Crop Wild Relatives and Climate Change E-Book
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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
Two major challenges to continued global food security are the ever increasing demand for food products, and the unprecedented abiotic stresses that crops face due to climate change.Wild relatives of domesticated crops serve as a reservoir of genetic material, with the potential to be used to develop new, improved varieties of crops. Crop Wild Relative and Climate Change integrates crop evolution, breeding technologies and biotechnologies, improved practices and sustainable approaches while exploring the role wild relatives could play in increasing agricultural output. Crop Wild Relative and Climate Change begins with overviews of the impacts of climate change on growing environments and the challenges that agricultural production face in coming years and decades. Chapters then explore crop evolution and the potential for crop wild relatives to contribute novel genetic resources to the breeding of more resilient and productive crops. Breeding technologies and biotechnological advances that are being used to incorporate key genetic traits of wild relatives into crop varieties are also covered. There is also a valuable discussion on the importance of conserving genetic resources to ensure continued successful crop production. A timely resource, Crop Wild Relative and Climate Change will be an invaluable resource for the crop science community for years to come.
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Tribute in the Memory of Manav Yadav
About the Editors
Guest editor
Team of editors
List of Contributors
Foreword by Prof. Geoffrey Hawtin
Foreword by Dr. R S Paroda
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture Production, Food, and Nutritional Security
Introduction
Population versus food demand by 2050
Conclusions
References
Chapter 2: Challenge for Future Agriculture
Introduction
Climate change
Temperature effects
Radiation use efficiency
Water use and water use efficiency
Linkage of management practices and climate change
Implications for crop management
References
Chapter 3: Global Warming and Evolution of Wild Cereals
Introduction
Domestication: a gigantic human evolutionary experiment
Wild cereals during 28 years of global warming in Israel
Evolution of wild cereals during 28 years of global warming in Israel
Global warming in Israel
The progenitors of cultivated rice
Evolution in response to climate
Conclusions and Prospects
References
Chapter 4: Wild Relatives for the Crop Improvement Challenges of Climate Change: The Adaptation Range of Crops
Introduction
Genetic diversity strategies
Current distribution of the staple carbohydrate crops
Rice
Maize
Barley
Millet
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)
Rye (Secale cereale L.)
Oats (Avena sativa)
The major grain legume crops and their distribution
Temperature optima and limits by crops
Implications of climate change
The importance of crop wild relatives
Ecogeographic diversity in wild relatives compared with the domestic gene pool
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: The Importance of Crop Wild Relatives, Diversity, and Genetic Potential for Adaptation to Abiotic Stress-Prone Environments
Introduction
The advantages and disadvantages of using CWR in crop breeding
Adapting crops to climate change with CWR traits
From domestication to modern cultivars: the role of CWR
Case study: Wheat genetic enhancement with CWR
Outlook
References
Chapter 6: Conservation Planning for Crop Wild Relative Diversity
Introduction
Planning crop wild relative conservation
Gap analysis
Defining complementary CWR conservation actions
CWR conservation strategies
Discussion
References
Chapter 7: Research on Conservation and Use of Crop Wild Relatives
Introduction
Crop wild relative diversity
Challenges faced by CWR
In situ conservation research
Ex situ conservation
Utilization of crop wild relatives
Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Research on Crop Wild Relatives in Major Food Crops
Introduction
Wheat
Rice
Maize
Potato
Chickpea
Lentils
Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Utilization of Wild Relatives in the Breeding of Tomato and Other Major Vegetables
Introduction
Tomato
Achievements with classical tomato breeding using crop wild relatives
Molecular breeding to facilitate gene introgression from crop wild relatives into vegetable varieties
Utilization of crop wild relatives to improve horticultural traits of other vegetable crops
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Conservation Roles of the Millennium Seed Bank and the Svalbard Global Seed Vault
Introduction
Complimentary objectives and roles
The Millennium Seed Bank Partnership (MSBP)
Svalbard Global Seed Vault (SGSV)
Funding
Botanical gardens and genebanks
History and design of the Wellcome Trust Building
History and design of the Svalbard Global Seed Vault
CWR activity
The role of the Millennium Seed Bank and Svalbard Global Seed Vault for information and raising public awareness
Svalbard Global Seed Vault
Millennium Seed Bank
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 11: Seed Biology
Introduction
Seed quality of crop wild relatives
Germination 1 and dormancy
Effective storage
Conclusions
References
Chapter 12: Biotechnology and Genomics: Exploiting the Potential of CWR
Introduction
Underpinning technologies
Steps in using CWR in crop improvement
Exemplars of using CWR in crop improvement
Other relevant technologies and future prospects
References
Chapter 13: Unavailability of Wild Relatives
Introduction
Clonal crops
Ploidy differences between crops and relatives
Other crossing barriers that impede interspecific hybridizations
Lack of information about CWR and recent progress in several crops
Climate change and extinction of crop wild relatives
Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Synthetic Engineered Genes, GMO, and Hybridization with Wild Relatives
Introduction
Genetically modified crops. Current state
Risks associated with GM crops
Crop wild relatives under risk
Hybridization, gene flow, and introgression
Natural selection and transgene introgression into CWR
Transgene selection
Ecological consequences of introgression
Loss of genetic diversity
Tracking and documentation of introgression
Molecular approaches to prevent transgene introgression
Conclusions and the cisgenics alternative
References
Chapter 15: Using Genomic Approaches to Unlock the Potential of CWR for Crop Adaptation to Climate Change
Introduction
Use of genomic technologies
Technical Considerations
Future perspective
References
Chapter 16: The Economics of Crop Wild Relatives under Climate Change
Introduction
The economic value of crop wild relatives
Measuring the economic value of CWR under climate change
The economics of CWR conservation
Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: Potential of Minor Fruit Crop Wild Relatives (CWR) as New Crops in Breeding for Market Diversification
Introduction
Value of fruits in the human diet
Honeysuckle (Lonicera spp. subsect. Caerulea Rehd.) domestication and potential as a new crop
Other fruits of Siberia
Properties of selected old and underutilized small fruits
Conclusions
References
Chapter 18: The Australian Vigna Species: A Case Study in the Collection and Conservation of Crop Wild Relatives
Introduction and background
Characterization and evaluation
Collection and conservation challenges
Looking ahead
References
Chapter 19: Beyond Biodiversity: Ecosystem Services of Crop Wild Relatives
Introduction
Biodiversity–CWRs–ecosystem services continuum
Biodiversity of CWRs in a changing climate
Ecosystem services and CWRs' functional diversity
Predictive characterization of CWRs
Ecosystem services of CWRs beyond biodiversity
Conclusions
References
Chapter 20: CWR and the Prebreeding in the Context of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
Conservation and management of PGRFA in wild ecosystems
Prebreeding by using CWR
The Benefit-sharing Fund of the ITPGRFA
What prebreeding means and its potential role
The need for a public–private partnership for prebreeding
References
Index
End User License Agreement
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Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Foreword by Prof. Geoffrey Hawtin
Preface
Begin Reading
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1: Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture Production, Food, and Nutritional Security
Figure 1.1 Carbon dioxide (CO
2
) concentrations in the atmosphere, 2013.
Figure 1.2 The global surface temperature changes 2010.
Figure 1.3 Annual average global warming by the year 2060 simulated and plotted using EdGCM by NASA.
Figure 1.4 The concentration and temperature of CO
2
.
Chapter 2: Challenge for Future Agriculture
Figure 2.1 Relationship of saturation vapor pressure as a function of air temperature. Relationship developed by Buck (1981).
Figure 2.2 Temperature response curves for a cool season and warm season plant.
Figure 2.3 Annual values for photosynthetically active radiation for Ames, Iowa.
Chapter 3: Global Warming and Evolution of Wild Cereals
Figure 3.1 A natural green field of wild barley,
Hordeum spontaneum
, near the Oren cave at “Evolution Canyon,” Lower Nahal Oren, Mount Carmel, Israel. Wild barley grows on the Natufian cemetery (Grosman et al., 2005). This site may have been a domestication site of barley (see Nevo, 2014a).
Figure 3.2 Wild emmer wheat,
Triticum dicoccoides
progenitor of all cultivated wheat, the best hope for wheat improvement.
Figure 3.3 Differences in FT (days) of wild emmer wheat and wild barley collected in 1980 and in 2008. (a) The FT differences in 10 wild emmer wheat populations. (b) The FT differences in 10 wild barley populations. The
x
-axis shows populations numbered from north to south. The
y
axis shows days from germination to flowering (From Nevo
et al.
, 2012).
Figure 3.4 Genetic associations of individual wild emmer wheat and wild barley plants, as revealed by the principal coordinates analysis of SSR markers. (a) The associations of 143 and 149 individual samples collected in 1980 and in 2008 of the 10 wild emmer wheat populations, respectively. (b) The associations of 148 and 148 individual samples collected in 1980 and in 2008 of the 10 wild barley populations, respectively (From Nevo
et al.
, 2012).
Figure 3.5 Wild rice in northern Australia. This is a poorly described perennial
Oryza
population in the A genome clade most closely related to domesticated rice. These wild rice populations are key resources of diversity for rice improvement.
Chapter 4: Wild Relatives for the Crop Improvement Challenges of Climate Change: The Adaptation Range of Crops
Figure 4.1 Change in the length of the growing season (days) for maize in Africa by 2050 (Lobell
et al
., 2011). Changes enumerated in respective color codes for each level of change.
Chapter 6: Conservation Planning for Crop Wild Relative Diversity
Figure 6.1 Generalized model for the development of CWR conservation and use strategies.
Chapter 7: Research on Conservation and Use of Crop Wild Relatives
Figure 7.1 Distribution of
Beta
CWR in Europe.
Chapter 10: Conservation Roles of the Millennium Seed Bank and the Svalbard Global Seed Vault
Figure 10.1 Millennium Seed Bank Building, Wakehurst Place, Sussex.
Figure 10.2 Frozen Entrance of the Svalbard Global Seed Vault.
Figure 10.3 Genebanks with safety deposits in the Svalbard Global Seed Vault. The radius of the circles is relative to the number of samples deposited, and the circle size reflects the size of the deposits according to 25 size classes. Light grey circles are International Agricultural Research Centres (IARCs) and dark grey circles are regional, national or subnational genebanks. The radius of the SGSV circle is not relative to the holdings.
Figure 10.4 Cary Fowler, The first Executive Director of the Global Crop Diversity Trust, surrounded by shelves stacked with boxes of seeds in the Svalbard Global Seed Vault – Svalbard, Norway.
Figure 10.5 Seeds in the Millennium Seed Bank.
Figure 10.6 Architectural plan of the Svalbard Global Seed Vault.
Figure 10.7 Origin of the 2826 accessions of barley CWRs stored in the Svalbard Global Seed Vault as of May 2013.
Figure 10.8 Requests and visits to the SGSV by different categories based on about 500 requests during the period from 2009 to 2012.
Chapter 13: Unavailability of Wild Relatives
Figure 13.1 Temperature projections for the years 2030 and 2050: average values of 20 GCMs, scenario A2.
Figure 13.2 Annual temperature and precipitation variability from 1950 to 2009; numbers indicate years (e.g., 67 = 1967). (a) New Guinea, (b) Halmahera, (c) Guangdong, and (d) Fujian.
Chapter 14: Synthetic Engineered Genes, GMO, and Hybridization with Wild Relatives
Figure 14.1 Gene flow pathways between GM crops, conventional crops, and their wild and weedy relatives.
Figure 14.2 Transgene flow and simultaneous presence of transgenes in different “reservoirs.”
Figure 14.3 Potential adverse ecological effects of transgene introgression in wild and weedy relatives of crops.
Chapter 16: The Economics of Crop Wild Relatives under Climate Change
Figure 16.1 An expanded conceptual framework for measuring the economic value of CWR.
Chapter 17: Potential of Minor Fruit Crop Wild Relatives (CWR) as New Crops in Breeding for Market Diversification
Figure 17.1
Lonicera caerulea
L. (honeysuckle) distribution map in Eurasia. T. Smekalova, G. V. Talovina.
Figure 17.2
Lonicera caerulea
L. (honeysuckle) distribution map in the Far East. T. Smekalova, G. V. Talovina.
Figure 17.3 Honeysuckle fruit evaluation in Kamchatka (V. Holubec).
Figure 17.4 Honeysuckle collection in Sakhalin (V. Holubec).
Figure 17.5 Honeysuckle fruits selected in Kamchatka. (V. Holubec).
Figure 17.6 Honeysuckle fruits selected in Sakhalin. (V. Holubec and T. Smekalova).
Figure 17.7 Honeysuckle tissue culture from cuttings collected in Sakhalin (J. Sedlák).
Figure 17.1 Ascorbic acid content in selected wild Kamchatian honeysuckle ecotypes related to the dry matter.
Figure 17.2 Total anthocyanin content in selected wild Kamchatian honeysuckle ecotypes expressed in cyanin-3-glucoside equivalent, related to the dry matter.
Figure 17.3 Radical scavenging capacity in selected wild Kamchatian honeysuckle ecotypes expressed in gallic acid equivalent, related to the dry matter.
Figure 17.8
Cornus mas
cv. Jolico fruits in Mendel University Brno (V. Řezníček).
Figure 17.9
Cornus mas
plantation in Mendel University Brno (V. Řezníček).
Figure 17.10
Amelanchier lamarckii
cv. Thiessen (V. Řezníček).
Figure 17.11
Rosa pomifera
in Mendel University Brno (V. Řezníček).
Figure 17.12
Aronia melanocarpa
in Mendel University Brno (V. Řezníček).
Figure 17.13
Sorbus aucuparia
var.
moravica
Zangerl. plantation in Mendel University Brno (V. Řezníček).
Figure 17.14
Sorbus aucuparia L.
Diversity of fruits. (V. Řezníček).
Figure 17.15
Ribes dikusha
Fisch. (dikuscha currant) distribution map. T. Smekalova, G. V. Talovina.
Figure 17.16
Ribes nigrum
L. (black currant) distribution map. T. Smekalova, G. V. Talovina.
Figure 17.17
Ribes meyeri
. New promising black currant with a taste of red currant from Tian Shan, picture from Kiungei Ala Tau, Kyrgyzstan (V. Holubec).
Figure 17.18 Sea buckthorn (
Hippophaea rhamnoides
L.) wild on Sary Djaz River sediments in Kyrgyzstan (V. Holubec).
Figure 17.19
Vaccinium praestans
Lamb. New promising “red blueberry” fruit from Kamchatka (V. Holubec).
Chapter 18: The Australian Vigna Species: A Case Study in the Collection and Conservation of Crop Wild Relatives
Figure 18.1 Collection sites in Australia and nearby regions for accessions of five wild
Vigna
species: (a)
V. lanceolata
, (b)
V. radiata
ssp.
sublobata
, (c)
V. vexillata
, (d)
V. marina
, and (e)
V. luteola.
The dotted lines in (a), (b), and (c) indicate the approximate inland boundaries for these three species.
Chapter 20: CWR and the Prebreeding in the Context of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
Figure 20.1 Climate change, food security, and the International Treaty on PGRFA.
Figure 20.2 Prebreeding strategies – reformulated by M. Marino.
List of Tables
Chapter 1: Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture Production, Food, and Nutritional Security
Table 1.1 Worldwide area, production, and productivity of major field crops in major countries during 2011–2012
Chapter 3: Global Warming and Evolution of Wild Cereals
Table 3.1 A list of drought-resistant populations of wild emmer wheat (TD) and wild barley (HS), including basic climatic characteristics, selected for the drought experiments
Chapter 4: Wild Relatives for the Crop Improvement Challenges of Climate Change: The Adaptation Range of Crops
Table 4.1 Base, optimum, and failure (ceiling) temperature ranges ( °C) for major cereal and legume crops in different growth phases, with a diurnal 10 °C temperature range for all but the base temperature
Table 4.2 Percentage grain yield responses under irrigation, to increased temperature (1.2 °C), increased CO
2
(380–440 ppm), and the net effects of temperature plus increased CO
2
assuming additivity
Chapter 7: Research on Conservation and Use of Crop Wild Relatives
Table 7.1 Some examples of geneflow between CWR and their crops
Table 7.2 Examples of the transfer of CWR abiotic traits to crops
Table 7.3 Classification of zones according to De Martonne index
Chapter 9: Utilization of Wild Relatives in the Breeding of Tomato and Other Major Vegetables
Table 9.1 Taxonomic classification of tomato and its wild relatives (section
Lycopersicon
) with the two closely related sections
Lycopersicoides
and
Juglandifolia
Table 9.2 Genetic stocks of
Solanum
section
Lycopersicon
(tomatoes) maintained by AVRDC – The World VegeTable Center (as of May 2013)
Table 9.3 Tomato diseases and wild tomato species as sources for resistance genes
Chapter 10: Conservation Roles of the Millennium Seed Bank and the Svalbard Global Seed Vault
Table 10.1 Differences between the MSB and SGSV
Table 10.2 Holding statistics of the MSB and SGSV
Table 10.3 The number of accessions safety duplicated in the SGSV for five crops, their CWR, and for the whole genus (May 2013)
Chapter 11: Seed Biology
Table 11.1 Seed storage and germination data for priority crop wild relative genera in the Fabaceae and Poaceae families
Table 11.2 Families containing priority crop wild relatives with recalcitrant or intermediate seed storage behavior
Table 11.3 The 29 species of
Citrus
currently listed under The Plant List (2010), including information on origin and habitat, seed storage behavior, and germination requirements
Chapter 12: Biotechnology and Genomics: Exploiting the Potential of CWR
Table 12.1 Key online resources for information on plant genetic resources, genomes, and diversity analysis
Chapter 13: Unavailability of Wild Relatives
Table 13.1 Sampling locations of wild
Musa
Chapter 14: Synthetic Engineered Genes, GMO, and Hybridization with Wild Relatives
Table 14.1 Global area of biotech crops in 2012: by country (million hectares).
*
Chapter 16: The Economics of Crop Wild Relatives under Climate Change
Table 16.1 Past estimates of the economic value of CWR in the published dollar figure and amount adjusted to 2012 $
Table 16.2 Estimated annual value of genetic contributions provided by CWR to US agriculture in 1986, in 1986 $, and 2012 $
Table 16.3 PwC estimates of the current and potential value of CWR genetic contributions (2013 US$)
Table 16.4
Ex situ
conservation costs for selected CWR gene pools
Chapter 17: Potential of Minor Fruit Crop Wild Relatives (CWR) as New Crops in Breeding for Market Diversification
Table 17.1
Lonicera caerulea
L. s.l. list and distribution of microspecies
Chapter 18: The Australian Vigna Species: A Case Study in the Collection and Conservation of Crop Wild Relatives
Table 18.1
Vigna
species indigenous/endemic to Australia and numbers of accessions collected
Table 18.2 Key qualitative attributes of different morphotypes within the endemic
V. lanceolata
complex
Crop Wild Relatives and Climate Change
Edited by
Robert Redden
Shyam S. Yadav
Nigel Maxted
Mohammad Ehsan Dulloo
Luigi Guarino
and
Paul Smith
Project Communication Coordinator
Shyam S. Yadav
Manav Foundation, Vikaspuri, New Delhi, India
Copyright © 2015 by Wiley-Blackwell. All rights reserved
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
Published simultaneously in Canada
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Crop wild relatives and climate change / edited by Robert John Redden [and five others].
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-118-85433-4 (cloth)
1. Native plants for cultivation. 2. Crops–Germplasm resources. 3. Wild plants, Edible. 4. Crop science. 5. Crops and climate. I. Redden, Robert John, 1943- editor.
SB324.7.C76 2015
631.5′23–dc23
2015019012
Tribute in the Memory of Manav Yadav
Manav was born on 5 January 1981, in the family of Dr. Shyam Singh and Suvidya Yadav, Agriculture Scientist, Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
Manav Yadav went for Business Management studies to Dallas, Texas, USA, in 2005, at age 24, after completing an E-commerce degree from Indraprestha University, Delhi, India. After beginning his studies USA, he developed a unique taste in assisting with international professional publications. Thus, he motivated his father Dr. Yadav to develop a proposal for the book “Chickpea Breeding and Management.” Manav played a key role as coordinator to bring out the publication of this book, which was published by CABI, UK, in 2007. Simultaneously, another book proposal on “Lentil: An Ancient Crop for Modern Times” was developed and coordinated by Manav, which was published by Springer, The Netherlands, in 2007. In the United States, he became interested in climate change and helped develop an important book proposal on “Climate Change and Management of Cool Season Grain Legume Crops.” Manav managed communication with the lead authors of various chapters and coordinated the entire project from the start to the final stage of publication. Thus, the proposed book was published by Springer, The Netherlands, in 2010.
Later on, with a strong team of international editors, Manav helped to develop another book proposal on “Crop Adaptation to Climate Change.” This entailed the formulation of 29 chapters on 40 field crops covering climatic changes in all the continents. Manav managed and coordinated this project at each stage of development and completion, which was published by Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., USA, in 2011.
The conceptual idea on the present book proposal on “Crop Wild Relatives and Climate Change” was developed with Manav Yadav in 2011. Thus, a competent team of Editors of International Professionals was identified to work on this book with the active management and coordination by Manav Yadav. The final proposal on this book was submitted for publisher approval by Manav Yadav in the month of February 2012.
Unfortunately, we lost Manav Yadav, a talented, dynamic, innovative, committed, and devoted young leader at the age of 31 years on 17 July 2012 in Dallas, Texas, USA.
Thus, the work on this book proposal was completely halted for a year due to the untimely and sudden loss of Manav. His father, Dr. Yadav, was completely unable to take up any work for a year due to the loss of his only child Manav.
The pending work, which was difficult to complete for Dr. Yadav, was vigorously resumed by the editing team in mid-2013 and completed by March 2014. The entire team involved in the completion of this book is commemorating the memory of Manav Yadav, who was an inspiration to all of us. The international scientific community is in debt to Manav who will be remembered as an innovative, visionary, and dynamic young intellectual, a unique gift of God.
Dr. Robert J. Redden, Horsham, Victoria, AustraliaDr. Shyam S. Yadav, New Delhi, IndiaDr. Nigel Maxted, Birmingham, UKDr. M. Ehsan Dulloo, Rome, ItalyDr. Luigi Guarino, Bonn, GermanyDr. Paul Smith, Kew, UK
About the Editors
Guest editor
Prof. Cary Fowler, Ph.D.
Before joining the Global Crop Diversity Trust as its Executive Director in 2005, Dr. Cary Fowler was Professor and Director of Research in the Department of International Environment and Development Studies at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences. Prof. Fowler retired as Executive Director of the Trust in October 2012, and currently serves as a Special Advisor to the organization.
Dr. Cary's career in the conservation of crop diversity spans four decades. In the 1990s, at the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, he headed the team that produced the UN's first global assessment of the state of the world's plant genetic resources. He drafted and supervised negotiations of FAO's Global Plan of Action for Plant Genetic Resources, adopted by 150 countries in 1996. In same year, he served as Special Assistant to the Secretary General of the World Food Summit.
In 2004, he headed the International Committee that proposed and designed the Svalbard Global Seed Vault. Today, he chairs the Vault's International Advisory Council.
Dr. Cary is a past member of the US National Plant Genetic Resources Board and of the Board of Trustees of the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center in Mexico and past chair of the Board of the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy. Currently, he serves on the Board of the NY Botanical Garden Corporation.
Dr. Cary has been profiled by CBS 60 Minutes and The New Yorker. He is the author of several books on the subject of crop diversity and more than 100 articles in agriculture, law, and development journals. He earned his Ph.D. at the University of Uppsala (Sweden). He has an honorary doctorate of laws from Simon Fraser University (Canada) and an honorary doctorate of science from Rhodes College (Tennessee). In 2010, he received the 2010 Heinz Award for his “vision and efforts in the preservation of the world's food supply,” and the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences awarded him the Vavilov Medal for his “exceptional contribution” to the cause of conserving plant genetic resources for present and future generations. He was subsequently elected to the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences. In 2013, a documentary film centering on his life and work – “Seeds of Time” – premiered at the Copenhagen Film Festival.
Team of editors
Robert J. Redden, Ph.D.
Dr. Robert Redden completed his B.Sc. Ag. (Hons) degree at the University of Adelaide, Australia, in 1965, majoring in genetics and plant breeding, and then an M.Sc. Ag. degree in agronomy and plant breeding at the same university in 1969. He completed his Ph.D. in plant breeding and genetics at Cornell University, USA, in 1972. He was a postdoctoral fellow in the CIMMYT wheat breeding program from 1972 to 1974 with responsibility for introgression of spring wheat traits into winter wheat. He was a wheat specialist with IITA, Nigeria, 1975–1977, to assist with the introduction of Mexican wheat into the national wheat program.
Dr. Redden transferred to the grain legume program at IITA, Ibadan, 1077–1981, with the responsibility for conducting the international cowpea breeding program. In addition, he assisted with the program for international trainees and supervised graduate students from external universities.
From 1982 to 2000, Dr. Redden was a breeder of Phaseolus for grains in Australia, mainly for small white “navy beans” to be processed as baked beans in tomato sauce and also for lima and for (Vigna angularis) adzuki beans.
From 2001 to 2013, Dr. Redden was curator of the Australian Temperate Field Crops Collection based in Horsham, Victoria, with the responsibility of temperate pulse and temperate oilseed collections across many species and minor crops. This gene bank along with two others for winter cereals and for tropical crops were amalgamated into the Australian Grains Genebank based in Horsham, where Dr Redden continues to be a curator.
In 2013, Dr. Redden was Chairman of the ICRISAT Center Commissioned External Review for its Sub-Saharan Africa research and development program. This committee reviewed the ICRISAT research settings for subtropical semiarid cereal and legume crops in both East and West Africa.
Dr. Redden has been an author for over 50 refereed articles on topics ranging from plant breeding to biometrics, genetics, plant pathology, entomology, food sciences, and genetic resources. Along with Dr. Yadav, he has been a coeditor of books on chickpea, cool season crops and climate change, and adaptation of the world's major crops to climate change, and assisted with the production of the current book Crop Wild Relatives and Climate Change. Dr. Redden has also contributed to chapters on lentil, pea, and faba bean genetic resources in various other books and special publications.
In 2008, Dr. Redden received the Yunnan Friendship Award for his leadership in two ACIAR legume projects in China.
Dr. Redden was a guest speaker at legume/ climate change workshops with CIAT in both Tanzania and Cali, Colombia, in 2011. In 2012, he hosted the Chinese recipient of the Vavilov–Frankel scholarship for young scientists training in genetic resources.
Shyam S. Yadav, Ph.D.
Dr. Shyam S. Yadav completed his Bachelor's Degree in Agriculture at the University of Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India, in 1964, and a Master's Degree in Agriculture Botany (Genetics and Plant Breeding) from University of Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India, in 1967. He completed his Ph.D. in Genetics and Plant Breeding at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India, in 1987.
Dr. Yadav is currently working as a Freelance International Agriculture Consultant for Manav Foundation at Manav Yadav Memorial Trust, Vikaspuri, New Delhi, India. Simultaneously, he is engaged and assigned as International Research Advisor in Agriculture on Capacity Development at Agriculture Research Institute of Afghanistan, Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock, Government of Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Kabul, Afghanistan.
Dr. Yadav started his professional career as Research Associate/Assistant Breeder with the main responsibility for introgression of the Mexican dwarf wheat varieties and tall Indian wheat varieties, development of new high-yielding semidwarf cultivars in the wheat breeding program at Division of Genetics, India Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India, from 1969 to 1974. He then worked as an agriculture specialist with the Government of Iraq from 1974 to 1979 to assist in the development and dissemination of crop production and management technology program. On returning back to India in 1979, Dr. Yadav joined the Chickpea Breeding Program at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India, with the responsibility of developing and focusing the program on wide hybridization and introgression in chickpea to develop high-yielding, widely adapted, multiresistant and quality cultivars.
Under Dr. Yadav's leadership, the chickpea breeding team developed excellent new material of both Kabuli and Desi types. As a Program Leader of the chickpea breeding team at IARI, he was successful in developing and releasing more than 20 high-yielding, widely adapted, commercial chickpea varieties for different planting environments of India from 1988 to 2006. Some of India's pioneering and foremost chickpea varieties, namely, Pusa Kabuli 1053, 1088, 1108, 2024, and 1105 and Pusa Desi 362, 372, and 1103 were developed and released by him. Simultaneously, he also developed many unique germplasm lines that are being used in various national crop improvement programs by various chickpea breeders nationally and internationally. Dr. Yadav has also guided postgraduate students in the discipline of plant breeding on breeding approaches, methodologies, and techniques from 1990 to 2008.
Dr. Yadav served as Principal Investigator for various national and international research projects with Indian, Australian, and American research organizations during 1998–2006. In 2002, he worked as International Legumes Consultant with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of United Nations in Myanmar. In 2007, he worked as International Technical Expert on standardization of quality products of fruit and vegetable crops for international marketing with the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), Sana'a, Yemen. Later on, in the same year, he was employed as Chief Scientist by Krishidhan Seeds Pvt. Ltd., Maharashtra, India. In 2008, he was employed as Chief Scientist and, later on, as Program Leader of Rice & Grains Program at National Agricultural Research Institute, Lae, Papua New Guinea.
Thus, Dr. Yadav has vast working experience as an agriculture scientist, consultant, and expert in different countries across the continents ranging from Australia, United States, Asia, and the Pacific Region. His primary interest of research has been focused on plant breeding, development of integrated crop production and management technologies and their dissemination among farming communities at village levels in diversified ecologies, mentoring and coaching of graduate and postgraduate students, agricultural personnel, NGOs, and different stakeholders.
In his current position, Dr. Yadav is responsible for capacity development in the agricultural research sector on issues of infrastructure development, administration and management of project planning, management- and implementation-related issues, and development and dissemination of production technologies. He is also responsible for training agricultural workers on various technological aspects, including scientists, extensionists, trainers, farmers, and stakeholders under conflicting environments. He has published more than 125 research articles in various national and international journals.
He is a Fellow of the Indian Society of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Indian Society of Pulses Research and Development, and The Linnean Society of London, UK. His current book on Crop Wild Relatives and Climate Change is his fifth book as Editor. Before this, he worked as Chief Editor for books on Crop Adaptation to Climate Change, Wiley-Blackwell, A John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Publication, USA, 2011; Climate Change and Management of Cool Season Grain Legume Crops, Springer, The Netherlands, 2010; Chickpea Breeding and Management, CABI, UK, 2007; and Lentils: An Ancient Crop of Modern Times, Springer, The Netherlands, 2007.
Nigel Maxted, Ph.D.
Nigel Maxted OND (Agric.), B.Sc. (C.N.A.A.), M.Phil. (SOTON), Ph.D. (SOTON), F.L.S., is a senior lecturer and consultant in Genetic Conservation at the School of Biosciences at the University of Birmingham, UK. Dr. Nigel's research interests are in plant conservation and broader biodiversity conservation and use, with specific expertise in: field conservation, taxonomy, ecogeography, GIS, reserve management, on-farm conservation, gene flow, and genetic diversity studies of various plant groups. He has work experience on conservation throughout Africa, the Middle East, Caucasus, Central Asia, and Europe.
Positions held by Dr, Nigel: (1) January 2014 to date: Project partner in an EU ACP Programme project entitled Developing CWR conservation strategies for Southern Africa. (2) January 2012 to date: Project partner in an EU ERA funded project entitled Reinforcing Cooperation between the Royal Botanic Garden of Jordan and European Research Area. (3) March 2011 to date: Project partner in a Norwegian Government grant of US$ 50M for Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: Collecting, Protecting, and Preparing Crop Wild Relatives. (4) March 2011 to date: Principle investigator for an EC FP7 Research Novel characterization of crop wild relatives and landraces resources as a basis for improved crop breeding (PGR Secure). (5) June 2009 to date: Principle investigator for an IUCN funded project concerned with IUCN red listing of European crop wild relative diversity. (6) February 2003 to date: Cochair of the IUCN Species Survival Commission Crop Wild Relative Specialist Group. (7) January 2003 to date: Principle investigator for a DEFRA funded project concerned with the inventory and conservation of UK's agrobiodiversity and (8) December 1985 to date: Conservation gap and ecogeographic analysis linked to the targeted conservation activities.
Dr. Nigel management Competence was as coordinator/director of national and international research projects addressing in situ and ex situ conservation of plant genetic resources in Europe, Asia, and Africa, for various international agencies (FAO/IPGRI/World Bank/the United Nations). He successfully coordinated three large EC funded projects and regularly works as a consultant for leading international conservation agencies.
Dr. Nigel worked on various programs: as a Senior Scientific Advisor for the GEF/World Bank (Plant Genetic Resources Conservation) in Turkey and the Middle East; Chair of the European Cooperative Programme/Genetic Resources In Situ and On-Farm Network; Chair of Wild Species Conservation in Genetic Reserves WG; Cochair of the IUCN SSC Crop Wild Relative Specialist Group; Chair of the UK Plant Genetic Resources Group; Associate Advisor for the British Council in Biodiversity Conservation, and Visiting Research Fellow at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Dr. Nigel has worked on different capacity building programs and has an excellent training experience on extensive teaching at undergraduate and postgraduate levels, as well as vocational and field course training experience in biodiversity conservation, taxonomy, and plant genetic resources management. He has supervised 30 Ph.D., 7 M.Phil., 14 MRes, and more than 100 M.Sc. research projects. Dr. Nigel has published over 100 peer-reviewed research papers, and in the past 10 years, he wrote or edited 18 books on various aspects of biodiversity conservation and use.
Ehsan Dulloo, Ph.D.
Dr. Ehsan Dulloo completed his B.Sc. (Hons) degree in Environmental Biology with Comparative Physiology (1980), Queen Mary College, University of London, and M.Sc. degree in Conservation and Use of Plant Genetic Resources (1990), University of Birmingham, UK. He completed his Ph.D. degree in Conservation biology from the University of Birmingham, UK, in 1998.
Dr. Dulloo, born in 1957 (Mauritius), first joined Bioversity International in 1999. He left Bioversity in 2011 to join FAO as Senior Officer and subsequently rejoined Bioversity in November 2012 as Leader of the Conservation and Availability Programme. In his capacity, he provides scientific leadership for in situ conservation of crop wild relatives and on-farm conservation and oversight on the policy and informatics work of Bioversity. Among his major achievements, Dr. Dulloo conceptualized the World Bank 2009 award-winning proposal “Seeds for Needs” in Ethiopia, on the use of gene bank material in adapting to climate change, which was also implemented in Papua New Guinea. He contributed to the development of the successful UNEP/GEF project on in situ conservation of crop wild relatives and established the CGIAR Crop Genebank Knowledge Base. He has been a lead author for the preparation of FAO's First and Second State of the World Reports on plant genetic resources and the 2005 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment report. Before joining Bioversity, Dr. Dulloo led two GEF projects to restore degraded islands around Mauritius and developed Mauritius' first National Park. Dr. Dulloo is a member of the Plant Sub-Committee of IUCN/SSC and cochair of the Crop Wild Relative Specialist Group.
Luigi Guarino, Ph. D.
Luigi Guarino, an Italian national, is currently Senior Scientist at the Global Crop Diversity Trust in Bonn, Germany. He served as a consultant for the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the International Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR) from 1984 to 1987. He then worked full-time for IBPGR from 1987 to 1992, on a number of germplasm collection, characterization, and documentation projects, mainly in support of national programs in North Africa, the Middle East, and the South Pacific. He was subsequently appointed to work on genetic diversity issues in the Sub-Saharan Africa regional office of Bioversity International (formerly IPGRI) based in Nairobi, Kenya. He transferred to the Bioversity regional office for the Americas in Cali, Colombia, in 1997. From there, he coordinated a global research agenda on measuring, locating, and monitoring genetic diversity, with particular responsibility for the application of geographic information systems (GIS), and also managed work on germplasm use in the region, including research on patterns of use of ex situ collections. He had responsibility for national and regional program development in the Caribbean subregion. He moved on to the position of Plant Genetic Resources Adviser at the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC), based in Fiji, in 2003. At SPC, he coordinated and managed the Pacific Plant Genetic Resources Network (PAPGREN). He also assisted with the development of genetic resources policy at the national and regional levels. In his current position at the Trust, he is involved in the technical implementation of a global program aimed at ensuring the long-term conservation ex situ and sustainable use of crop genetic resources. Luigi has published numerous scientific research papers in different international journals of repute. He has written many book chapters for various books published internationally and has been a part of a number of editing teams. He is an active blogger on agrobiodiversity issues (http://agro.biodiver.se) and has an interest in the use of social networking in conservation.
Paul P. Smith, Ph.D.
Paul Smith is a specialist in plant diversity in southern, central, and eastern Africa. He has vast experience in seed conservation, ecological survey, botanical inventory, vegetation mapping, and environmental monitoring. He has published numerous papers in this field and is the author of two field guides to the plants of south-central Africa. He edited the Ecological Survey of Zambia (2001) and the Vegetation Atlas of Madagascar (2007), both published by Kew.
In August 2005, Dr. Smith was appointed Head of Kew's Seed Conservation Department and leader of the Millennium Seed Bank Partnership, a network of more than 170 plant science institutions in 80 countries. In October 2009, the Partnership achieved its first milestone of storing seeds from 10% of the world's plant species both in the MSB and in the countries of origin. Over the next 10 years, the Partnership will seek to secure 25% of the world's flora in seed banks and to enable the use of those seeds for human innovation in agriculture, horticulture, forestry, and habitat restoration.
Kew's Millennium Seed Bank comanages the “Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change” project with the Global Crop Diversity Trust. This 10-year program aims to collect, store, and characterize seeds from the wild relatives of 29 of the world's major crops. Seed material will be stored, for a long term, against the risk of extinction and made available to plant breeders worldwide.
List of Contributors
Sarah E. Ashmore
Environmental Futures Research Institute and School of Natural Sciences Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
Australian Seed Bank Partnership, Australian National Botanic Gardens, GPO Box 1777, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
A. Avagyan
EC Food Security Programme in Armenia, Ministry of Agriculture, Republic Square, Yerevan 375010, Armenia
Gregory J. Baute
Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
Shakeel Bhatti
FAO – PGRFA Treaty, 00153 Rome, Italy
Roland von Bothmer
Svalbard Global Seed Vault, Nordic Genetic Resource Centre (NordGen), PO Box 41, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
Jan Petter Borring
FAO – PGRFA Treaty, 00153 Rome, Italy
Germán Calberto-Sánchez
Bioversity International-Colombia, Colombia, Cali, Colombia
Sarah Cody
Seed Conservation Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, Haywards Heath, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK
Ardeshir Damania
Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
Hannes Dempewolf
The Global Crop Diversity Trust, Platz der Vereinten Nationen 7, 53113 Bonn, Germany
M. E. Dulloo
Bioversity International, 00057 Maccarese (Fiumicino), Rome, Italy
Ruth J. Eastwood
Seed Conservation Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, Haywards Heath, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK
Andreas W. Ebert
AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center, P.O. Box 42, Shanhua, Tainan 74199, Taiwan
Eve Emshwiller
Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
Graeme Errington
The Australian PlantBank, Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, The Australian Botanic Garden, Mount Annan, NSW 2567, Australia
Elena Fiorino
Bioversity International, 00057 Maccarese, Rome, Italy
L. Frese
Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Institute for Breeding Research on Agricultural Crops, D-06484 Quedlinburg, Germany
Gezahegn Girma
Genetic Resource Center, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
Abdul Basir Habibi
National Research Specialist, Afghanistan Agriculture Input Project (AAIP), Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation & Livestock, Kabul, Afghanistan
Jerry L. Hatfield
USDA-ARS, National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, Ames, IA, USA
Robert Henry
Professor of Innovation in Agriculture and Director of QAAFI, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
Vojtěch Holubec
Gene bank, Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
Nelli A. Hovhannisyan
Faculty of Biology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
Danny Hunter
Global Project Coordinator/Senior Scientist, Bioversity International, Rome, Italy
Adjunct Associate Professor, Charles Sturt University, Australia
Jose M. Iriondo
Departamento de Biologia y Geologia, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
Centro de Biologia Ambiental, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
Shelley Jansky
United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service; and Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
Abdullah A. Jaradat
USDA-ARS and Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, 803 Iowa Ave., Morris, MN USA 56267
S. Kell
School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
R. J. Lawn
James Cook University and CSIRO Plant Industry, Australian Tropical Science & Innovation Precinct, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
J. Magos Brehm
School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
Daniele Manzella
Organisation des Nations Unies pour alimentation et l'agriculture, FAO, Bureau B-623Bis, 00153 Rome, Italy
Mario Marino
AGDT, FAO – PGRFA Treaty, 00153 Rome, Italy
Amelia Martyn
The Australian PlantBank, Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, The Australian Botanic Garden, Mount Annan, NSW 2567, Australia
N. Maxted
School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
Jonathan D. Moore
University of Warwick Crop Centre, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK
Mahboob Nang
National Seed Coordinator, Afghanistan Agriculture Input Project (AAIP), Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation & Livestock, Kabul, Afghanistan.
Eviatar Nevo
Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Israel
Catherine A. Offord
The Australian PlantBank, Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, The Australian Botanic Garden, Mount Annan, NSW 2567, Australia
Australian Seed Bank Partnership, Australian National Botanic Gardens, GPO Box 1777, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
Rodomiro Ortiz
Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 101, SE 23053 Alnarp, Sweden
Frantisek Paprštein
Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology Ltd., Holovousy, Czech Republic
Enrico Porceddu
Professor of Agricultural Genetics, Department of Agricultural Genetics, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
John H. Prueger
USDA-ARS, National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, Ames, IA, USA
Robert J. Redden
Curator, Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Australian Grains Genebank, Horsham, Victoria 3401, Australia
Vojtech Řezníček
Professor, Mendel University, Brno, Czech Republic
Loren H. Rieseberg
Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
Nicolas Roux
Bioversity International – France, France
Julie Sardos
Bioversity International – France, Montpellier, France
Roland Schafleitner
AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center, P.O. Box 42, Shanhua, Tainan 74199, Taiwan, Republic of China
A. Singer
Israel Plant Gene Bank, Agricultural Research Organisation, Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel
Tamara Smekalova
N.I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry, St. Petersburg, Russia
Karen Sommerville
The Australian PlantBank, Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, The Australian Botanic Garden, Mount Annan, NSW 2567, Australia
Charles Staver
Bioversity International – France, France
Lenka Štočková
Gene bank Laboratory, Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
Frederick L. Stoddard
Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Imke Thormann
Bioversity International, 00057 Maccarese, Rome, Italy
Álvaro Toledo
FAO – PGRFA Treaty, 00153 Rome, Italy
Nicholas Tyack
Industrial Economics, Inc., 2067 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
Peter G. Walley
University of Warwick Crop Centre, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK
Ola Westengen
Svalbard Global Seed Vault, Nordic Genetic Resource Centre (NordGen), Po Box 41, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
Devendra Kumar Yadav
Principal Scientist, Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
Shyam S. Yadav
Freelance International Agriculture Consultant, International Peace Foundation, Manav Yadav Memorial Trust, New Delhi 110018, India
International Research Advisor, Afghanistan Agriculture Input Project (AAIP), Agriculture Research Institute of Afghanistan, Badambagh, Kabul, Afghanistan
Aleksandra H. Yesayan
Faculty of Biology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
Foreword by Prof. Geoffrey Hawtin
The forthcoming book entitled “Crop Wild Relatives and Climate Change” addresses a topic that is critically important to future food security. With food demand growing rapidly and rising temperatures decreasing global food production potential, agricultural scientists must work ever harder to stay ahead of the climate change curve. Plant breeding offers a key route to address this challenge through the development of new varieties that are able to withstand the predicted adverse effects of climate change or that can capitalize on its more positive aspects such as CO2 fertilization or higher average temperatures in some temperate zones.
It is well recognized that the wild relatives of our crops could provide a wealth of useful traits for the development of such improved varieties. However, while the potential may be enormous, they remain a greatly underused resource.
This book brings together an impressive array of leading world scientists in this area, under the overall guest editorship of Prof. Cary Fowler. The conservation and use of crop wild relatives are explored from many different angles, and the book will undoubtedly serve as an important information source for many years to come.
Geoffrey HawtinSenior Technical Advisor, International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, ItalyAdvisor, Global Crop Diversity Trust, GermanyMember, Board of Trustees, Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, UKVice Chair, Board of Trustees, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, (CIAT) Colombia
Foreword by Dr. R S Paroda
Crop wild relatives (CWR) are the species closely related to field crops, including their progenitors, and have the potential to contribute beneficial traits for crop improvement such as resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses and to enrich the gene pool, leading to improved yield and stability. CWR are recognized as a critical resource to sustain global food security, and therefore, their systematic collection, characterization, conservation, and use in crop breeding are imperative.
The changing climate is a major threat to agrobiodiversity, ecosystems, and human survival globally. The International Panel on Climate Change, in their 2014 report, predicted that global climate will change radically during the 21st century, which might result in both positive and negative impacts on field crops. Thus, a major task before us is to ensure sustainable food and nutrition security of the world's current population (now nearing 7.5 billion). The current projections suggest that the world's temperatures will rise by 1.8–4.0°C and the population may reach more than 10 billion by 2100, after which it may stabilize.
The natural “greenhouse effect” makes the temperature regime of some regions more hospitable to life forms especially at high altitudes and high latitudes. However, the progressive rise in the concentration of some atmospheric gases due to human activity poses the danger of excessive global warming. The primary culprit gases emitted are CO2, CH4, and N2O. The accumulation of CO2 has changed from the preindustrial value of 20 parts per million (ppm) to a level approaching 400 ppm — a 40% rise. Unless the emissions of greenhouse gases are curbed significantly, their concentration will continue to rise, leading to irreversible changes in temperature, precipitation, and other climate variables with severe consequences for agriculture around the world.
Humans achieved a revolutionary breakthrough with the first domestication of crops around 11,000 years ago using astute but empirical phenotypic selection. Can we now raise agriculture to a new level, linking the genetic code to phenotypic expressions and the management of responses to new environments? By selecting novel genes from crop wild relatives and using these in developing improved crop varieties, agriculture may be able to combat the threatening challenges of climate change.
This book contains 20 chapters covering various aspects of crop wild relatives including impact of climate change on agriculture, challenges for future agriculture, crop evolution, crop adaptation, importance of crop wild relatives, locating and conserving, research on crop wild relatives in major food and vegetable crops as well as minor fruit crops, hybridization, biotechnology, and genomics, in situ and ex situ conservation including Svalbard conservation, economic value of crop wild relatives and crop wild relatives beyond biodiversity for ecosystem services. The book well integrates all these important aspects and will prove useful in developing strategies to cope with the vagaries of climate change and to meet the production challenges of food for unprecedented population increases.
The significant contribution of well-qualified internationally known professionals in the Editorial Team and also the lead and coauthors of different chapters is highly appreciable, and I congratulate them for their commendable job. The involvement of internationally well-known publishing house Wiley-Blackwell, Inc., USA, also adds value to the quality of publication
I am sure that the book entitled “Crop Wild Relatives and Climate Change” will be immensely useful to researchers, academicians, policy planners, and students.
Raj ParodaChairman, TAAS and Haryana Farmers CommissionExecutive Secretary, APAARIFormerly, Secretary DARE, Govt. of India,Director General, ICAR
Preface
The growing concern over the potentially devastating impacts of climate change on biodiversity and food security, considered along with the growing world population, means that taking action to conserve crop wild relative (CWR) diversity is no longer an option but an urgent priority. CWRs are a key tool for addressing the limits of genetic variation in domestic crops for adapting to climate change. The wild progenitors of crops and their close relatives have the potential to contribute beneficial traits for crop improvement, such as biotic and abiotic resistances especially for tolerance of extreme high temperature and drought stresses, leading to improved yield and stability under climate change. Having already made major contributions to crop improvement in the 20th century, CWRs are recognized as a critical resource to sustain global food security; therefore, their systematic conservation is imperative. However, extension of their conservation and promotion of more systematic exploitation are hindered by the lack of understanding of their current and potential value, their diversity, and practically how they might be conserved.
Climate change is a reality in today's world and, along with the unprecedented increase in the world's population, underlines a looming food security issue. At least 70% more food production will be required by 2050 in a more challenging climate. More severe spikes in heat stress are expected during the reproductive phase of crops as compared to that previously experienced in crop evolution, and targeted exploitation of novel sources of genetic diversity will be a necessity. The Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change in 2006 and the Fourth Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 2007 have pushed the scientific and public debates on climate change a decisive step forward. Substantial further changes in climate are likely to occur even with aggressive mitigation efforts.
The human population is projected to increase from the current 7 billion to 10.5 billion within a period of only 70 to 80 years. Meeting the needs of these additional people will require substantial increases in production of agricultural systems using essentially the same area of arable land as is used today, or less due to expansion of cities. Current agricultural systems are to
