Dairy Production Medicine E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1118

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

This comprehensive book integrates new technology and concepts that have been developed in recent years to manage dairy farms in a profitable manner. The approach to the production of livestock and quality milk is multidisciplinary, involving nutrition, reproduction, clinical medicine, genetics, pathology, epidemiology, human resource management and economics. The book is structured by the production cycle of the dairy cow covering critical points in cow management. Written and edited by highly respected experts, this book provides a thoroughly modern and up-to-date resource for all those involved in the dairy industry.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

Dedication

Preface

Acknowledgments

Contributors

1 Management Considerations from Parturition to the End of the Voluntary Waiting Period to Optimize Health and Reproductive Performance

Introduction

Management of the Transition Period

Calving Management

Moving Fresh Cows Through Pens Before and After Calving

Postpartum Health Monitoring

Strategies to Maximize PR at the End of the VWP

Early Diagnosis of Nonpregnant Cows

2 Nutritional Management of the Prepartum Dairy Cow

Introduction

The Transition Period

Nutritional Physiology

DMI

Grouping Strategies

Energy Status and Nutrition

Protein Nutrition

Calcium Nutrition

Fiber, Particle Size, and Chewing Activity

Feed Bunk Management and Cow Behavior

Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition

Additives

3 Calving Management: A Team Approach

Introduction

Calving Facilities

Signs of Calving

Calving Problems

Calving Assistance

Examination

Guidelines to Determine if There Is Room

Preparation of the Cow for Pulling the Calf

Rotation of the Calf

Care of the Calf Immediately After Delivery

Artificial Respiration

Care of the Dam After Delivery

Colostrum

4 Monitoring Health and Looking for Sick Cows

Introduction

Monitoring Postpartum Health

Rectal Temperature

Attitude

Milk Production and Walking Activity

Uterine Discharge

Ketones in Milk or Urine

5 Nutritional Management of Lactating Dairy Cows

Introduction

Feeding Systems and Grouping Strategies for Lactating Cows

DMI

Meeting the Caloric Needs of Lactation

Fiber Carbohydrates

Nonfibrous Carbohydrates

Supplementation with Fats

Protein Nutrition

Minerals

Vitamins

General Guidelines for Ration Formulation

Feed Additives

Feeding Frequency, Feed Bunk Management, and Feed Availability

6 Reproductive Management in Dairy Cows

Introduction

Evaluating Reproductive Performance

Developing a Reproductive Program

Summary

7 Reproductive Management of Lactating Dairy Cows for First Postpartum Insemination

Introduction

Indicators of Reproductive Efficiency

VWP and First Postpartum Insemination

Management of Anovular Cows

Implementing Reproductive Programs for First AI

Insemination After Presynchronization

Summary

8 Applications of Ultrasonography in Dairy Cattle Reproductive Management

Introduction

Ultrasound Physics and Terminology

Early Pregnancy/Open Diagnosis

Later Pregnancy Evaluation and Fetal Gender Determination

Gestational Aging

Twinning

Embryonic and Fetal Viability

Uterus

Cervix, Vagina, and Oviducts

Ovary

Staging the Estrous Cycle Based on Ultrasound Examination

Ultrasound with Synchronization Protocols

Embryo Transfer

Summary

Acknowledgments

9 Resynchronization of Estrus, Ovulation, and Timed Insemination in Lactating Dairy Cows

Introduction

Intravaginal Progesterone Devices and Artificial Insemination at Detected Estrus (AIDE)

Resynchronization of Cows Detected Nonpregnant by Rectal Palpation

Resynchronization of Cows Detected Nonpregnant by Ultrasonography

Summary

10 Diseases that Affect the Reproductive Performance of Dairy Cattle

Introduction

Hypocalcemia-Related Diseases

Diseases Related to Negative Energy Balance

Body Condition Scores (BCSs)

Herd Diagnostics for Ketosis Risk

Uterine Infections

Definition and Clinical Features of Uterine Infections

Mastitis

Embryonic Loss

Lameness and Reproductive Performance

11 Infectious Reproductive Diseases

Introduction

Infectious Diseases for Which Reproductive Studies Have Been Performed

Reproductive Diseases Lacking Vaccine Efficacy Studies

12 Economics of Reproductive Performance

Introduction

Brief Overview of Current Reproductive Performance and Breeding Programs

Comparisons of Reproductive Programs

Economic Value of Improved Reproductive Performance

Economic Value of a Change in Pregnancy Rate

Cost per Day Not Pregnant

Value of a New Pregnancy

Cost of Abortion

Optimal Days to First Insemination

Insemination Value

13 Managing Reproduction During Heat Stress in Dairy Cows

Impact of Heat Stress on Dairy Cow Fertility: A Widespread and Growing Problem

Physiology of Heat Stress

Disruptions in Reproductive Function Caused by Heat Stress

Heat Stress Risk Assessment

Cooling Strategies to Minimize the Magnitude of Heat Stress

Management of Cows to Reduce Effects of Heat Stress on Estrus Detection

Management of Cows to Reduce Effects of Heat Stress on Fertility

14 Immunology and Vaccination of Dairy Cattle

Introduction

Challenge

Timing of Disease

Immunology of Dairy Cattle

The Neonatal Immune System

Colostrum

Colostrum Absorption

Vaccination to Improve Colostral Quality

Maternal Antibody Interference Revisited

Impact of Stress

Choosing Vaccines

Modified Live Versus Inactivated Vaccines

Designing a Vaccination Program

Summary

15 Management of Dairy Calves from Birth to Weaning

Introduction

Perinatal Care

Nutritional Management

Housing

Health Care

Records

16 Nutritional Management of Dairy Heifers

Introduction

Grouping Strategies

Weight, Height, and Body Condition Score

Herd Health Program for Raising Heifers

Practical Considerations

17 Management Strategies to Optimize Reproductive Efficiency in Dairy Heifers

Introduction

Estrous Synchronization Programs

Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α)

Progestogen Release Intravaginal Device

Ovulation Synchronization Protocols

Supplementation of Exogenous Progesterone During the Synchronization Period

The Ovsynch Protocol

The Ovsynch Protocol in Dairy Heifers

The Co-Synch Protocol

The 5-Day Co-Synch + CIDR Protocol

The 5-Day Co-Synch + CIDR Protocol in Dairy Heifers with One PGF2α Injection

Use of Sexed Semen in the 5-Day Co-Synch + CIDR Protocol in Dairy Heifers

18 Managing Mastitis and Producing Quality Milk

Introduction

Milk Quality Terminology and Background

Developing a Milk Quality Plan

Conclusion

19 Lameness in Dairy Cattle

Introduction

Displacement of P3 by Alternate Mechanisms

Ulcers of the Toe, Sole, and Heel (Pododermatitis circumscripta, Rusterholtz Ulcer/Sole Ulcer, Toe Ulcer, and Heel Ulcer)

Effects of Body Condition on Claw Disorders

White Line Disease

Sole Abscess Associated with Traumatic Lesions of the Sole (Subsolar Abscess, Pododermatitis septica, Pododermatitis septica traumatica)

Toe Lesions in Cattle

Thin Soles and TSTU

Underlying Causes of Thin Soles

Clinical Observations

Corkscrew Claw (Otherwise Known as Screw Claw)

Wall Cracks in Cattle

Trauma-Related Lesions of the Toe

Iatrogenic-Overtrimming and Improper Trimming Technique

Topical Therapy of Claw Lesions

Infectious Disorders of the foot skin

The Capture of Lameness Data for Analysis and Interpretation of Foot Health

Use of Information on Lameness

20 Management Strategies for Optimizing Forage Quality for Dairy Production

Introduction

Pasture Forage

Green Chop

Hay Production

Silage Production

Summary

21 Applied Statistical Analyses for Dairy Production

Introduction

Nature of the Data

Summarizing Data and the most Common Distributions

Probabilities and Significance

Comparing Groups

Association Among Variables

Epidemiological Concepts

Statistical Analysis in Practical Settings

22 Dairy Records Analysis and Evaluation of Performance

Introduction

Why Monitor?

Evaluating Reproductive Performance

Transition Cow Performance Monitoring

Milk Production Monitoring

Mastitis Monitoring

Heifer and Youngstock Monitoring

Summary

23 Managing People in Today’s Production Dairy Environment

Times Have Changed

Defining Management, Wrestling with Change

The “Six-P” (P6) Approach to Management

P1—Personnel

Four Keys to Personnel

P2—Purpose

P3—Planning

P4—Protocol

P5—Practice

P6—Performance

The Consulting Veterinarian

Many Hats, Multiple Roles

Teaching Is Essential

It’s Not All Fun

Closing the Gate

24 Practical Genetics

Introduction

Management or Fitness Traits

Correcting Mistakes Made in the Past

25 Euthanasia Techniques for Dairy Cattle

Introduction

Euthanasia Defined

Physiological Mechanisms of Death by Euthanasia

Recognition of Pain and Suffering in Animals

Indications for Euthanasia

Nonambulatory Cattle

Prognosis for Down Cows

Determination of the Most Appropriate Euthanasia Method

Firearms and Selection of the Appropriate Bullet, Shotshell, or Slug

Captive Bolt

Anatomical Landmarks in Cattle

Secondary Kill Steps

Exsanguination

Pithing

Intravenous Injection of KCl

Euthanasia for Calves

Euthanasia of Dairy Calves Using Controlled Blunt Force Trauma

Confirmation of Death in Euthanized Animals

Additional Considerations for Conducting Euthanasia Procedures

Personnel Training

26 Managing Herd Health in Organic Herds

Introduction

Importance of Protocols

Individual Cow Treatments in Organic Herd Health

Conclusions

Index

This edition first published 2011 © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Dairy production medicine / edited by Carlos A. Risco, Pedro Melendez.

p. cm.

 Includes bibliographical references and index.

 ISBN 978-0-8138-1539-8 (hardcover : alk. paper)

1. Dairy farming. 2. Dairying. 3. Dairy cattle–Diseases. I. Risco, Carlos A. II. Melendez, Pedro.

 SF239.D18 2011

 636.2'142–dc22

2011010019

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

This book is published in the following electronic formats: ePDF 9780470960523; Wiley Online Library 9780470960554; ePub 9780470960530; Mobi 9780470960547

Disclaimer

The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation warranties of fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales or promotional materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for every situation. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional services. If professional assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. The fact that an organization or Website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read.

This book is dedicated to my family Omi, Carlos, Cristina, and Jacqueline, for their support and encouragement to practice my profession with unwavering dedication at the expense of shared time together.

Carlos A. Risco

I would like to dedicate this book to my wife Maria Ester, my children Diego, Ignacio, and Elisa, my father, and brother Oscar, and specially my mother Eliana, who recently passed away, for their unconditional support, and understanding of my devotion to this wonderful profession.

Pedro Melendez Retamal

Preface

Dairy farming is an important component of agriculture worldwide because of the value of milk to human nutrition. However, the production of milk at the farm level is under constant economical, societal, and environmental challenges which places constraints for dairy farmers to meet the demands of an increasing world population for a wholesome and economical supply of milk. Consequently, dairy farmers must continuously modify and adapt management of their milk production system to meet these challenges by relying on specialists to provide them with management guidelines.

Dairy production medicine integrates specialties of veterinary medicine and animal science into a dairy production system designed to produce milk in a profitable manner. The approach to the design, implementation, and management of this system is multidisciplinary and includes clinical medicine, economics, epidemiology, food safety, genetics, human resource management, nutrition, preventive medicine, and reproduction. These specialties must work in concert to harmonize management of the individual dairy farm in order to obtain a profit without neglecting animal welfare and food safety.

Our premise for this book is the recognition that a book that integrates the above-mentioned specialties within the context of production medicine is lacking for dairy cattle. This book covers production medicine in relation to the production cycle of the dairy cow and replacement heifer. Within this context, components of the production cycle include the nonlactating, post partum, and breeding periods. For each component, appropriate management for a successful outcome is addressed.

During the last 30 years, the role of veterinarians working with dairy cattle has changed from an emphasis on clinical medicine to consulting, evaluation of herd performance, and employee training. Therefore, our goal for this book is to provide students, veterinarians, and dairy specialists with a reference for dairy production medicine that can be used to provide dairy herd management services. In doing so, we recognize that a dairy herd is composed of individual animals that must be housed in a comfortable environment, fed to meet their nutrient requirements according to their stage of production, and provided with prompt treatment of disease. If at the individual animal level these requirements are met, the overall animal well-being of the herd improves commensurate with societal expectations for the care of food-producing animals.

Because of the breadth of expertise that is required to write a book on dairy cattle production medicine, we solicited the contribution of talented individuals. We are grateful to them and acknowledge their valuable contribution.

Carlos A. Risco

Gainesville, Florida

Pedro Melendez Retamal

Santiago, Chile

Acknowledgments

I was very fortunate to receive an education at the University of Florida from talented teachers whose enthusiasm and passion for medicine paved the way for my long-term commitment to learn. Drs. Ken Braun and Maarten Drost were exceptional role models and have made a special contribution to my professional development. I was fortunate to enter clinical prac­tice at the Chino Valley Veterinary Group, in Ontario, California; these talented clinicians were generous with their time allowing me to transition well from student to practitioner. I am grateful to Drs. Louis Archbald and William Thatcher for their mentorship in the research arena. I would like to acknowledge my dairy clients for allowing me to work with them in their noble cause. Lastly, I want to thank my students and resi­dents for the privilege to teach them which has given me great joy.

Carlos A. Risco

I would like to acknowledge my colleagues and friends in academia for their wise assistance, and to my students for the satisfaction they have given me. Finally, I want to express my sincere gratitude to my past and current clients who have trusted in my knowledge, attitude, and professionalism.

Pedro Melendez Retamal

Contributors

Adegbola T. Adesogan, Ph.D.

Professor

University of Florida

Department of Animal Sciences

Bldg 459, Shealy Drive

P.O. Box 110910

Gainesville, FL 32611

[email protected]

Louis F. Archbald, D.V.M., M.S., Ph.D, Dipl. ACT

Professor Emeritus

University of Florida

College of Veterinary Medicine

P.O. Box 100136

Gainesville, FL 32610

[email protected]

Julian A. Bartolome, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. ACT

Professor

Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias

Universidad Nacional de La Pampa

La Pampa, Argentina

[email protected]

Donald Bennink, J.D.

Owner

North Florida Holsteins

2740 W County Road 232

Bell, FL 32619-1350

[email protected]

Mauricio Benzaquen, D.V.M., M.S.

Universidad del Salvador

Carrera de Veterinaria

Pilar-Buenos Aires, Argentina

[email protected]

Jill D. Colloton, D.V.M.

Private Practitioner

Bovine Services, LLC

F4672 State Highway 97

Edgar, WI 54426

[email protected]

www.bovineultrasound.net

Victor Cortese, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. ABVP (dairy)

Director Cattle Immunology

Pfizer Animal Health

746 Veechdale Road

Simpsonville, KY 40067

[email protected]

Albert de Vries, Ph.D.

Professor

University of Florida

Department of Animal Sciences

Bldg 499, Shealy Drive

P.O. Box 110910

Gainesville, FL 32611

[email protected]

Maarten Drost, D.V.M., Dipl. ACT

Professor Emeritus

University of Florida

College of Veterinary Medicine

P.O. Box 100136

Gainesville, FL 32610

[email protected]

Peter J. Hansen, Ph.D.

Professor

University of Florida

Department of Animal Science

Bldg 499 Shealy Drive

P.O. Box 110910

Gainesville, FL 32611

[email protected]

Sheila M. McGuirk, D.V.M., Ph.D.

Professor

University of Wisconsin

School of Veterinary Medicine

2015 Linden Drive

Madison, WI 53706

[email protected]

Pedro Melendez Retamal, D.V.M., M.S., Ph.D.

Professor

University of Santo Tomas

School of Veterinary Medicine Viña del Mar

Chile

Courtesy Appointment

University of Florida

College of Veterinary Medicine

Gainesville, FL 32610

[email protected]

Michael Overton, D.V.M., M.P.V.M.

Associate Professor

University of Georgia

College of Veterinary Medicine

Department of Population Health

425 River Road—Rhodes Center

Athens, GA 30602-2771

[email protected]

Pablo J. Pinedo, D.V.M., Ph.D.

Resident

University of Florida

College of Veterinary Medicine

P.O. Box 100136

Gainesville, FL 32610

[email protected]

Maria Belen Rabaglino, D.V.M., M.S.

Doctoral Student

University of Florida

College of Medicine

Gainesville, FL., 32610

[email protected]

Jim P. Reynolds, D.V.M., M.P.V.M.

Professor

Food Animal Production

College of Veterinary Medicine

Western University

309 E. Second Street

Ponoma, CA 91766

[email protected]

Carlos A. Risco, D.V.M., Dipl. ACT

Professor

University of Florida

College of Veterinary Medicine

P.O. Box 100136

Gainesville, FL

[email protected]

Pamela L. Ruegg, D.V.M., M.P.V.M.

Professor and Extension Milk Quality Specialist

University of Wisconsin

School of Veterinary Medicine

2015 Linden Drive

Madison, WI 53706

[email protected]

José Eduardo P. Santos, D.V.M., Ph.D

Associate Professor

University of Florida

Department of Animal Science

Bldg 499 Shealy Drive

P.O. Box 110910

Gainesville, FL

[email protected]

Jan K. Shearer, D.V.M., M.S.

Professor and Extension Veterinarian

Iowa State University

College of Veterinary Medicine

Ames, IA 50021

[email protected]

David P. Sumrall, B.S., M.S.

President

Dairy Production Systems, LLC

High Springs, FL

[email protected]

www.DPSDairy.com

William W. Thatcher, Ph.D., Dipl. ACT (Honorary)

Research Professor Emeritus

University of Florida

Department of Animal Science

Bldg 499 Shealy Drive

P.O. Box 110910

Gainesville, FL 32610

[email protected]

Sarel R. van Amstel, B.VSc., Dip. Med. Vet., M. Med. Vet (Med)

Professor

Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences

College of Veterinary Medicine

The University of Tennessee

2407 River Drive

Knoxville, TN 37996

Juan S. Velez, D.V.M., M.S., Dipl. ACT

Aurora Organic Dairy

Director of Technical Services

7388 State Hwy 66

Platteville, CO 80651-9008

[email protected]

1

Management Considerations from Parturition to the End of the Voluntary Waiting Period to Optimize Health and Reproductive Performance

Carlos A. Risco

Abstract

From an animal health and well-being and performance perspective, the postpartum period is composed of an early window where health greatly impacts production and reproductive efficiency. Thus, appropriate management during this period is critical to ensure a normal state of cow health at the herd level to optimize production and reproductive performance. This chapter discusses management considerations from parturition to the end of the voluntary waiting period to optimize health and reproductive performance.

Introduction

Reproductive efficiency is vital for the economic viability of a dairy farm because it increases the likelihood of cows remaining in the herd, increases the number of cows that spend their productive life in profitable milk production, increases the number of calves born per year, and reduces involuntary culling (de Vries, 2006). However, reproductive efficiency has decreased in lactating dairy cows worldwide as evidenced by a reduction in conception rates (Macmillan et al., 1996; Royal et al., 2000; Lucy, 2001; de Vries, 2006). Although causes for this decline are multifactorial, attenuation of estrus expression in high-producing cows (Wiltbank et al., 2006), embryonic mortality (Santos et al., 2001), energy metabolism during early postpartum, and its interactions with immune function play a major role (Hammon et al., 2006). Further, the trend for larger herds coupled with labor shortage has resulted in new challenges in compliance with health and reproductive programs. Thus, opportunities abound for veterinarians to work with dairy producers to implement a sound reproductive management program to mitigate the effect of these factors on reproductive efficiency.

Pregnancy rate (PR) determines the calving to conception interval (CCI) at the end of the voluntary waiting period (VWP). As PR increases, the CCI is reduced, thereby increasing the amount of milk produced per day of herd lifetime and reducing the number of cows culled for reproductive failure, which collectively increases herd income (Risco et al., 1998; de Vries, 2006). Thus, it is clear that the challenge for both producers and veterinarians is to employ a reproductive program that attains and maintains a herd PR commensurate with a profitable production of milk.