Defected Ground Structure (DGS) Based Antennas E-Book

Debatosh Guha

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 356

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2022

Beschreibung

Defected Ground Structure (DGS) Based Antennas A unique exploration of critical topics in defected ground structures and their applications In Defected Ground Structure (DGS) Based Antennas: Design Physics, Engineering, and Applications, three distinguished authors deliver a comprehensive discussion of key topics related to defected ground structures (DGSs) and their applications to advanced antenna designs, including microstrips, arrays, dielectric resonators, PIFA, and printed monopoles. The book explores major advances in the technology that have occurred since 2006, as well as the fundamentals of the research in the subject. It also presents future possibilities for new researchers to assist in the development of new studies and technologies for practicing engineers and developers. Readers will discover: * A thorough introduction to the concept and evolution of defected ground structure-based antennas * In-depth examinations of defected ground structures for printed antenna feeds * Comprehensive discussions of the use of defected ground structures to control unwanted modes under a microstrip patch for reducing cross-polarized radiation * Enlightening descriptions of defected ground structures used to control mutual coupling in arrays and MIMO designs Perfect for students, researchers, and professionals with an interest in wireless communications, Defected Ground Structure (DGS) Based Antennas: Design Physics, Engineering, and Applications will also earn a place in the libraries of engineers and scientists working in space exploration and defense organizations.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Author Biographies

Preface

Acknowledgments

1 Introduction to DGS: The Concept and Evolution

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Evolution of DGS

1.3 Definition and Basic Concept

1.4 Geometries and Classification

1.5 An Outline of Applications

References

2 Theoretical Analysis and Modeling

2.1 Introduction

2.2 LC and RLC Modeling

2.3 LC Circuit Modeling: Variants and Improvements

2.4 Transmission Line Modeling

2.5 Quasistatic Modeling

2.6 Modeling of Isolated DGS for Antenna Applications

2.7 Comments on the Modeling Techniques

References

3 DGS for Printed Antenna Feeds

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Impedance Matching of Antenna Feed Lines

3.3 Controlling the Harmonics in Printed Antennas

3.4 Filtering Antenna Using DGS

3.5 Improved Isolation Between Antenna Ports

3.6 Improvement of Antenna Bandwidth

3.7 Antenna Miniaturization

References

4 DGS to Control Orthogonal Modes in a Microstrip Patch for Cross‐Pol Reduction

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Understanding of Radiating Modes in Microstrip Patches

4.3 What Were the Known Methods to Deal with the Cross‐Polarized Fields?

4.4 Suppression of Cross‐Polarized Fields by DGS Integration Technique: Coax‐Fed Patches

4.5 Suppression of Cross‐Polarized Fields by DGS Integration Technique: Microstrip‐Fed Patches

4.6 Recent Works and New Trends

4.7 New Endeavor: Addressing XP Issues Across Skewed Radiation Planes

4.8 Practical Aspects of DGS‐Integrated Antennas

References

5 Multi Parametric Cross‐Polar Sources in Microstrip Patches and DGS‐Based Solution to All Radiation Planes

5.1 Background and Introduction

5.2 Mathematical Explanations of Cross‐Polarized Fields

5.3 Detailed Investigations in to the XP Sources

5.4 DGS‐Based Designs for Low XP in All Radiation Planes

5.5 Conclusion

References

6 DGS‐Based Low Cross‐Pol Array Design and Applications

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Low Cross‐Pol Microstrip Array Design

6.3 Array Design for Reduced Mutual Coupling

6.4 DGS‐Based Array for Different Applications

References

7 DGS Based Mutual Coupling Reduction: Microstrip Array, 5G/MIMO, and Millimeter Wave Applications

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Mutual Coupling Mechanisms

7.3 Known Techniques to Control Mutual Coupling

7.4 DGS Based Solutions to Mutual Coupling

7.5 Major Applications

7.6 Conclusion

References

8 DGS Applied to Circularly Polarized Antenna Design

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Basic Principle of CP Generation in a Microstrip Patch

8.3 Some Important Aspects and Challenges in CP Designs

8.4 DGS Integrated Single‐Fed CP Antenna Design

8.5 DGS as a Supportive Component to CP Design

8.6 Evolving Applications: DGS in SIW‐Based CP Antennas

References

9 DGS Integrated Printed UWB Monopole Antennas

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Improved Impedance Bandwidth and Multiband Operation

9.3 Band Notch Characteristics in UWB Antennas

9.4 Applications to Band Notch UWB MIMO Antennas

9.5 Time Domain Behavior of DGS Based UWB Monopole

9.6 Conclusion

References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1 Performance of some selected popular DGS shapes.

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 Circuit elements and characteristics for the equivalent circuit i...

Table 2.2 Extracted parameters for the metal‐loaded dumbbell and L‐shaped D...

Chapter 4

Table 4.1

C

omparison of different types of DGSs explored for rectangular pa...

Chapter 5

Table 5.1 Desired surface fields for minimizing XP radiations.

Chapter 6

Table 6.1 2 × 2 array with different Feed and DGS configurations

Chapter 7

Table 7.1 The metasurface array performance with and without DGS.

Table 7.2 Comparative study of the design and performance parameters of var...

Chapter 8

Table 8.1

D

esign parameters for the antenna geometry in

F

igure 8.23 25 (all...

Chapter 9

Table 9.1 DGS based band notch UWB antennas: comparisons of a few represent...

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Transmission characteristics of a typical EBG structure indicatin...

Figure 1.2 Representative diagram indicating the possible periodicity in EBG...

Figure 1.3 Schematic diagrams of different EBG structures: (a) 3‐D woodpile ...

Figure 1.4 A circularly polarized curl antenna placed on an EBG structure fo...

Figure 1.5 Periodic two‐dimensional (2D) circular defects pattern etched on ...

Figure 1.6 DGS: basic classifications and geometries.

Figure 1.7 Different DGS geometries: (a) Dumbbell‐shaped....

Figure 1.8 A 50-Ω microstrip transmission line with a...

Figure 1.9 (a) Schematic diagram of ground plane current around the defect; ...

Figure 1.10 (a) Dumbbell shaped DGS with metal loaded slots.

Figure 1.11 Top view of spiral shaped DGS integrated with...

Figure 1.12 H‐shaped DGS integrated with a 50-Ω...

Figure 1.13 U‐shaped DGS: (a) Conventional type [30]; (b) Modified geometry ...

Figure 1.14 Concentric ring DGS beneath a 50-Ω...

Figure 1.15 DGS with special shapes: (a) Hairpin shaped DGS.

Figure 1.16 Modified T‐shaped defect bearing a varactor diode.

Figure 1.17 One‐dimensional 5‐cell uniform dumbbell‐shaped DGS beneath a 50 ...

Figure 1.18 Planar two‐dimensional arrangement of dumbbell shaped DGS undern...

Figure 1.19 One‐dimensional 5‐cell non‐uniform periodic DGS: (a) Top view fo...

Figure 1.20 Asymmetric spiral DGS : (a) the topology; (b) 3D schematic view ...

Figure 1.21 Asymmetric dumbbell‐shaped DGS: (a) simple slotted geometry....

Figure 1.22 DGS‐based designs: all possible application areas.

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 A 50-Ω microstrip line integrated with a...

Figure 2.2 LC equivalent circuit of a single cell dumbbell‐shaped DGS.

Figure 2.3 Simulated

S

‐parameters versus frequency of the...

Figure 2.4 Lowpass prototype filter using a ladder network for even

n

values...

Figure 2.5 One‐pole Butterworth prototype Lowpass filter.

Figure 2.6 Extracted equivalent LC circuit for the dumbbell‐shaped DGS shown...

Figure 2.7 Simulated

S

‐parameters for the extracted LC equivalent circuit sh...

Figure 2.8 (a) Schematic diagram of a 3‐pole Butterworth lowpass filter usin...

Figure 2.9 Low‐pass filter realized using two unit cell DGSs and a T‐junctio...

Figure 2.10 Comparison of the simulated S‐parameters obtained from the equiv...

Figure 2.11 (a) Extracted equivalent RLC circuit for the dumbbell‐shaped DGS...

Figure 2.12 Pi‐type equivalent circuit for a single cell dumbbell‐shaped DGS...

Figure 2.13 Circuit simulated

S

‐parameters for Pi equivalent circuit in Figu...

Figure 2.14 Schematic diagrams of spiral shape DGS beneath a microstrip tran...

Figure 2.15 EM simulated

S

‐parameters vs frequency for the spiral DGS integr...

Figure 2.16 Proposed equivalent circuit for the spiral DGS depicted in Figur...

Figure 2.17 Circuit simulations for Figure 2.16 compared with the EM simulat...

Figure 2.18 Improved equivalent circuit of the spiral DGS using stepped impe...

Figure 2.19 Circuit simulated

S

‐parameters for the improved equivalent circu...

Figure 2.20 DGS geometries with multiple aperiodic stopband characteristics:...

Figure 2.21 Typical response of multi‐stopband DGS with two resonant frequen...

Figure 2.22 General equivalent circuit model of a DGS representing dual stop...

Figure 2.23 Comparison between circuit simulated and EM simulated

S

11

and

S

2

...

Figure 2.24 An interdigital‐shaped DGS and its equivalent circuit.

Figure 2.25 Geometry of the open square DGS and its equivalent circuit.

Figure 2.26 Schematic geometry of a DGS analyzed by transmission line model....

Figure 2.27 Simulated magnetic field distributions around the defects of the...

Figure 2.28 Transmission line model of the DGS in Figure 2.27: ( a) at the f...

Figure 2.29 Equivalent circuit of the DGS in Figure 2.27. Extracted paramete...

Figure 2.30

S

‐parameters for the equivalent circuit in Figure 2.29 compared ...

Figure 2.31 Modelling of a simple 7‐cell uniform periodic slot DGS: (a) Top ...

Figure 2.32 Surface current distribution around the periphery of the defect ...

Figure 2.33 Modelling of a gap‐coupled microstrip line on a dumbbell DGS: (a...

Figure 2.34 Equivalent circuits for the segments depicted in Figure 2.33: (a...

Figure 2.35 Equivalent circuit of a unit cell dumbbell‐shaped DGS based on q...

Figure 2.36 Resonance frequency of the dumbbell DGS predicted by quasi stati...

Figure 2.37 (a) Partial ring DGS placed at the middle of a gap discontinuity...

Figure 2.38 Simulated

S

21

for the configuration in Figure 2.37a with and wit...

Figure 2.39 Equivalent circuit for an isolated DGS placed in between a gap d...

Figure 2.40 Comparison of simulated, measured, and theoretical

S

21

for a par...

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Schematic circuit diagram of an antenna feed: DGS beneath the fee...

Figure 3.2 An edge fed rectangular patch fed by a 50-Ω line where...

Figure 3.3 Circularly polarized near square patch integrated with DGS for im...

Figure 3.4 50-Ω Feed line to a slot antenna on 2D...

Figure 3.5 Barbell ring DGS integrated rectifying SIW antenna at 35-GHz: (a)...

Figure 3.6 Suppression of harmonic radiations from a microstrip patch using ...

Figure 3.7 A pair of dumbbell DGSs used for suppressing harmonic radiations....

Figure 3.8 Combination of circular and dumbbell shaped DGSs for wider stopba...

Figure 3.9 H‐shaped DGS near the neck of the feed to patch junction: (a) ant...

Figure 3.10 Circular slot antenna integrated with inverted U‐shaped DGS for ...

Figure 3.11 Feed with DGS integrated filter for suppressing up to the 4th ha...

Figure 3.12 Microstrip patch integrated with a filter section comprising of ...

Figure 3.13 An omnidirectional filtering patch antenna integrated with annul...

Figure 3.14 Simulated and measured response of the antenna shown in Figure 3...

Figure 3.15 Three layer filter antenna structure with a series of C‐shaped D...

Figure 3.16

S

11

and realized gain versus frequency of the antenna shown in F...

Figure 3.17 DGS used for improved isolation between the ports of a dual fed ...

Figure 3.18 Schematic view of a DGS integrated full‐duplex patch antenna on ...

Figure 3.19 Schematic diagram of a SIW‐based dual CP antenna using DGS [22]....

Figure 3.20 Evolution of the antenna geometry described in Figure 3.19 by mo...

Figure 3.21 (a) A probe‐fed rectangular microstrip patch integrated with fol...

Figure 3.22 Antenna geometries with wider impedance bandwidth achieved by DG...

Figure 3.23 Trapezoidal shaped printed monopole with U‐shaped DGSs on RO4003...

Figure 3.24 A study to examine impact of DGS on the antenna geometry in Figu...

Figure 3.25 DGS integrated compact dual band antenna [35]: (a) antenna geome...

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Modal distribution of electric fields around the patch boundary i...

Figure 4.2 Typical measured and simulated radiation patterns of a rectangula...

Figure 4.3 Variation of peak gains for CoP and XP fields in...

Figure 4.4 Field and surface current distributions in a circular microstrip ...

Figure 4.5 Radiation patterns of a circular patch resonating around 5.93-GHz...

Figure 4.6 Radiation patterns of a circular patch operating at 5.87-GHz with...

Figure 4.7 Different techniques for suppressing XP fields in microstrip ante...

Figure 4.8 Schematic diagram of a circular microstrip integrated with “dot‐D...

Figure 4.9 Simulated E‐field obtained at resonance with and without DGS bene...

Figure 4.10 Measured E‐plane radiation patterns (

f

 = 3.6-GHz) of the antenna...

Figure 4.11 Schematic diagrams of DGSs employed to circular and elliptical m...

Figure 4.12 Measured and simulated H‐plane radiation patterns of circular pa...

Figure 4.13 Measured and simulated radiation patterns of circular patches wi...

Figure 4.14 Measured cross‐polarized radiation patterns in H‐plane over the ...

Figure 4.15 Reflection coefficient versus frequency of probe‐fed circular pa...

Figure 4.16 H‐plane radiation patterns of elliptical patches (

b

/

a

 =-1.3) wit...

Figure 4.17 Schematic diagram of folded‐DGS employed to a rectangular micros...

Figure 4.18 Radiation patterns of rectangular patches (

W

/

L

 =-1.3) with and w...

Figure 4.19 Simulated substrate fields obtained near 10-GHz using convention...

Figure 4.20 Schematic diagram indicating Z‐polarized electric fields with sy...

Figure 4.21 Simulated substrate fields obtained near 10-GHz using DGS integr...

Figure 4.22 Linear DGS integrated microstrip patch: (a) circular patch; (b) ...

Figure 4.23 H‐plane radiation patterns the microstrip antennas integrated wi...

Figure 4.24 An equilateral triangular patch integrated with “L”‐shaped DGS (...

Figure 4.25 H‐plane radiation patterns of a triangular patch with and withou...

Figure 4.26 A square patch with different feed configurations: (a) layout wi...

Figure 4.27 DGS integrated microstrip‐fed patch: (a) layout from the bottom ...

Figure 4.28 Radiation patterns at resonance for the antennas in Figure 4.27 ...

Figure 4.29 DGS integrated millimeter wave microstrip patch and its radiatio...

Figure 4.30 Coax‐fed rectangular patch integrated with (a) slot‐DGS [38] and...

Figure 4.31 A rectangular patch integrated with non‐proximal symmetric DGS: ...

Figure 4.32 Studies of the effect of DGS in the design of Figure 4.31: (a) s...

Figure 4.33 L‐shaped DGS integrated rectangular patch.

Figure 4.34 Comparison of H‐plane radiation patterns of rectangular patches ...

Figure 4.35 (a) General configuration of a gridded DGS (GDGS) (b) top view o...

Figure 4.36 Radiation characteristics of the antenna shown in Figure 4.35, o...

Figure 4.37 Cross‐polarized isolation of probe fed rectangular microstrip pa...

Figure 4.38 Suppression in cross‐polarized radiation of a rectangular micros...

Figure 4.39 H‐plane radiation patterns of circular patches with and without ...

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 A probe‐fed radiating microstrip patch antenna.

Figure 5.2 Modal electric field distributions for TM

10

and TM

02

modes beneat...

Figure 5.3 E‐field distributions due to TM

10

under a resonant microstrip pat...

Figure 5.4 E‐field distributions due to TM

02

mode under a rectangular micros...

Figure 5.5 A coax‐fed rectangular microstrip patch with shorting pins along ...

Figure 5.6 Radiation patterns of shorting pin loaded patch depicted in Figur...

Figure 5.7 A rectangular patch with a pair of grounded metallic spikes near ...

Figure 5.8 Radiation patterns of the antenna depicted in Figure 5.7: (a) H‐p...

Figure 5.9 Probe‐fed conventional patches: (a) rectangular; (b) square; (c) ...

Figure 5.10 Variation in electric and magnetic fields at radial distance

S

a...

Figure 5.11 Variation in

E

x

at radial distance

S

and resulting XP levels at ...

Figure 5.12Figure 5.12 Variation in

E

y

at radial distance

S

and resulting XP...

Figure 5.13 Variation in

H

x

at radial distance

S

and resulting XP levels at ...

Figure 5.14 Variation in

H

y

at radial distance

S

and resulting XP levels at ...

Figure 5.15 The ground plane (GP) beneath a microstrip patch and required en...

Figure 5.16 Engineered geometry based on the analytical studies [15]: (a) is...

Figure 5.17 Photographs of the prototype of the antenna shown in Figure 5.16...

Figure 5.18

S

11

versus frequency of the proposed prototypes shown in Figure ...

Figure 5.19 Radiation patterns of the circular patch prototypes (Figure 5.17...

Figure 5.20 Variation in

H

x

and

H

...

Figure 5.21 Simulated

H

x

field distribution on the upper surface of the subs...

Figure 5.22 Simulated

H

y

field distribution on the upper surface of the subs...

Figure 5.23 3D bar graphs showing impedance variation over a quadrant [15]: ...

Figure 5.24 Coax‐fed rectangular patch on an engineered GP [17]: (a) top vie...

Figure 5.25 Radiation patterns of the antenna shown in Figure 5.24 compared ...

Figure 5.26 Peak XP level as a function of radiation plane

ϕ

for antenn...

Figure 5.27 Simulated surface fields and XP radiations of the antenna shown ...

Figure 5.28 Simulated portray of surface current for a coax‐fed microstrip p...

Figure 5.29 Schematic diagram of a non‐proximal DGS integrated microstrip pa...

Figure 5.30 Simulated portray of surface current on the ground plane for the...

Figure 5.31 Schematic geometry of a non‐proximal DGS after modification over...

Figure 5.32 Simulated conduction currents on the non‐proximal DGS surfaces: ...

Figure 5.33 Photographs of a set of prototypes of the antenna in Figure 5.31...

Figure 5.34 Measured and simulated radiation patterns of the prototype (Figu...

Figure 5.35 Relative change in XP level of the antenna shown in Figure 5.31 ...

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Schematic view of a DGS‐integrated probe‐fed rectangular patch: (...

Figure 6.2 Simulated H‐plane radiation patterns of the antenna in Figure 6.1...

Figure 6.3 A 2-×-2 array of rectangular...

Figure 6.4 Radiation patterns of the prototype (Figure 6.3) obtained at 10-G...

Figure 6.5 Schematic diagram of microstrip feed network for...

Figure 6.6 A typical 2-×-2 array and its...

Figure 6.7 A DGS‐based 2-×-2 array. (a) Layout...

Figure 6.8 Radiation patterns of the microstrip‐...

Figure 6.9 Two different types of SMA mounts connected at two ends of a micr...

Figure 6.10 Substrate electric fields portray at 11.5-GHz for microstrip lin...

Figure 6.11 Simulated

S

21

characteristics compared for the microstrip lines ...

Figure 6.12 DGS‐based 2-×-2 array [11]:...

Figure 6.13 Simulated H‐and D‐plane patterns of...

Figure 6.14 Two 2-×-1 arrays with mutually...

Figure 6.15 4-×-1 arrays in vertical and horizontal...

Figure 6.16

S

‐parameters of 4 × 1 array as shown in Figure 6.15,[16].

Figure 6.17 Simulated radiation patterns of the arrays shown in Figure 6.15 ...

Figure 6.18 DGS‐based Rectenna with reduced RCS [17].

Figure 6.19 Measured and simulated performances of the antennas with and wit...

Figure 6.20 Metasurface‐based nine elements aperture‐fed array integrated wi...

Figure 6.21 Comparison of the array performance (Figure 6.20) with and witho...

Figure 6.22 Measured and simulated radiation patterns of DGS‐based array II ...

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 Schematic diagram indicating various channels of mutual coupling ...

Figure 7.2 Effect of surface wave on the radiation of an individual element ...

Figure 7.3 Periodic complementary split‐ring resonator (SRR)‐based EBG on th...

Figure 7.4 DGS‐integrated two‐element E‐plane array [5]: (a) single ring‐sha...

Figure 7.5 Closely packed two PIFA elements with an intermediate serrated sl...

Figure 7.6 Arc‐shaped DGS to reduce mutual coupling between a pair of cylind...

Figure 7.7 Fractal DGS to mitigate the mutual coupling between two S‐band sq...

Figure 7.8 Simulated conduction currents on the patch surface of the antenna...

Figure 7.9 Microstrip patches with a DGS that works on common mode/differenc...

Figure 7.10 A 2-×-2 microstrip array with specially...

Figure 7.11 A pair of microstrip patches with slot‐array DGS [34]: (a) schem...

Figure 7.12 H‐shaped DGS to improve scan blindness of a 2‐element microstrip...

Figure 7.13 A 4-×-4 element DGS‐integrated...

Figure 7.14 E‐plane radiation patterns of the 16‐element array shown in Figu...

Figure 7.15 A DGS‐based metasurface array [43]: (a) top view of the layer of...

Figure 7.16 A representative study indicating the impact of DGS on a metasur...

Figure 7.17 Measured data for the prototype shown in...

Figure 7.18 Schematic diagram of a microstrip‐fed sinusoid monopole antenna ...

Figure 7.19 Schematic diagrams of printed monopoles decoupled by different D...

Figure 7.20 Photograph of the fabricated prototype showing two mutually perp...

Figure 7.21 Photograph of the fabricated prototype showing two adjacent mono...

Figure 7.22 Schematic diagram of a triple port MIMO DRA integrated with DGS....

Figure 7.23 DGS‐based MIMO array [73]: (a) The 3‐layer layout showing bottom...

Figure 7.24 Layer wise layout of a single unit of a dual polarized DGS‐based...

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 A scheme of CP antenna design expressed in terms of the rotating ...

Figure 8.2 Single feed CP microstrip patches: (a) Near square patch fed by a...

Figure 8.3 Producing CP radiation using dual feed...

Figure 8.4 CP design of a circular microstrip patch by multipoint feeding wi...

Figure 8.5 CP generation by sequential rotation of linearly polarized elemen...

Figure 8.6 Dual frequency annular ring CP antenna with DGS integrated ground...

Figure 8.7 Measured characteristics of the antenna shown in Figure 8.6,[13]:...

Figure 8.8 Fractal DGS for generating CP operation in a square microstrip pa...

Figure 8.9 Simulated boresight radiated fields...

Figure 8.10 Characteristics of the antenna shown in Figure 8.8,[14]: (a) co‐...

Figure 8.11 Polarization diversity CP antenna based on a single unit of frac...

Figure 8.12 CP design using grid‐DGS [16]: (a) top view; (b) viewed from the...

Figure 8.13 CP and radiation characteristics of the antenna shown in Figure ...

Figure 8.14 PIN switch integrated DGS for CP radiation [18]: (a) a square pa...

Figure 8.15 Performance of the reconfigurable CP antenna shown in Figure 8.1...

Figure 8.16 PIN Switch Integrated loop DGS beneath two strategic corners of ...

Figure 8.17 Performance of the reconfigurable CP antenna shown in Figure 8.1...

Figure 8.18 Tangentially fed CP antenna integrated with circular dot‐shaped ...

Figure 8.19 Improvement of CP performance by DGS integration technique [21]:...

Figure 8.20 A circularly polarized patch design facilitated by DGS [22]: (a)...

Figure 8.21 A circular patch fed by quadruple L‐probe integrated with wideba...

Figure 8.22 Simulated and measured axial ratio of the CP antenna shown in Fi...

Figure 8.23 Schematic diagram of a coax‐fed truncated corner square patch fo...

Figure 8.24 Characteristics of impedance (

S

11

) and axial ratio (AR) bandwidt...

Figure 8.25 Schematic diagram of a coax‐fed truncated corner square patch wi...

Figure 8.26 Simulated portrays for the antenna in Figure 8.25 with and witho...

Figure 8.27 Variations in minimum AR and CP bandwidth with truncation parame...

Figure 8.28 Input and radiation characteristics of the CP antenna (Figure 8....

Figure 8.29 Wideband CP patch using suspended thick composite substrate [29]...

Figure 8.30 Characteristics of the CP antenna in Figure 8.29 as the function...

Figure 8.31 Radiation patterns of the RHCP patch as in Figure 8.29,[29]: (a)...

Figure 8.32 Effective near fields as a function of asymmetric fringe field d...

Figure 8.33 DGS geometries tested for correcting the beam squint: (a) AL‐DGS...

Figure 8.34 3D radiation patterns at 8.2-GHz showing the beam squint scenari...

Figure 8.35 Measured radiations with and without AA‐DGS compared with the si...

Figure 8.36 Simulated fringing fields obtained at 8.2 GHz across

xz

‐plane [2...

Figure 8.37 SIW‐based dual CP antenna with DGS [31]. Left side; top view: SI...

Figure 8.38 DGS configuration and their performances with reference to the d...

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 (a) Printed monopole with engineered ground plane for the require...

Figure 9.2 Rectangular printed monopole with defected ground plane for wide ...

Figure 9.3 CPW fed fractal monopole antenna with defected ground plane.

Figure 9.4 Fractal shaped defect on the ground plane and the origin of the f...

Figure 9.5 Trapezoidal printed monopole integrated with double U‐shaped DGS ...

Figure 9.6 Simulated impedance characteristics of the monopole shown in Figu...

Figure 9.7 Simulated

S

11

versus frequency for the monopole in Figure 9.5 wit...

Figure 9.8 CPW fed circular head printed monopole with a single L‐shaped DGS...

Figure 9.9 Simulated

S

11

of a CPW‐fed circular monopole (Figure 9.8) without...

Figure 9.10 Simulated surface current on the DGS integrated monopole at 2.7-...

Figure 9.11 Photographs of the fabricated prototypes shown in Figure 9.8 (a)...

Figure 9.12

S

11

characteristics of the prototypes shown in Figure 9.11,[16]:...

Figure 9.13 CPW fed monopole integrated with single cell MTM and L‐shaped DG...

Figure 9.14 Simulated

S

11

characteristics for three designs: Case 1‐ referen...

Figure 9.15 Single MTM cell and the DGS loaded planar monopole [17]: (a) Pho...

Figure 9.16 CPW fed monopole antenna with balanced L‐shaped defects on the g...

Figure 9.17 Slot loaded square patch monopole with T‐shaped DGS.

Figure 9.18 Influence of the defects on the monopole design in Figure 9.17,[...

Figure 9.19 A CPW fed rhombic monopole antenna with slit/notch DGS.

Figure 9.20 Schematic diagrams of a few representative UWB monopoles with du...

Figure 9.21 Characterization of the antenna structure shown in Figure 9.20c ...

Figure 9.22 Schematic diagram of a microstrip fed circular monopole antenna ...

Figure 9.23 Dual port MIMO antenna using two stepped slot antennas integrate...

Figure 9.24 Layout of shaped slot loaded 4‐square patches for a MIMO antenna...

Figure 9.25 (a) UWB antenna feed with multi‐section feed line and integrated...

Figure 9.26 Time domain response (input pulse followed by the received signa...

Guide

Cover Page

Table of Contents

Series Page

Title Page

Copyright

Author Biographies

Preface

Acknowledgments

Begin Reading

Index

Wiley End User License Agreement

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Defected Ground Structure (DGS) Based Antennas

Design Physics, Engineering, and Applications

Debatosh Guha, Chandrakanta Kumar, and Sujoy Biswas

Copyright © 2023 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Author Biographies

Debatosh Guha is a Professor in Radio Physics and Electronics, University of Calcutta and Abdul Kalam Technology Innovation National Fellow. He is a Fellow of the IEEE and also of the national academies of his country such as the Indian National Science Academy (INSA), Indian Academy of Sciences (IASc), The National Academy of Sciences, India (NASI), and Indian National Academy of Engineering (INAE). He has served IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation and IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters as an associate editor for two consecutive terms. He has served on the IEEE AP‐S Fields Award Committee (2017–2019) and is serving the IEEE AP‐S MGA Committee from 2021 as a member and is chairing the IEEE Technical Committee on Antenna Measurements since 2022. He has represented India in the URSI Commission B since 2015. He co‐edited a book titled Microstrip and Printed Antennas: New Trends, Techniques and Applications in 2010, published by Wiley. He is a Distinguished Lecturer of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society.

Chandrakanta Kumar received his M. Tech and PhD in Radio Physics and Electronics from the University of Calcutta, and completed the Space Studies Program, from International Space University, Strasbourg, France. He is an engineer with U R Rao Satellite Centre and primarily responsible for designing antennas for satellites and ground stations. His designs flew onboard Chandrayaan‐1 and 2, Moon Impact Probe, Mars Orbiter Mission, and many other missions. He contributed to the design of Beam Wave Guide of 32m diameter antenna of the Indian deep space network station. Dr. Kumar is a Fellow of the Indian National Academy of Engineering (INAE) and a recipient of the “Young Scientist Merit Award” and the “Team Excellence Award” from ISRO; and the “Hari Ramji Toshniwal Award” and the “Prof. S. N. Mitra Memorial Award” from IETE, India. Low cross‐pol microstrip antennas and array, spherical phased‐array antennas, lightweight spacecraft antennas, microwave photonics, are some of his areas of special interest.

Sujoy Biswas is the Head of Electronics and Communication Engineering at the Department of Neotia Institute of Technology, Management and Science, India. He also served the Microwave Industry in India (2004–2007) as a Senior RF Design Engineer where he was engaged in design and development of various RF components for defense and space applications. He has made pioneering contributions in the field of DGS‐integrated antennas and also co‐authored a book chapter in this area titled “Defected Ground Structure for Microstrip Antennas” in Microstrip and Printed Antennas: New Trends, Techniques and Applications, Wiley, 2010. He has published numerous technical papers in international journals and conferences and also served different international symposia and conferences as a technical committee member. He is an active volunteer of IEEE and has served the local IEEE AP/MTT‐S Chapter as a Chair (2020–2021).

Preface

This is an original and coveted document on DGS‐based antennas presented for the first time encompassing its fundamentals to the state‐of‐the‐art developments. The technique indeed is relatively new since “DGS,” the abbreviated form of Defected Ground Structure, was primarily conceived in 2000 (Kim, Park, Ahn, Lim, IEEE MWCL, 10(4), 131–133, 2000) and that was quite focused on microwave printed circuit applications. The concept of applying DGS to moderate radiation and other properties of microstrip antennas dates back to 2005 (Guha, Biswas, Antar, IEEE AWPL, 4, 455‐458, 2005), and we have been actively involved in initiating the concept as well as nurturing the subsequent developments over the decades.

DGS‐based engineering immediately attracted various groups of antenna researchers including practicing engineers in the world's leading R&D laboratories. Their serious application‐oriented approaches were quickly revealed through personal communications with us and through numerous articles widely published in journals and conference proceedings. A brief account of those was provided in the form of a book chapter in 2011 (Guha, Biswas, Antar, Ch. 12 in Microstrip and Printed Antennas, Ed. Guha & Antar, Wiley, 2011) as the first attempt to facilitate the engineers with more insights into theory and design.

It would be relevant to note that the first design of a DGS‐integrated microstrip antenna, which we conceived in 2003 (reported in 2005 in IEEE AWPL), was completely based on a conjecture and approximate calculations without using any commercial simulator. Elementary versions of some simulation tools might have been available then in some limited advanced laboratories globally, but with no such traces in Indian academia. Some analytical models were known, but they were mostly geometry dependent.

Those limitations and challenges could not stop the antenna researchers; rather their enthusiasm added multiple colors to the study and useful applications to meet the need of the day. We have been contributing more toward the fundamentals in terms of analysis, design physics, and addressing the real challenges in application, and at the same time have been carefully watching the flare of the subject in various dimensions. We have been facing passionate technical queries starting from young researchers to veteran engineers, and parallelly receiving requests to write a complete book on this topic. This was the source of our motivation to start the ball rolling. Gradually we realized that it is difficult to write a complete book on a technology which is ever growing with new directions and innovations. That realization indeed forced us to wrap up the manuscript concentrating on the major needs and key requirements for both beginners like students and researchers, and R&D people working in industries.

The whole content in the book has been organized through nine chapters, and it is primarily based on our first‐hand experience in dealing with the problems since the inception. We have tried our best to explain the physics and fundamentals of several intricate design aspects which are mostly untold in the open literature. At the same time, several published works have been addressed with relatively lesser in‐depth discussions but with appropriate references so that the interested readers can quickly follow them up for detailed information.

The first two chapters are important to beginners. Chapter 1 gives a comprehensive introduction to the subject and to some extent a flavor of historical development of DGS. Chapter 2 is purely technical bearing all sorts of standard methods of theoretical analysis, modeling, and synthesis of DGS. Chapter 3 bridges the application of DGS from circuit to antennas. It discusses the concept of DGS underneath the printed feed lines to microstrip antennas to protect them from the higher harmonics commonly produced by the integrated amplifier or oscillator circuits. Chapters 4–6 address in‐depth discussions and the most useful aspects of DGS‐based techniques to control the cross‐polarized (XP) radiations. Of these, Chapter 4 deals with the known physics behind XP generation in a standalone microstrip element and how DGS could be able to fight against the same. In contrast, Chapter 5 embodies more recent and advanced investigations enlightening the possible XP sources in microstrip radiators and also a few DGS‐based solutions. Chapter 6 specifically addresses microstrip arrays and the challenges of DGS integration for improved performance. Apart from XP handling, another major potential of DGS is to mitigate mutual coupling commonly occurring between the microstrip array elements causing major shortcomings like radar scan blindness. Chapter 7 deals with DGS‐based approaches to minimize the mutual coupling effect and hence improve the radiation issues. It covers the growing application of DGS in compact 5G MIMO and Millimeterwave antenna systems. Chapter 8 is a bit different from the rest of the chapters since it deals with circularly polarized (CP) patch design. This topic is relatively less investigated using DGS, although this chapter has unambiguously demonstrated the potential of DGS in addressing several challenges in achieving advanced CP performance. Chapter 9 embodies the application of DGS in UWB printed monopoles where the ground plane takes a major role in radiation. This chapter has shown how a DGS helps in controlling the overall radiation of the antenna and also providing some essential narrow band notches within the ultrawide impedance bandwidth.

A beginner may consider this book as a guide to understand the subject and the research potential in this field. To a practicing engineer and an educator, we believe that this book would be a comprehensive source of up‐to‐date information and knowledge. Our efforts will be successful if our readers appreciate and find the book useful for them.

Debatosh Guha

Chandrakanta Kumar

Sujoy Biswas

Acknowledgments

Writing a book on a new and continuously developing technology is a rare experience. It offers enormous liberty and, at the same time, a profound responsibility. That is the reason why we started the process long ago and changed the format from time to time over the period of putting the materials together. The final organization of the manuscript has been distinctly appreciated with minor suggestions by some anonymous reviewers that indeed strengthened our efforts leading toward the final shape. We sincerely acknowledge them for providing quality time to review the manuscript and useful comments.

We express our thanks and indebtedness to our colleagues, co‐researchers, coauthors, and students who have been associated with us and helped throughout the process. We would especially mention the names of our co‐researchers Sk. Rafidul and Ms. Debi Dutta of the University of Calcutta, India, Dr. Chandreyee Sarkar of Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, India, and Dr. Mohammad Intiyas Pasha of U R Rao Satellite Center, India, who helped tremendously in preparing the manuscript. Dr. Xiaoming Chen of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China, and Dr. Yan‐Wen Zhao of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, also helped by providing us with high‐quality images from their published works. The publication process has been thoroughly guided and assisted by Ms. Aileen Storry, Wiley, Oxford, UK, and Ms. Kimberly Monroe‐Hill, Wiley, New Jersey, USA. We are extremely thankful to both of them for their continuous help that has made our job easy.

We cannot refrain from acknowledging the ungrudging support and cooperation received from the members our family and also from our parent Institutions such as the Institute of Radio Physics and Electronics, University of Calcutta; the U R Rao Satellite Center, Bangalore; and the Neotia Institute of Technology Management and Science, Kolkata, India.

1Introduction to DGS: The Concept and Evolution

1.1 Introduction

The last decade has witnessed significant advancements in the area of wireless communication with the advent of new technologies like 4th (4G) and 5th (5G) generation mobile communication, massive Multiple‐Input Multiple‐Output (MIMO