Counselling Psychology E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Serie: BPS Textbooks in Psychology
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1004

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2017

Beschreibung

A complete introduction to the theory and practice of contemporary counselling psychology

An excellent resource for students at undergraduate or graduate level, Counselling Psychology: A Textbook for Study and Practice provides valuable insights into the key issues associated with theory and practice in this field. The contributors represent a diverse array of approaches, reflecting the rich diversity within the area, and care is taken to avoid favouring any one approach. The book begins with an overview of the historical and philosophical foundations of counselling psychology, before taking a detailed look at major therapeutic approaches and exploring issues associated with specific client populations, ethics, research design, and more. In particular, the text seeks to explain how counselling psychology differs from and informs other areas of contemporary applied psychology. The result is an engaging balance of the personal and academically rigorous, presented in a highly accessible format.

• An authoritative introduction to and key issues involved with the theory and practice of counselling psychology for students and practitioners at all levels
• Considers all major approaches to psychotherapy including existential, person-centered experiential, psychodynamic, and cognitive-behavioural
• Explores issues commonly encountered when working with specific client groups including children, people with intellectual disabilities, and emergency trauma victims

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Counselling Psychology

A Textbook for Study and Practice

Edited by

DAVID MURPHY

The University of Nottingham Nottingham, UK

This edition first published 2017 by the British Psychological Society and John Wiley & Sons Ltd

© 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Murphy, David, 1970 October 27- editor. | British Psychological Society, issuing body.

Title: Counselling psychology : a textbook for study and practice / edited by David Murphy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.

Description: Chichester, West Sussex, UK ; Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, 2017. | Series: BPS textbooks in psychology ; 2380 | Includes index. | Published on behalf by the British Psychological Society. |

Identifiers: LCCN 2017012484 (print) | LCCN 2017026725 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119106845 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119106838 (epub) | ISBN 9781119106852 (cloth) | ISBN 9781119106869 (pbk.)

Subjects: LCSH: Counselling psychology.

Classification: LCC BF636.6 (ebook) | LCC BF636.6 .C67584 2017 (print) | DDC 158.3—dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017012484

Cover image: © Ralf Hiemisch/Gettyimages

Cover design by Wiley

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For Lisa, Ellie, Megan and Joseph.

About the Contributors

Eric E. Arnold MEd Teachers College, Columbia University. He is currently in private practice as a licensed mental health counsellor in New York, New York. Mr Arnold's research focuses on HIV/AIDS prevention.

Meg-John Barker PhD, is a writer, therapist, and activist-academic specializing in sex, gender, and relationships. Their popular books include the (anti-)self-help relationship book Rewriting the Rules, The Secrets of Enduring Love (with Jacqui Gabb), Queer: A Graphic History (with Julia Scheele, Icon Books, 2016), and Enjoy Sex, How, When and If You Want To (with Justin Hancock, Icon Books, 2016). Meg-John is a senior lecturer in psychology at the Open University and has published many academic books and papers on topics including nonmonogamous relationships, sadomasochism, counselling, and mindfulness, as well as co-founding the journal Psychology and Sexuality and the activist-research organization BiUK. They were the lead author of The Bisexuality Report—which has informed UK policy and practice around bisexuality—and are currently co-editing a book on nonbinary gender with similar aims in that area. They are involved in running many public events on sexuality and relationships, including Sense about Sex and Critical Sexology. Meg-John is a United Kingdom Counselling and Psychotherapy (UKCP) accredited psychotherapist working with gender, sexually, and relationship diverse (GSRD) clients, and they blog about all these matters on www.rewriting-the-rules.com.

Melanie E. Brewster PhD, is a Psychology and Education Professor at Teachers College, Columbia University. Her research focuses on marginalized groups and examines how experiences of discrimination and stigma may shape the mental health of minority group members (e.g., LGBTQ individuals, atheists, people of colour). Dr Brewster also examines potential resilience factors, such as bicultural self-efficacy and cognitive flexibility, that may promote the mental health of minority individuals.

Alex J. Colbow PhD, received his doctorate from the University of Iowa's counselling psychology programme. He is completing his internship at Purdue University. His research interests include social class, gender, tele-mental health, and academic success.

Mick Cooper DPhil, is a Professor of Counselling Psychology at the University of Roehampton and a chartered counselling psychologist. Mick is author and editor of a range of texts on person-centred, existential, and relational approaches to therapy, including Existential Therapies (2nd ed., Sage, 2017), Working at Relational Depth in Counselling and Psychotherapy (with Dave Mearns, Sage, 2005), and Pluralistic Counselling and Psychotherapy (with John McLeod, Sage, 2011). Mick has also led a range of research studies exploring the process and outcomes of humanistic counselling with young people. Mick's latest book is Existential Psychotherapy and Counselling: Contributions to a Pluralistic Practice (Sage, 2015).

Duncan Cramer BSc, PhD, ABPsS, chartered psychologist, is Emeritus Professor of Psychological Health. After graduating from University College London in 1969 in psychology, he completed his PhD in 1973 with Hans Eysenck on his theory of personality at the Institute of Psychiatry in London. He then lectured for 3 years in the Psychology Department at Queen's University Belfast before coming to the Social Sciences Department at Loughborough University in 1977 and retiring in 2013. His research interests and publications include such topics as mental health, personality, personal relationships, organizational commitment, psychotherapy, and counselling. He has been a past Joint Editor (1995–2000) and Associate Editor (1993–1995, 2000–2001) of the British Journal of Medical Psychology and its successor Psychology and Psychotherapy (2002–2010) as well as an Associate Editor of the Journal of Social and Personal Relationships (2004–2009). His authored books include Personality and Psychotherapy (Open University Press, 1992), Close Relationships (Arnold, 1998), Advanced Quantitative Data Analysis (Open University Press, 2003), Sage Dictionary of Statistics (with Dennis Howitt, Sage, 2004), Research Methods in Psychology (with Dennis Howitt, 5th ed., Prentice Hall, 2017), Understanding Statistics in Psychology (with Dennis Howitt, 7th ed., Prentice Hall, 2018), Introduction to SPSS in Psychology (with Dennis Howitt, 7th ed., Prentice Hall, 2018), and Quantitative Data Analysis with IBM SPSS Statistics 17, 18 and 19 (with Alan Bryman, Routledge, 2011). He has also co-edited Inappropriate Relationships (with Robin Goodwin, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2002) and Positive Psychology of Love (with Mahzad Hojjat, Oxford University Press, 2013).

Mary Creaner DPsych, is an Assistant Professor and Research Co-ordinator with the doctorate programme in counselling psychology and Course Director of the MSc in clinical supervision, Trinity College Dublin. She is an accredited therapist and clinical supervisor with the Irish Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (IACP), and a member of the American Psychological Association (APA). Mary is a supervision consultant and trainer to statutory and voluntary agencies and has been involved in developing and delivering a variety of postgraduate, professional development training, and adult education programmes for over 25 years. Mary has a particular interest in supervision practice, training, and research. Among her publications is the text book, Getting the Best Out of Supervision in Counselling and Therapy (Sage, 2014). She has been a guest editor for a special section on ‘Current trends in clinical supervision’ (2014) with Counselling Psychology Quarterly (CPQ).

Dee Danchev PhD, is a Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC) registered counselling psychologist and a British Psychological Society (BPS) chartered psychologist. She worked as a university counsellor for over 20 years, first at Keele University, then as Head of Counselling, Health Advice and Disability at the University of the Arts, London, and finally as Pastoral Advisor at Nuffield College, Oxford University. She has also had a parallel career in counsellor and counselling psychologist training at Keele University, City University, London, and Oxford University, and has served as Chair of the BPS Counselling Psychology Qualifications Board.

Windy Dryden PhD, is Emeritus Professor of Psychotherapeutic Studies at Goldsmiths University of London, and is a Fellow of the British Psychological Society. He has authored or edited more than 215 books, including the second editions of Counselling in a Nutshell (Sage, 2011) and Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy: Distinctive Features (Routledge, 2015). In addition, he edits 20 book series in the area of counselling and psychotherapy, including the Distinctive Features in CBT series (Routledge) and the Counselling in a Nutshell series (Sage). His major interests are in rational emotive behaviour therapy and CBT; single session interventions; the interface between counselling and coaching; pluralism in counselling and psychotherapy; writing short, accessible self-help books for the general public; and demonstrating therapy live in front of an audience.

Robert Elliott PhD, is Professor of Counselling at the University of Strathclyde, and Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the University of Toledo. He has served as co-editor of the journals Psychotherapy Research and Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies. He is co-author of three books, including Facilitating Emotional Change (with Les Greenberg and Laura Rice, Guilford Press, 1997), Learning Emotion-Focused Therapy (with Jeanne Watson, Rhonda Goldman, and Les Greenberg, APA, 2003), and Research Methods in Clinical Psychology (with Chris Barker and Nancy Pistrang, 3rd ed., APA, 2015) as well as more than 150 journal articles and book chapters. In 2008 he received the Distinguished Research Career Award from the Society for Psychotherapy Research and the Carl Rogers Award from the Division of Humanistic Psychology of the APA.

Anne Emerson PhD, worked as a speech and language therapist with children and adults with communication impairment and intellectual disability, as a teacher in further education, and advocate for families, before becoming a researcher. She is currently Associate Professor of Special and Inclusive Education at the University of Nottingham. Her research interests include augmentative and alternative communication approaches, the development of engagement, and the impact of special needs on self-esteem and behaviour. Most recent work has been with families of children with significant disabilities or health conditions, investigating resilience and coping in parents.

Colin Feltham is Emeritus Professor of Critical Counselling Studies, Sheffield Hallam University, and teaches part-time at the University of Southern Denmark. His many publications include Counselling and Counselling Psychology: A Critical Examination (PCCS Books, 2013), Depressive Realism: Interdisciplinary Perspectives (Routledge, 2017), and The Sage Handbook of Counselling and Psychotherapy (edited with Terry Hanley and Laura Winter, 4th ed., Sage, forthcoming). His research interests include anthropathology, depressive realism, death, and aspects of evolutionary psychology.

Alan Frankland is a Consultant Counselling Psychologist (chartered by BPS and registered by HCPC) who has been in practice and working as a trainer and writer in the field of psychotherapy since the last years of the 1970s. Formerly Head of the Division of Counselling and Psychotherapy at Nottingham Trent University, he currently works independently in Nottingham (APSI) and London (Apsilon) as a therapist and supervisor, and examines for the BPS Qualification in Counselling Psychology as well as being involved in the MSc in the Person Centred Approach with Sherwood Psychotherapy Training Institute (SPTI) in Nottingham. In the past he was active on several committees of both BACP (elected as a Fellow mainly related to his work on accreditation) and the BPS, including time on the Society's Board of Directors (2000–2) and in chairing roles in the Division of Counselling Psychology (1997–2001). His professional experience as a therapist has mostly been in the voluntary sector and in independent practice, but he also worked in a jobshare mainly working on issues to do with counselling psychologists in a large London Trust in the NHS (2005–8). He was Stipendiary Registrar for Counselling Psychology within the BPS from 2002 to 2008.

Jasmina Frzina DCounPsych, CPsychol, is an HCPC registered counselling psychologist and Visiting Lecturer at the University of Manchester. Currently she is the Lead of Psychological Services in a private hospital. Her clinical practice has predominantly been with adults, young people, and their families in an inpatient setting. Previously she has worked in NHS Primary Care settings with couples, and individuals diagnosed with moderate and severe mental health problems. She is also the Chair of the North West BPS Branch of Division of Counselling Psychology. Her special interest is relational approaches to therapy and client's experience.

Ewan Gillon PhD, is Professor of Counselling Psychology at Glasgow Caledonian University, where he established and directed the first doctorate in counselling psychology in Scotland. He has a long-standing interest in postgraduate education and training, particularly at doctorate level, and is presently leading the development of a doctoral framework in applied psychology. Ewan has a strong commitment to counselling psychology practice and is Clinical Director of First Psychology Scotland, an independent psychology and counselling business with eight centres nationally. He has written widely on a range of issues in the counselling psychology field and comments regularly on psychological issues in the media. In addition to his work in the counselling psychology field, Ewan is a General Member of the Mental Health Tribunal (Scotland).

Andrea Halewood CPsychol, is a Senior Lecturer in Counselling Psychology at the University of the West of England (UWE) and a Visiting Lecturer at Warwick University. Prior to working at UWE, she was the Programme Co-ordinator of the Counselling Psychology Programmes at Roehampton University. She has worked in Primary Care as a practice counsellor, in Secondary Care as part of a Crisis Response Nursing Team, and at King's College Hospital as a research psychologist. She is a chartered psychologist/psychodynamic psychotherapist in private practice, and her main research and clinical interests are relational approaches to psychotherapy and critical perspectives on the medical model of mental health.

Terry Hanley PhD, CPsychol, AFBPsS, is the Programme Director for the doctorate in counselling psychology at the University of Manchester. He has a keen interest in training therapists in research skills and is a co-author of Introducing Counselling and Psychotherapy Research (with Clare Lennie and William West, Sage, 2013). Additionally, his own therapeutic practice and research has primarily focused around work with young people and young adults, a topic on which he is also lead editor of the text Adolescent Counselling Psychology (Routledge, 2013). He is a HCPC registered counselling psychologist and presently works as a therapist with the organization Freedom from Torture, providing psychological support to a football therapy project.

Richard House PhD, is a chartered psychologist, an educational consultant, and a long-time writer/campaigner on childhood issues and Steiner education. Formerly Senior Lecturer in Psychotherapy (Roehampton University) and Education Studies (Winchester) and ex-editor of Self and Society journal, Richard's 12 books include Therapy Beyond Modernity (Karnac, 2003), Against and For CBT (with Del Loewenthal, PCCS, 2008), Too Much, Too Soon?—Early Learning and the Erosion of Childhood (Hawthorn, 2011), and Humanistic Psychology: Current Trends, Future Prospects (with David Kalisch and Jennifer Maidman, Routledge, 2017). Research interests include critical perspectives on technology, holistic education, and postmodernity and new paradigm science.

Pam James PhD, is a chartered and HCPC registered counselling psychologist and a registered psychologist specializing in psychotherapy (senior practitioner). She was Chair of the BPS Qualification in Counselling Psychology for 6 years and after an appropriate gap is again in that role. She has also been twice Chair of the BPS Division of Counselling Psychology. She held lecturing and management posts at Liverpool John Moores University for 25 years, where she was awarded Professor of Counselling Psychology in 2000; she also worked in NHS Adult Mental Health for 10 years. Currently, she has a private practice in Southport and is Chair of the BPS Special Group for Independent Practitioners. Her doctoral thesis was in learning and she remains interested in the learning process per se, including the process of change whilst in the therapeutic relationship. She has recently co-authored Common Presenting Issues in Psychotherapeutic Practice (with Barbara Douglas, Sage, 2013).

Stephen Joseph PhD, is a professor in the School of Education at the University of Nottingham where he is the convenor of the counselling teaching group.  He is a senior practitioner of the British Psychological Society's register of psychologists specialising in psychotherapy and an HCPC registered health and counselling psychologist. Interested in the study of human flourishing, Stephen is the editor of Positive Psychology in Practice: Promoting human flourishing in work, health, education, and everyday life (Wiley, 2015).  His latest book is Authentic: How to be yourself and why it matters (Piatkus/Little, Brown, 2016).

Elaine Kasket DCPsych, C.Psychol, is an HCPC registered counselling psychologist, a private practitioner, and an academic who has written extensively about the field of counselling psychology and about her primary area of research, which is bereavement in the digital age. She is a Principal Lecturer and the Head of Programmes for Counselling Psychology at Regent's University London, where the existential-phenomenological approach is the core model taught. She is the author of How to Become a Counselling Psychologist (Routledge, 2017).

Michael J. Lambert, PhD, is a former Professor of Psychology, Department of Psychology and Susa Young Gates University Professor, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA.

John McLeod PhD, is Visiting Professor at the Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, and the Institute of Integrative Counselling and Psychotherapy, Dublin. He has published widely on a range of topics in counselling and psychotherapy, with a particular interest in the development of flexible, collaborative approaches to therapy that are informed by cultural awareness and relevant research evidence.

William Ming Liu PhD, is Professor of Counselling Psychology at the University of Iowa. His research interests are in social class and classism, men and masculinity, and multicultural competencies. He has been identified as one of the most frequent producers of research in the psychology of men and masculinity and most cited in multicultural competency research. He received the Emerging Leader award from the Committee on Socioeconomic Status (APA), Emerging Young Professional Award (Division 45, APA), and the Researcher of the Year Award (Division 51, APA). He is an editor of the Handbook of Multicultural Competencies in Counseling and Psychology (with Donald B. Pope-Davis, Hardin L. K. Coleman, and Rebecca L. Toporek, Sage, 2003), an editor of Culturally Responsive Counseling with Asian American Men (with Derek Kenji Iwamoto and Martin H. Chae, Routledge, 2010), the author of Social Class and Classism in the Helping Professions: Research, Theory, and Practice (Sage, 2011), and the editor of the Handbook of Social Class in Counseling (Oxford, 2013).

David Murphy PhD, CPsychol, AFBPsS, is a Full Member of the British Psychological Society Division of Counselling Psychology, a person-centred experiential psychotherapist on the BPS Register of Psychologists Specialising in Psychotherapy and has a particular interest in the field of counselling and education and the effects of psychological trauma. He is the Course Director for the Master’s program in Person-Centred Experiential Counselling and Psychotherapy at the University of Nottingham, UK. He previously held the position of Honorary Psychologist in Psychotherapy at the Centre for Trauma, Resilience and Growth, Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust.

Nafeesa Nizami (Naz) BSc (Hons), MSc, Reg. MBACP (Accred) is a psychotherapist and trainer. She is currently working in the areas of couples, young peoples, parents/families, groups, bilingual and Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) therapy for a national charity. Her clinical background includes having worked in the NHS and within Child Protection for the past 10 years. Nafeesa is currently undertaking her PhD at the University of Manchester. Her research focuses on deconstructing pre-trial therapy; exploring the relationship between law, therapy, and sexual abuse through discourse analysis. She has a keen interest in the areas of mental health, social justice, politics, ethics, philosophy, poststructuralism, colonial studies, childhood studies, and feminist theories.

Ohemaa Nkansa-Dwamena DPsych, is an HCPC registered and BPS accredited counselling psychologist. She is an Associate Fellow of the BPS and co-founder of the Black and Asian Counselling Psychologists group (under the umbrella of the Division of Counselling Psychology). Dr Nkansa-Dwamena currently holds clinical positions at the London School of Economics in the student well-being and staff counselling services. She is also a Visiting Lecturer at City University and works in private practice. She has over 10 years' experience in the mental health field, with varied work in both the public and charity sectors. This has included work with adults and children from diverse backgrounds in forensic, NHS Primary and Secondary Care settings. Her research interests include multiple identity negotiation (in relation to individuals from Black Minority Ethnic (BME) backgrounds), culture and diversity in the therapeutic process, and sameness and difference and its implications for counselling psychology.

John C. Norcross PhD, ABPP, is Distinguished Professor of Psychology at the University of Scranton, Adjunct Professor of Psychiatry at SUNY Upstate Medical University, and a board-certified clinical psychologist. Dr Norcross has co-written or edited 20 books, including the Handbook of Clinical Psychology (with Gary R. VandenBos, APA, 2016), Supervision Essentials for Integrative Psychotherapy (with Leah M. Popple, APA, 2016), Clinician's Guide to Evidence-Based Practice in Behavioral Health (2008), Psychotherapy Relationships that Work (OUP USA, 2012), Leaving It at the Office: Psychotherapist Self-Care (with James D. Guy Jr, Guilford Press, 2007), and the Handbook of Psychotherapy Integration (with Marvin R. Goldfried, OUP USA, 2005). He has served as President of the APA Division of Clinical Psychology, the APA Division of Psychotherapy, and the Society for the Exploration of Psychotherapy Integration.

Simon du Plock PhD, is Professor and Faculty Head for Post-Qualification and Professional Doctorates at the Metanoia Institute, London, where he directs counselling psychology and psychotherapy research doctorates jointly with Middlesex University. He is a chartered counselling psychologist, an Associate Fellow of the BPS, and a founding member of the BPS Register of Psychologists Specialising in Psychotherapy. He is also a Fellow of the Royal Society for Medicine and a UKCP registered psychotherapist. He lectures internationally on aspects of existential therapy and became, in 2006, the first Western therapist to be made an Honorary Member of the East European Association for Existential Therapy, in recognition of his contribution to the development of collaboration between East and West European existential psychotherapy. He has authored over 80 book chapters and papers in peer-reviewed academic journals, and has edited the journal of the British Society for Existential Analysis since 1993.

Christina Richards BSc (Hons), MSc, DCPsych, CPsychol, MBACP (Accred.) AFBPsS is an HCPC registered doctor of counselling psychology and an Associate Fellow of the BPS. She is also an accredited psychotherapist with BACP. She represents the East Midlands to NHS England's Clinical Reference Group (CRG) on Gender Identity Services, and is one of the few psychologists recognized by HM Courts and Tribunals Service as a specialist in the field of gender dysphoria, thus allowing her to prepare medical reports for the Gender Recognition Panel.

John Rowan PhD, has been a member of the BPS Counselling Psychology Division since its inception. He was a contributor to the volume 'Counselling Psychology' (Petruska Clarkson, 1998) and has an abiding interest in the field. He is a Fellow of the BPS and a founding member of the Association of Humanistic Psychology Practitioners.

Anja Rutten MSc, has worked as an academic in counsellor training, a therapist, and manager in various settings including higher education, the private and voluntary sector, and an NHS commissioned service. She has worked extensively with autistic adults and young people and their families. As a therapist experienced in working with autistic clients, Anja has offered numerous workshops across the UK. Anja's research interests are in therapeutic experiences of clients with Asperger syndrome, and in person-centred/experiential counselling for this client group.

William B. Stiles PhD, is Professor Emeritus of Psychology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA, and Adjunct Professor of Psychology at Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, USA. He has been President of Division 29 (Psychotherapy) of the APA and of the Society for Psychotherapy Research. He has served as editor of Psychotherapy Research and Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies. He has published more than 300 journal articles and book chapters, most dealing with psychotherapy, verbal interaction, and research methods.

Noreen Tehrani PhD, is a chartered occupational, health, counselling, coaching and trauma psychologist. She formed her company in 1997 to assist organizations and employees to maximize their effectiveness and efficiency. Noreen has combined her commercial, psychological, and counselling knowledge and experience to develop an approach to supporting employees, which meets the needs of both the organization and the employees. For the past 10 years she has concentrated on dealing with traumatic events in organizations, and has worked with emergency services and charities to address primary and secondary traumatic exposure.

Ladislav Timulak PhD, is Associate Professor at Trinity College Dublin. He is Course Director of the Doctorate in Counselling Psychology. Ladislav (Laco for short; read Latso) is involved in the training of counselling psychologists and various psychotherapy trainings as well. Laco is both an academic and practitioner. His main research interest is psychotherapy research, particularly the development of emotion-focused therapy. He is currently developing this form of therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. He has written five books, over 60 peer-reviewed papers, and various chapters in both his native language, Slovak, and in English. His most recent book is Transforming Emotional Pain in Psychotherapy (Routledge, 2015).

Mark Widdowson PhD, is a teaching and supervising transactional analyst and a UKCP registered psychotherapist. He is a Senior Lecturer in Counselling and Psychotherapy at the University of Salford. Mark has specialized in investigating the effectiveness of transactional analysis, primarily using Hermeneutic Single Case Efficacy Design (HSCED). He is the author of Transactional Analysis for Depression: A Step-By-Step Treatment Manual (Routledge, 2015).

Laura Winter DCounPsych, chartered psychologist, is an HCPC registered counselling psychologist and lecturer based at the University of Manchester. Her research interests include social justice, and in particular the impact of economic and relational equality on well-being and education. Previous work has included exploring social justice within counselling and educational psychology, the impact of welfare reform on families, and the way in which schools are supporting emotional well-being in the context of austerity. Her clinical practice has predominantly been based within NHS Primary Care settings, working with individuals who have been diagnosed with “moderate” and “severe” “mental health problems.”

Foreword

ERNESTO SPINELLI

Towards the end of one of his BBC4 television programmes, the eminent British physicist, Professor Jim Al-Khalili concluded that: “[i]n sum: all the complexity of the universe emerges from mindless simple rules rules repeated over and over again. But as powerful as this process is, it is also inherently unpredictable” (Al-Khalili, 2009).

Professor Al-Khalili's remark serves to remind us of the ever-present and irresolvable “tension” that exists at the very heart of scientific enquiry. It is that foundational tension between explanation and understanding, which is exemplified by the (seemingly interminable) debate between natural science research and human science research.

It was Wilhelm Dilthey who first coined this distinction. Its aim was to clarify “the methodological difference between explanation and understanding” (Makkreel, 1995, p. 203, quoted in Cohn, 2002, p. 114). As Rudolf Makkreel clarified:

The natural sciences seek causal explanations of nature—connecting the discrete representations of outer experience through hypothetical generalizations. The human sciences aim at an understanding . . . that articulates the typical structures of life given in lived experience. Finding living experience to be inherently connected and meaningful.

(Makkreel, 1995, p. 203, quoted in Cohn, 2002, p. 114)

Dilthey argued that these different endeavours require different methodologies and lead researchers to very different terrains. For example, the natural science stance, which remains the dominant attitude towards psychology research, examines psychological variables by: (a) reducing them to observable, quantifiable elements; (b) utilizing controlled experimental design; and (c) seeking verification via replication. The human science view, on the other hand, argues that its way of engaging in investigation highlights issues centred upon meaning. As such, it

cannot be accomplished by observing the individual as a complex mechanism geared to respond to certain conditions in regular ways; rather we have to get inside the forms of life and the socially normative regularities in which the person's activity has taken shape. This requires . . . [a]n empathic and imaginative identification with the subject.

(Gillett, 1995, p. 112)

In short, natural science and human science approaches cannot truly be “mixed and matched,” nor can they be conjoined together. Instead, held side by side, they express a “tension of polarities” that demands acknowledgement and acceptance. This conclusion does not usually sit well with determined advocates of either side. Each, in turn, might seek to diminish and dismiss whatever might be gleaned from either explanation or understanding. As such, those psychologists who favour a human science approach tend to accuse natural science approaches of failing to address the central questions of psychology and instead of “transforming” these central questions so that they conform to the dictates of a natural science paradigm. So, for instance, “[s]adness cannot be measured—but the tears which are formed as a result of psychosomatic connections can be examined quantitatively in various ways” (Heidegger, 2001, p. 105, quoted in Cohn, 2002, p. 53). In similar fashion, psychological advocates of a natural science perspective tend to accuse human science approaches of promoting qualitative research that leads to the logical “dead end” of an ongoing relative reality where all meaning statements, views, and positions are to be treated and respected as being of equal value and merit—and, hence, lacking in any scientific worth.

Putting aside whatever is one's preferred view, we can see that the “deeper strategy” adopted by each competing stance is the same: to reduce, if not entirely remove, the existing tension via an act of exclusion. Attempts at such strategies have been, and continue to be, made throughout the whole history of psychology. One would think that, by now, we would have seen through such and agreed to a different strategy.

I state all this because, perhaps uniquely, since its origins, counselling psychology within the British Psychological Society (BPS) has both recognized and acknowledged (possibly even celebrated) the inevitable tension between explanation and understanding as expressed by the divide between natural and human sciences, or, more specifically, between quantitative and qualitative research. Indeed, BPS counselling psychology's explicit advocacy of a “scientist-practitioner model” served to highlight this recognition and to make plain that counselling psychologists were prepared to work (and play) with the potential and possibilities of that tension. And that, in doing so, BPS counselling psychology could highlight its distinctiveness in relation to other psychological categories and divisions, as well as contribute to the general advancement of psychological insight and knowledge.

This was, and remains, a grand aim that, it must be said, continually runs the risk of being forgotten, misused, and minimized when presented to those in charge of programme funding or of potential employment. Nonetheless, in many ways, counselling psychology's identity and purpose pretty much rest upon its “way of meeting” that persistent tension. Its upholding of the diversity of theories and practices within counselling psychology exemplifies an attitude that seeks to include rather than to remove, and to respect and value heterogeneity rather than insist upon uniformity of thought and practice. The challenges that counselling psychology must face in order to maintain this stance are as plentiful as they are ever-present. Yet if the distinctiveness of counselling psychology is to be retained, there is, truly, nothing to be done other than to face such tensions and, perhaps, in doing so, thrive through them.

Happily, texts such as this one which you hold in your hands (in some form or other) do much to remind us of what counselling psychology seeks to express and provide, and why we might want to continue to cherish its aims and ambitions as well as make them our own. Its broad aim is to infuse—or perhaps rekindle—that sense of excitement, possibility, and commitment that counselling psychology can generate. Like all good texts, it invites us to return to it again and again so that, each time we might emerge with more adequate explanations and deeper understanding.

REFERENCES

Al-Khalili, J. (2009).

The secret life of chaos

. Documentary film directed by N. Stacey and produced by Furnace Ltd for BBC Television.

Cohn, H. W. (2002).

Heidegger and the roots of existential therapy

. London: Continuum.

Gillett, G. (1995). The philosophical foundations of qualitative psychology,

The Psychologist

,

8

(3), 111–114.

Heidegger, M. (2001).

Zollikon seminars

:

Protocols-conversations-letters

. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.

Makkreel, R. A. (1995).

The Cambridge dictionary of philosophy

(R. Audi, Ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

NOTE

Professor Ernesto Spinelli

is a Fellow of the BPS and in 2000 was awarded the BPS Division of Counselling Psychology Award for Outstanding Contributions to the Advancement of the Profession. It was his honour to serve as Chair of that same Division between 1996 and 1999. His most recent text,

Practising Existential Therapy: The Relational World

, 2nd edition (Sage, 2015), has been widely praised as a major contribution to the advancement of existential theory and practice.

PART 1Introduction and Foundations

1Introduction to the Textbook on Counselling Psychology

DAVID MURPHY

LEARNING OUTCOMES

BY THE END OF THIS CHAPTER YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO ANSWER THE FOLLOWING KEY QUESTIONS:

What is counselling psychology?

What are the main approaches to counselling psychology?

What key issues does counselling psychology engage with in practice?

This textbook is for anyone with an interest in counselling psychology. When I was an undergraduate psychology student I learned about the different divisions in the British Psychological Society (BPS) and the important differences in the work that people do within different psychologist roles. I came to realize that my passion was in psychotherapy. This interest in psychotherapy had started prior to being an undergraduate and was stimulated by a reading of both Freud's Interpretation of Dreams and Carl Rogers's On Becoming a Person. These two books had a profound impact on me, although each in quite different ways. It was the practice of psychotherapy, and the humanistic psychology of Carl Rogers, which seemed to call me closer and provided the motivation to discover more. I realized that counselling psychology was where I needed to be. This journey to counselling psychology began in the early 1990s and it's very satisfying to have the chance to contribute this book to the professional field of counselling psychology.

After undergraduate studies I took the independent route to chartered psychologist status, achieving full membership of the Division of Counselling Psychology. This involved completing the BPS Qualification in Counselling Psychology. In completing this qualification I elected to commit to an extensive training in person-centred therapy, and undertook further training to become a person-centred group facilitator. I also trained in interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) and completed supervision training, and developed a personal interest in the experiential approaches to education and psychotherapy. The journey was long, hard, and expensive. So why am I telling you this? It's because I hope that if you are reading this and are yet to make the journey towards qualification as a counselling psychologist, you will be able to use the book to help and accompany you through your own journey. Counselling psychology is a profession that can be rich in the satisfaction it brings and it is a great privilege to share in the lives of our clients; I hope that this book might offer some companionship to you in your training.

The aim of this book is to provide a textbook that can be a companion to studying counselling psychology at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. I hope you will find many valuable insights if you are a qualified practitioner too. Counselling psychology in the UK is a lively and thriving profession. It is also, in my experience, an inclusive professional group and I hope that this book will speak to everyone with an interest in counselling psychology. Together with my contributing authors we have created an engaging text that is both personal and academically rigorous in an accessible format.

Inclusion is an important feature of the book. The origins of counselling psychology lie firmly in the field of humanistic psychology, which considers the therapeutic relationship as central. Our success in therapy is reliant on the relationships we build with our clients. Within these relationships counselling psychologists are able to draw on their skills and high level of competency and creativity to find the best ways to support their clients towards personal change and growth. This relationship paradigm must always be identified as a radical alternative from and reaction to the pernicious effects of the medical model ideology. The medical model ideology is all too dominant in the field of professional psychology. Counselling psychology must actively work against the medical model ideology. Counselling psychology's potential for shaping the wider field of applied psychology comes with a great deal of responsibility. It is the task of counselling psychology, in my view, to humanize the psychological professions.

There are a number of ways in which counselling psychology can take up this responsibility. The key activity of counselling psychology is psychotherapy. Psychotherapy has to be protected as something that exists beyond being a “health profession.” More radical counselling psychologists, for example, might see themselves less as “health practitioners” and instead see psychotherapy as something that cannot be confined to the field of “health care.” Health care, at least in the field of mental health care, is not concerned with human growth and development. It is concerned with repair, with restoration, fixing, and addressing deficits in functioning. To many this might sound perfectly acceptable. For counselling psychology this is not satisfactory. It is restrictive to put such limits around our human potential, and to focus only on deficits, problems, and fixing things does just this. Instead counselling psychology is based on the growth paradigm rather than a deficit paradigm. Whilst existing mental health services are based on the deficit paradigm, counselling psychologists are concerned with growth, with reaching human potential with full functioning, and thereby offer a radical alternative to any other application of psychology.

There are, however, some challenges facing counselling psychology. We need to address the issue of eclecticism and pluralism. A varied and evolving counselling psychology field is essential to our ongoing growth. The creative tensions that exist within our community can and do give rise to new developments and exciting ways forward. What we must be cautious about, however, is imposing eclecticism and pluralism onto the field rather than seeing them as emergent from the field. To configure the field of counselling psychology by supposing that eclecticism and pluralism are right for everyone is to create a new dogma. To impose eclecticism and pluralism upon all practitioners forces a situation where everyone must be all things to all people. In this book a wide range of approaches to counselling psychology, of issues and contexts, are explored as well as a range of research approaches presented. This is because counselling psychology is inherently pluralistic in the sense that it offers a broad range of ways of practising. But this is different to saying that everyone needs to be “a bit of everything” themselves. This book intends to convey the richness in how diverse our approaches are from one another. It intentionally does not state or support the notion that every counselling psychologist must/should/ought be doing everything.

Individual counselling psychologists can retain their right to professional self-determination and to practise an approach to psychotherapy to which they are best suited. Counselling psychology has nothing to fear from this. Perhaps it is the existential, person-centred experiential and psychodynamic practitioners who are most likely to remain true to their original models. Integrative, pluralistic and cognitive-behavioural therapists already have practice methods that are integrative. The integrative and pluralistic approaches will readily adapt therapy to what the therapist thinks will be most effective for the client depending on the therapist's understanding of the client's problems. There is a risk, though, of the practitioners of those approaches moving towards the medical model ideology without having realized it (see Chapter 3).

This book is organized into six parts containing 29 chapters. The parts provide a map to help guide readers through the book. All chapters have been contributed by leading figures with years of experience in the field of counselling psychology practice, research, and education.

Part 1 focuses on introducing and providing an overview of the foundations of counselling psychology. To outline these chapters in more detail, we begin by setting counselling psychology in context historically, paradigmatically, and philosophically with chapters from Frankland (Chapter 2), Joseph (Chapter 3), and du Plock (Chapter 4), respectively.

Then, in Part 2, there is a series of chapters that each considers a different therapeutic approach counselling psychologists might practice. These include existential counselling psychology in Chapter 5 (Kasket). Chapter 6 is on person-centred experiential (Murphy), Chapter 7 is on the psychodynamic (Halewood), and Chapter 8 is on the transpersonal (Rowan) approach. Chapter 9 introduces cognitive-behavioural (Dryden), and Chapter 10 pluralistic (Hanley, Winter, McLeod, and Cooper), and finally Chapter 11 is on integrative counselling psychology (Lambert and Norcross). Each of these chapters offers an overview of the philosophical underpinnings, the theory of distress, and the theory of therapy in counselling psychology, and offers a case example showing how the approach can be practised.

In Part 3 you will find chapters on client groups. Chapter 12 is where Hanley, Frizina, and Nizami focus on working with children and young people. Next in Chapter 13 Emerson offers a chapter on working with people with special needs and disabilities. Then, in Chapter 14, Rutten provides a chapter for counselling psychologists working with people with Asperger syndrome. Trauma is increasingly recognized in the emergency services and Tehrani covers working with this client group in a chapter reporting on her trauma support programme with emergency service personnel (Chapter 15).

This is followed by Part 4 containing chapters on the socio-cultural issues associated with counselling psychology. Arnold and Brewster consider sexualities in Chapter 16, and in Chapter 17, Liu and Colbow consider social class. In Chapter 18 Nkansa-Dwamena considers issues of race and ethnicity, and in Chapter 19 Barker and Richards consider issues of gender in counselling psychology. Each of these issues warrants a chapter in its own right; however, counselling psychologists also need to develop a complex and sophisticated understanding of how issues of sexuality, social class, race and ethnicity, and gender all intersect. Consequently, throughout this section an intersectional approach is taken.

Part 5 considers professional issues, and in Chapter 20 James focuses on the development of a personal ethics during training, whilst in Chapter 21 Danchev looks at developing a practice ethics to support decision making. In Chapter 22 Feltham and House explore the issues of power and politics as they relate to counselling psychology. Maintaining an awareness of the process of our work with clients is important, and Creaner and Timulak consider supervision for counselling psychologists in Chapter 23, and Gillon, Timulak, and Creaner focus on training counselling psychologists in Chapter 24. Counselling psychologists are also trained as researchers and are able to investigate the process of how therapy works as well as how well therapy works.

Finally, Part 6 looks at research in counselling psychology. In Chapter 25 Danchev considers research ethics. In Chapter 26 McLeod outlines qualitative research approaches, followed by Chapter 27