells

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Basic Principles

10.3 Process Variations

Acknowledgements

References

11 Synthesis of CZTSSe Thin Films from Nanocrystal Inks

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Nanocrystal Synthesis

11.3 Nanocrystal Characterization

11.4 Sintering

11.5 Conclusion

References

12 CZTS Thin Films Prepared by a Non-Vacuum Process

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Sol-Gel Sulfurization Method