Dark Energy and Dark Matter E-Book

K. Adolf Münzer

• Herausgeber: tredition
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 165

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2025

Beschreibung

K. Adolf Münzer: Dark Energy and Dark Matter - Discovering their mysterious nature and discussing consequences. The model of adiabatic cold dark matter (LCDM) including Dark Matter and Dark Energy provides a viable description of the universe, albeit physical explanations of dark matter or dark energy are missing. Therefore an exploration of the nature of both phenomena on the basis of observable data was undertaken. Dark matter had been postulated for providing an energy field additional to the attraction of baryonic matter to counteract the centrifugal force of celestial bodies and to ensure a constant galaxy rotation speed. Accumulated cosmological energy around the black hole of galaxies was discovered to cause this energy field. By effect this accumulated cosmological energy is equivalent to dark matter. When applied to the Milky Way galaxy their peculiar rotation speed curve could be successfully reproduced. Similarly dark energy was postulated to be responsible for the accelerated escape velocity of celestial bodies towards the universe, evident in Hubble parameter values. Universal wide cosmological energy was identified for this dark energy. Taking pure cosmological as well as accumulated cosmological energy into account an equation for the speed of celestial bodies was developed, which match all data of a combination of updated H(z) datasets of the Pantheon and of the BAO data to a high accuracy. Based on these fundamental findings a new theoretical approach, named sigma (S) theory, was developed, which successfully describes the constant galaxy rotation speed as well as the accelerating recessional speed of celestial bodies and thus provides physically meaningful explanations for dark matter and for dark energy. A special example of the effect of accumulated cosmological energy is given by the approach speed of the Andromeda Galaxy, also known as their peculiar velocity. There the gravitational attraction of its accumulated cosmological energy or dark matter dominates the galaxy movement and provides the speed of approach. Accumulated cosmological energy around galaxies, currently known as Dark Matter, and universe-wide cosmological energy, currently known as Dark Energy, result in conformities but also in contradictions to the current theory. One consequence is no need of a Big Bang, because in the new theory matter generation takes place everywhere and at any time. Remaining properties as well as criticisms of the current theory are discussed. Further considerations regarding black holes and their generation, regarding singularities and regarding a connection with quantum theory are outlined.

Leseprobe

K. Adolf Münzer

Dark Energy and Dark Matter

Discovering their mysterious nature and discussing consequences

© 2025 K. Adolf Münzer

Coverdesign by: K. Adolf Münzer

Typesetting & Layout by: K. Adolf Münzer

Cover art by: www.istockphoto.com/de/fotos/milchstraße

Spiralgalaxie, Illustration der Milchstraße

Printing and Distribution on behalf of the author:tredition GmbH, Heinz-Beusen-Stieg 5, 22926 Ahrensburg, Deutschland

ISBN e-book: 978-3-384-59775-5

This work, including its parts, is protected by copyright. The author is responsible for its content. Any use without his consent is prohibited. Publication and distribution are carried out on behalf of the author. Contact details can be found at: tredition GmbH, "Imprint Service" department, Heinz- Beusen-Stieg 5, 22926 Ahrensburg, Germany.

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Preface

Already in my diploma thesis on atomic and molecular physics I dealt with properties of the first elements in the cosmos, hydrogen and helium. In particular I investigated Penning and photoionization reactions of hydrogen molecules with metastable helium atoms, wherefore I set up and operated a coincidence measurement system (Münzer, A., Niehaus, A.). Thereafter, in my subsequent professional career I developed crystalline silicon solar cells over a period of 32 years and brought them into production maturity (Neuhaus, D.H., Münzer, A.), what I documented in a book (Münzer, K.A.) in the first phase of my retirement. In the further course of my retirement I dedicated myself to research of my family history, what I documented in a book too. Afterwards, among other activities, I was fascinated by the question of the nature of dark energy and dark matter, which was still unclear and which is the subject of this book. Starting point was the question why bodies of spiral galaxies do not move according to Kepler's laws, but rotate at constant speed in these galaxies.

Cause for the movement of celestial bodies is gravity. Gravity or attraction of mass is one of the fundamental forces of physics, along with electromagnetism, weak interaction and strong interaction. Gravity emanates from everything having mass and has an attractive effect on all other masses. Gravity decreases with distance, cannot be shielded and has an infinite range. As the predominant interaction between planets and sun, gravity is the cause of the shape of the solar system. Gravity also dominates the large-scale structures of the universe.

Gravity can be felt as attraction of matter, but does not seem limited only to recognizably baryonic matter. In view of understanding the rotation behaviour of spiral galaxies, the movement of the galaxy members cannot be explained with the gravity effect of baryonic mass alone, but only with the effect of additional dark matter, which is invisible and almost undetectable.

The same appearance applies to the effect of so-called dark energy, which can be used to explain the accelerated expansion of the universe. Due to the mass attraction of the visible baryonic matter alone, the expansion of the universe might be different or might possibly slow down. The opposite observation of obviously accelerated expansion however can be explained by the effect of dark energy that accelerates the baryonic matter towards space.

Dark energy and dark matter are two gravitational components which can be used to explain the accelerated expansion of the universe and the constant rotation speed of galaxies, but both are invisible and almost undetectable and can only be proven by their effects. But no physical object has been found for it so far.

From this unclear starting point, mathematical-physical formulations had to be found at first that could explain the real physical behaviour of constant rotation speed and of accelerated expansion. Thereafter physical representations for these mathematical-physical formulations had to be set up. Based on the constant rotation speed of spiral galaxies, an accumulation of cosmological energy around the black hole of galaxies in question was found for dark matter. Furthermore, infinitely extended cosmological energy was made responsible of dark energy, through which the well-known Hubble parameters of celestial bodies could be reproduced precisely. This means that mathematical-physical formulations as well as meaningful physical explanations for both effects could be found.

The investigations of dark energy and dark matter, their application to the approaching speed of the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies, as well as the consequences for a theory of the universe, were noted down in proposals for scientific papers and were tried to publish in specialist journals or in magazines of institutes or universities. But no interest arose from relevant scientific institutes or universities, respectively, nor from relevant scientific magazines or journals.

Only in one case the editor answered that “the manuscript does not make a sufficiently convincing case to merit publication in his journal”. Admittedly, this manuscript had dated from the early days. But at the end of the message the editor offered his “best wishes in my future research”.

Some other response was to partially downplay the results using aphorisms such as “extraordinary claims require exceptionally strong arguments”. Apparently researchers did not want to be concerned with alternative new approaches because of supposedly having enough accurate theories to explain the phenomena in the universe.

On the other hand, challenges of the existing theory remained undiscussed, such topics as • that oldest stars have less than half the helium and less than a tenth of the lithium than the values predicted by the Big Bang theory or • that galaxies were recently found by the James Webb telescope which, depending on their location in space, are already around 13.4 billion years old and therefore should had been born around 400 million years after the so-called Big Bang and how they could have reached their size. • Likewise, the discrepancy of values for the Hubble constant, known as Hubble tension, remained unexplained. The Big Bang theory specifies a constant value for the Hubble constant, but different values were determined depending on the measurement method. • An emerging point of the Big Bang remained also unclear, as no point or location is preferred in the universe. Despite of it the distance of celestial bodies and the age of the universe are determined from our location as reference point. • If the creation of matter would had been taken place from a singularity, i.e. a point or region, there would have to be at least a small directional component in the current movement of the celestial bodies, but also this cannot be recognized.

All of these topics were not discussed so as not to raise any doubts about the existing Big Bang theory. Deviating approaches for explanation of unsolved questions such as dark energy or dark matter were not considered, even if the newly developed theory retained many of the findings of the ΛCDM theory. It seemed that the rejection served probably more to justify and to ensure the inviolability of the existing scientific consensus.

After several attempts for more than a year at relevant scientific institutes and universities as well as at relevant scientific journals or through personal contacts have not been successful or have been without response, my decision was to publish my scientific papers in this book and thereby make them publically available and open for general discussion.

Beginning with my first fundamental paper entitled: “Galaxy rotation speeds and Hubble data disclose physics of Cold Dark Matter and of Dark Energy and enable a new theoretical approach, called Sigma (∑) Theory” my fundamental findings for dark matter and for dark energy were presented. In my second paper entitled: “The component of accumulated cosmological energy or dark matter in the equation of motion determines the opposite movement of the Milky Way against the Andromeda galaxy and gives a calculated approach speed that confirms the derived equation of motion” the results of the first paper were applied to the system of the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies. And in my third paper: “Accumulated cosmological energy around galaxies, also known as Dark Matter, and the universe-wide cosmological energy, also known as Dark Energy, as developed in this work, result in conformities but also contradictions to existing theory, which have consequences for the theory of the universe”, the relationship to the existing, established theory is shown.

Thus the initially fundamental results on dark energy and dark matter became a trilogy of basics, application and consequences. The overall aim was to create a theory based on cognitive findings instead of pure scientific deductions and hypothesis.

Although the table of contents might give a different impression, the main result and focus of this book is the finding in part II, "Nature and physics of dark matter and dark energy", that dark matter equals accumulated cosmological energy and dark energy equals infinitely spread cosmological energy.

In contrast to many publications, the individual papers were structured into subtitles, such as for example "2.1 Galaxy rotation speed", in order to obtain a better overview and a better direct access to the individual subject areas. I hope that the work I have created will attract enough attention to provide “extraordinarily strong arguments for extraordinary claims” required to initiate serious discussion.

However, at the very beginning known foundations of the universe are recapitulated in the first part: “Introduction to the theoretical equations that describe the universe” to serve as an introduction at the beginning of this book and to compile the relationships necessary for understanding.

At this point I would like to express my best thanks to my wife Christa, who patiently endured my intensive reflections and studies and always gave me the time I needed for this work.

Special thanks go to Dr. Wolfgang Krühler, who with tireless endurance took his time and effort to read and understand the partly unconventional content of my work. In particular I appreciate his professional opinion as a physicist, although not specifically cosmological, which gave me valuable indications for the comprehensibility and traceability of my theory.

Unterschleißheim, May 2025

Adolf Münzer