Deploying IPv6 in 3GPP Networks E-Book

Jouni Korhonen

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: NSN/Nokia Series
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 798

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

Deploying IPv6 in 3GPP Networks – Evolving Mobile Broadband from 2G to LTE and Beyond 

A practical guide enabling mobile operators to deploy IPv6 with confidence

The most widely used cellular mobile broadband network technology is based on the 3GPP standards. The history and background of the 3GPP technology is in the Global Mobile Service (GSM) technology and the work done in European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). This primary voice service network has evolved to be the dominant mobile Internet access technology.

Deploying IPv6 in 3GPP Networks covers how Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is currently defined in the industry standards for cellular mobile broadband, why and how this route was taken in the technology, and what is the current reality of the deployment. Furthermore, it offers the authors’ views on how some possible IPv6 related advances 3GPP networks may be improved during the coming years. It gives guidance how to implement and deploy IPv6 correctly in the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) mobile broadband environment, and what issues one may face when doing so. The book covers 3GPP technologies from 2G to LTE, and offers some ideas for the future.         

Key features

• written by highly respected and experienced authors from the IPv6 / mobile world
• Provides an explanation of the technical background for some not-so-obvious design choices, what to concentrate on, and what transition strategies should be used by the vendors and the operators
• Offers a useful reference guide for operators and vendors entering into IPv6 business

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright

Disclaimer

Dedication

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgments

Acronyms

Glossary

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Introduction to Internet and the Internet Protocol

1.2 Internet Principles

1.3 The Internet Protocol

1.4 Internet Protocol Addresses

1.5 Transport Protocols

1.6 Domain Name Service

1.7 IPv4 Address Exhaustion

1.8 IPv6 History Thus Far

1.9 Ongoing Cellular Deployments

1.10 Chapter Summary

1.11 Suggested Reading

References

Chapter 2: Basics of the 3GPP Technologies

2.1 Standardization and Specifications

2.2 Introduction to 3GPP Network Architecture and Protocols

2.3 3GPP Protocols

2.4 Mobility and Roaming

2.5 Central Concepts for IP Connectivity

2.6 User Equipment

2.7 Subscription Management Databases and Other Backend Systems

2.8 End-to-end View from the User Equipment to the Internet

2.9 Chapter Summary

2.10 Suggested Reading

References

Chapter 3: Introduction to IPv6

3.1 IPv6 Addressing Architecture

3.2 IPv6 Packet Header Structure and Extensibility

3.3 Internet Control Message Protocol Version 6

3.4 Neighbor Discovery Protocol

3.5 Address Configuration and Selection Approaches

3.6 IPv6 Link Types and Models

3.7 Mobile IP

3.8 IP Security

3.9 Application Programming Interfaces

3.10 Implications of IPv6 for Other Protocols

3.11 Validation and Certification

3.12 Example IPv6 Packet Flows

3.13 Chapter Summary

References

Chapter 4: IPv6 in 3GPP Networks

4.1 PDN Connectivity Service

4.2 End User IPv6 Service Impact on the 3GPP System

4.3 End User IPv6 Service Impact on GTP and PMIPv6 Protocols

4.4 IP Address Assignment, Configuration, and Management

4.5 Bearer Establishment and Fallback Scenarios

4.8 Multicast

4.9 Known IPv6 Issues and Anomalies

4.10 IPv6 Specific Security Considerations

4.11 Chapter Summary

References

Chapter 5: IPv6 Transition Mechanisms for 3GPP Networks

5.1 Motivation for Transition Mechanisms

5.2 Technology Overview

5.3 Transition Toolbox

5.4 Transition Scenarios for 3GPP

5.5 Transition Impacts on 3GPP Architecture

5.6 Transitioning to IPv6

5.7 Chapter Summary

References

Chapter 6: Future of IPv6 in 3GPP Networks

6.1 IPv6-based Traffic Offloading Solutions

6.2 Evolving 3GPP Bearers to Multiple Prefixes and Next-hop Routers

6.3 LTE as the Uplink Access for Home Networks

6.4 Port Control Protocol

6.5 Internet of Things

6.6 Chapter Summary

References

Index

This edition first published 2013

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Savolainen, Teemu.

Deploying IPv6 in 3GPP networks : evolving mobile broadband from 2G to LTE and beyond /

Teemu Savolainen, Jouni Korhonen, Jonne Soininen.

pages cm

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-118-39829-6 (cloth)

1. Long-Term Evolution (Telecommunications) 2. Cell phone systems. 3. Mobile computing. 4.

TCP/IP (Computer network protocol) I. Korhonen, Jouni. II. Soininen, Jonne. III. Title.

TK5103.48325.S28 2013

621.3845′6–dc23

2012050393

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN: 9781118398296

Disclaimer

This book is based on the authors' personal experiences in the technical field and public standards documents created by 3GPP, IETF, and other standards defining organizations. The opinions and views of the authors are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of organizations where the authors work. Throughout this book the authors have attempted to make it clear when something is an opinion or a view of the authors. Some of the examples, feature lists, and identified ambiguities may not apply universally to all deployments and products.

The publisher and the authors make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation warranties of fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales or promotional materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for every situation. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional services. If professional assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. Neither the publisher nor the authors shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. The fact that an organization or Website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or web site may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet web sites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read.

This book is dedicated to the next generation Jouni, Teemu, Jonne

Foreword

I have been fortunate to have first been involved in the Internet when it was still a relatively small research project at ARPA. I worked at Bolt, Beranek, and Newman in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on the Arpanet and the early Internet starting in 1978. It was definitely being at the right place at the right time. I was able to work with the people who really did invent the Internet. I was part of the research groups that evolved into what is now the organization that standardizes the core Internet protocols: the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).

In the early 1990s we realized that there was going to be a problem with the size of the address space used in the current version of the Internet protocol, IPv4. We could see that the Class-B part of the IPv4 address space was rapidly being consumed. Note that this was well before the World Wide Web (WWW) was a factor in growth, the Internet largely consisted of connecting universities and research organizations. Applications were pretty basic. Even then we were seeing rapid growth, though in hindsight it was only a hint as to what was to happen later.

This resulted in starting a project in the IETF to create a new version of the Internet Protocol. This was called the IP next generation (IPng) program. A number of different approaches were considered. A lot of effort was invested in all of the proposals and as you would expect a very vigorous debate ensued. In the end, the protocol we now call IP version 6 (IPv6) was selected. Stephen Deering and I led this effort.

The development of a new version of the Internet Protocol solved two problems, one technical and one political. The political problem, that is easy to forget now, is that at the time the TCP/IP Internet was not a sure thing. It wasn't supported by the large telecoms of the time, by governments, or by official standards bodies like ANSI and the ITU. While there was a general agreement that a new data network was desirable, there wasn't any agreement about what it should be based on. The TCP/IP Internet was then probably the least likely to become what was then called the ‘Information Superhighway’. It was the ‘dark horse’, so to speak. In addition, most other standards groups, governments, and large telcos didn't even recognize the IETF because it was purely voluntary and didn't have any de jure underpinning. We weren't considered to be the ‘grown-ups’.

The result was that, as more people started to hear that the TCP/IP Internet didn't have a technical future because it might run out of addresses soon, it became a significant political problem. The development and standardization of IPv6 fixed this political problem. We might not now have the current TCP/IP Internet if IPv6 had not been developed.

IPv6 also solved the technical problem of running out of IP addresses. This is the major problem that it was intended to solve and it is the main reason that IPv6 isbeing deployed today. I have concluded that a good way of evaluating new technologies (networking and otherwise) is if the problem they purport to solve stays the same. That is, is it a solution looking for a problem, or is it focused on a real problem? IPv6 is clearly an example of the latter. It was designed to solve the IPv4 address exhaustion problem and didn't try to evolve into solving some other problem. This is the reason that it is being deployed today.

As much as the Internet has grown from the early days, I think that the growth has only really begun. We have gone from the days where networked computers were very large and filled rooms to where a networked computer fits in a shirt pocket, from where many people shared a single large computer to where every person has many computers. This phase of the Internet is not complete as not everywhere in the world do people have access to computers and the Internet—but we are getting there. IPv6 is a necessary element in this continuing phase of Internet growth.

The next phase of Internet growth will be different and much larger. Instead of connecting people, it will to be connecting ‘things’. The current phase of Internet growth is making the Internet broader and taller—the next phase will make it denser. We are moving toward a world where more and more ‘things’ are connected, devices that are not directly associated with people, for example, sensors, appliances, entertainment equipment, lightning controls, power distribution, and cars. Just about everything will have a computer in it and will be connected to the Internet. For this phase of Internet growth, IPv6 is essential.

Overall, IPv6 solves the problem of addressing in a much, much larger Internet. The Internet has changed the world in many ways; IPv6 will allow the Internet to continue growing and with that growth continue the benefits that it brings to the world. IPv6 running on cellular networks will have an important role in the continuing growth of the Internet.

I worked at Nokia from 1998 through 2009 in various groups and roles, and ended with the title of Nokia Fellow. I got to know Jouni, Teemu, and Jonne very well. I was honored to be asked to write the foreword to their book. They were very involved in the 3rd Generation Partnership Program (3GPP) standardization effort and were responsible for bringing IPv6 to 3GPP and making it part of the mobile protocol standards.

I believe that this book will make an important contribution to IPv6 deployment in mobile Internet devices.

In the IETF there is a toast we like to give. To paraphrase: ‘Kudos to Jouni, Teemu, and Jonne for writing this useful book and to the universal deployment of IPv6.’

Robert Hinden, Palo Alto, California

Preface

The story of this book began in March 2010, when John Wiley and Sons Ltd approached Teemu with a request to review a book proposal. While reviewing the proposal, Teemu got an idea for a book, and thought it would be great fun to write such a book. And after all, it could not be that hard. The original idea was to write a book about ‘IPv6 Multihoming’, a topic we touch on in Chapter 6 of this book. In August 2010 Teemu and Jouni were working in a joint Finnish TEKES-funded research project called ‘Wireless Broadband Access (WiBrA)’, and Teemu came to ask if Jouni would be interested in co-authoring a book about ‘Advanced IPv6 Multihoming’. Jouni was interested, but was also proposing a slightly different focus for the book. During 2010 and 2011 Wiley approached us periodically, and patiently reminded us to send a detailed proposal for a book. It took quite some time to get into grips with and actually write the book proposal, as we were both busy working with practical IPv6 matters of our employers, doing research under WiBrA, and spending time with IETF and 3GPP standardization activities. In retrospect pieces of the puzzle seem to have fallen into place rather nicely, as the time we did not manage to write a book proposal, was mostly spent on gaining actual experience and knowledge which have significantly affected the details of this book.

In fall of 2011 Teemu and Jouni got more into actually progressing the book, and approached Jonne with a request to be the third author. We all knew each other from the past, as we had all been working for Nokia or Nokia Siemens Networks at the same time. With the three of us we thought we would have wide enough skill-set and experience to write the book: Teemu had the background on the handset implementations, Jouni had the background on cellular network operations and network equipment implementation, and Jonne had the background from being a long-timer in network equipment implementation and IPv6. All of us had been active in 3GPP and IETF standardization, with Jonne being involved in 3GPP already when IPv6 got hammered into 3GPP standards. Together we had more than three decades of experience of IPv6.

With three of us together, we started planning to write a 150–200 page book, but it soon increased to close on 400 pages. At the same time the scope changed from multihoming into describing the basics of IPv6 in 3GPP networks, as we thought that there is more need to describe how IPv6 is implemented in 3GPP cellular systems, than focusing on advanced uses of the IPv6. The 400 pages was roughly the size of the book proposal that Wiley approved in February 2012. At the completion, the book had 398 pages.

We agreed on a schedule we thought would be doable and would bring the book to readers around mid 2013. Based on the experience elsewhere, nine months should be enough to complete a project anyway. The bold intent was to work on the book inour spare time, almost as a hobby, alongside our daily works duties. Perhaps influenced by the design of TCP, we got into slow start mode. We lived at different cities, and hence our working mode was effectively based on telephone, email, and an IPv6-only SVN-based version control tool that Jouni set up for us. Our face-to-face meetings were limited to IETF meetings, which we all participated in. At the midpoint of the project we had less than a third of the book written. This resulted in quite a busy August–October of 2012, when the bulk of the book was written and reviewed. We did not want to slip on the mid 2013 target, so we had to steal time from elsewhere—typically from sleeping hours.

Despite the long hours towards the completion of the book, we have found this topic fun and educative to write about. The IPv6 is a fascinating technology with many details and aspects. It provides topics of pure academic interest, engineering beauty, fixes and patches, politics and economics, research opportunities for the future, and overall it reflects how human beings work and build the world. From simple details we build very complex systems, which borderline being fully understandable for a single mind.

We hope that this book helps you to gain foot hold on IPv6 itself, and in particular in 3GPP systems. Reading this book should provide you with an knowledge framework of this technology, and thus help in applying the knowledge in the field, and also enable learning in more areas through references, literature, and elsewhere.

We wish you happy reading and a deeper love for acronyms.

Jouni, Teemu, Jonne

Acknowledgments

First of all, we would like to acknowledge our families for their support for, and bearing with, us during the writing of this book. Without our families' support it would not have been possible to generate the effort that this book required.

We would also like to thank our employers, Nokia, Nokia Siemens Networks, and Renesas Mobile, for not discouraging us to work from writing a book in our spare time, and also for providing us with years of work in the area of IPv6, standardization, and industry collaboration. Without being able to work on actual real-life issues, it would not have been possible to learn the things that form a major part of this book.

Major acknowledgments also go to the Nokia devices unit, which has provided us with IPv6 capable devices. Latest of the devices was the 21M-02 USB-modem that was capable of opening IPv4v6 type of PDP Context, and hence made interesting new testing scenarios possible. Before that, a long line of handsets, since around 2004, made it possible to gather experience on cellular IPv6 usage. We would also like to acknowledge Illka Keisala from TeliaSonera Finland for arranging us, via Finnish TEKES WiBrA-project, IPv6-enabled SIM-cards that made it possible to try out IPv6 also in roaming scenarios—free of charge.

Teemu sacrificed time from his three small children, Emil, Nea, and Elias, and spouse, Hanna, for creation of this book—mea culpa. Acknowledgments for helping Teemu to get to this point go to all managers, colleagues, and subordinates in Nokia who have provided the possibility to work with IPv6 implementations and standardization, made Teemu aware of interesting problems, and supported him in everyday work. Special acknowledgments go to Petri Vaipuro, who in 2001 hired Teemu to work on TCP/IPv6 implementation tasks and by so doing provided the opportunity to jump into this technology, and Juha Wiljakka, who taught Teemu the secrets of IPv6 standardization and IETF.

Jouni apologies, again, to his wife Hanna for being mentally absent during the furious writing sessions. It was all done at the expense of the family quality time. Jouni also acknowledges the highly skilled folks in Nokia Siemens Networks NeVe labs, Kari Tiirikainen and Mark Stoker among others, for providing him full access to fool around with the latest software releases and bearing with his newbie questions on the setup details. Gyorgy Wolfner and Giorgi Gulbani provided invaluable insight into 3GPP specification details over the years. The same gratitude also goes to Nokia Siemens Networks SmartLabs for providing Jouni with the latest IPv6 enabled handsets and native IPv6 Internet access used in the TEKES WiBrA-project. Jouni also thanks Paulig for Presidentti coffee and all the caffeine he got out of it into his veins.

Jonne thanks his wife Anoush, and children Sofia and Matias for their excellent support during this book project, which limited the possibilities to really have quality family time, and doing anything else together other than stay at home. Jonne would also like to thank his manager, Erkki Yli-Juuti at Renesas Mobile, for the support to get through this project. Jonne would also like to thank Bob Hinden, Steve Crocker, Pertti Lukander, David Kessens, Mikko Puuskari, and Jaakko Rajaniemi for the guidance, understanding, collegiality, and support over the years spent learning the 3GPP technology, secrets of standardization, and especially during the transition from telecom to the Internet mindset. In addition, Jonne would like to thank Juha Wiljakka for the excellent cooperation and being a partner in crime in Nokia while working on IPv6 at a time when universal deployment of IPv6 was not quite as obvious as it is today.

Finally, we would like to thank friendly people from John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Laserwords Private Limited, and Archive Publications for their assistance in getting this project into covers and shelves. Special thanks go to Alexandra, Catherine, Claire, Krupa, Mark, Paul, Sandra, Sophia, Susan, and Teresa.

Acronyms

2G

2nd Generation

3G

3rd Generation

3GPP

3rd Generation Partnership Project

3GPP2

3rd Generation Partnership Project 2

4G

4th Generation

6LoWPAN

IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks

6RD

IPv6 Rapid Deployment on IPv4 infrastructures

6bone

6bone

6over4

IPv6 over IPv4 without explicit tunnels

6 to 4

Connection of IPv6 domains via IPv4 clouds

A

IPv4 address record

AAA

Authentication, Authorization and Accounting

AAAA

IPv6 address record

ACL

Access Control List

AD

Area Director

AfriNIC

African Network Information Center

AFTR

Address Family Transition Router

AH

Authentication Header

ALG

Application-Level Gateway

ANDSF

Access Network Discovery and Selection Function

API

Application Programming Interface

APN

Access Point Name

APNIC

Asia-Pacific Network Information Center

ARIB

Association of Radio Industries and Businesses

ARIN

American Registry for Internet Numbers

AS

Autonomous System

AT

ATtention

ATIS

Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions

ATM

Asynchronous Transfer Mode

AuC

Authentication Center

AVP

Attribute Value Pair

B4

Basic Bridging BroadBand

BCP

Best Current Practice

BG

Border Gateway

BGP

Border Gateway Protocol

BIH

Bump-In-the-Host

BM-SC

Broadcast Multicast Service Centre

BMR

Basic Mapping Rule

BR

Border Relay

BSC

Base Station Controller

BSS

Base Station System

BSSGP

Base Station System GPRS Protocol

BTS

Base Transceiver Station

CALIPSO

Common Architecture Label IPv6 Security Option

CAMEL

Customized Applications for Mobile Network Enhanced Logic

CCSA

China Communications Standards Association

ccTLD

country code Top Level Domain

CDF

Charging Data Function

CDR

Charging Data Record

CER

Customer Edge Router

CGA

Cryptographically Generated Address

CGF

Charging Gateway Function

CGN

Carrier Graned NAT

CHAP

Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol

CIDR

Classless Inter-Domain Routing

CLAT

Client Side Translator

CN

Core Network

CoA

Care-of Address

CoAP

Constrained Application Protocol

CP

Control Plane

CPA

Certification Path Advertisement

CPE

Consumer Premises Equipment

CPNS

Converged Personal Network Service

CPS

Certification Path Solicitation

CPU

Central Processing Unit

CS

Circuit Switched

DAD

Duplicate Address Detection

DAF

Dual Address Bearer Flag

DCCP

Datagram Congestion Control Protocol

DHCP

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

DHCPv4

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol version 4

DHCPv6

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol version 6

DHCPv6PD

DHCPv6 Prefix Delegation

DMR

Default Mapping Rule

DNA

Detecting Network Attachment

DNS

Domain Name System

DNS64

DNS Extensions for Network Address Translation

DNSSEC

Domain Name System Security Extensions

DoS

Denial of Service

DPI

Deep Packet Inspection

DR

Delegating Router

DS-Lite

Dual Stack Lite

DSCP

Differentiated Services Code Point

DSL

Digital Subscriber Line

DS-MIPv6

Dual Stack Mobile IPv6

DSTM

Dual Stack Transition Mechanism

DUID

DHCP Unique IDentifier

DUID-EN

DUID vendor-assigned unique identifier based on Enterprise Number

DUID-LL

DUID Link-Layer address

DUID-LLT

DUID Link-Layer address plus Time

DUID-UUID

DUID Universally Unique IDentifier

E-UTRA

Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access

E-UTRAN

Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network

EA

Embedded Address

EAP

Extensible Authentication Protocol

ECN

Explicit Congestion Notification

EIR

Equipment Identity Register

eNodeB

Evolved Node B

EPC

Evolved Packet Core

EPS

Evolved Packet System

ESP

Encapsulating Security Payload

ETSI

European Telecommunications Standards Institute

FDDI

Fiber Distributed Data Interface

FMR

Forwarding Mapping Rule

FQDN

Fully Qualified Domain Name

FTP

File Transfer Protocol

GERAN

GSM/Edge Radio Access Network

GGSN

Gateway GPRS Support Node

GMM/SM

GPRS Mobility Management and Session Management

GPRS

General Packet Radio Service

GRE

Generic Routing Encapsulation

GRX

GPRS Roaming eXchange

GSM

Global System for Mobile Communications

GSMA

GSM Association

gTLD

generic Top Level Domain

GTP

GPRS Tunneling Protocol

GTP-C

GTP Control Plane

GTP-U

GTP User Plane

GTPv1

GPRS Tunneling Protocol version 1

GTPv1-C

GTP Control Plane version 1

GTPv2

GPRS Tunneling Protocol version 2

GTPv2-C

GTP Control Plane version 2

GUA

Global Unicast Address

HA

Home Agent

HLR

Home Location Register

HNP

Home Network Prefix

HoA

Home Address

HPLMN

Home PLMN

HSDPA

High Speed Downlink Packet Access

HSPA

High Speed Packet Access

HSS

Home Subscriber Server

HSUPA

High Speed Uplink Packet Access

HTTP

HyperText Transfer Protocol

I-WLAN

Interworking-WLAN

IAB

Internet Architecture Board

IAID

Identity Association IDentifier

IANA

Internet Assigned Number

IAOC

IETF Administrative Oversight Committee

IAPD

Identity Association for Prefix Delegation

ICANN

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers

ICMP

Internet Control Message Protocol

ICMPv4

Internet Control Message Protocol version 4

ICMPv6

Internet Control Message Protocol version 6

IDN

Internationalized Domain Name

IE

Information Element

IEEE

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

IESG

Internet Engineering Steering Group

IETF

Internet Engineering Task Force

IFOM

IP Flow Mobility and Seamless WLAN Offload

IGD

Internet Gateway Device

IGF

Internet Governance Forum

IGP

Interior Gateway Protocol

IID

Interface IDentifier

IKEv2

Internet Key Exchange version 2

IMEI

International Mobile Equipment Identity

IMS

IP Multimedia Subsystem

IMSI

International Mobile Subscriber Identity

IoT

Internet of Things

IP

Internet Protocol

IPCP

Internet Protocol Control Protocol

IPIP

IP in IP tunneling

IPsec

Internet Protocol security

IPTV

Internet Protocol Television

IPv4

Internet Protocol version 4

IPv6

Internet Protocol version 6

IPV6CP

IPv6 Control Protocol

IPX

IP Packet eXchange—evolved GRX

IS-IS

Intermediate System to Intermediate System

ISATAP

Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol

ISC

Internet Systems Consortium

ISP

Internet Service Provider

L2TP

Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol

L2TPv3

Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol version 3

LAC

L2TP Access Concentrator

LACNIC

Latin America and Caribbean Network Information Center

LAN

Local Area Network

LCP

Link Control Protocol

LI

Legal Interception

LIPA

Local IP Access

LIR

Local Internet Registry

LLC

Logical Link Control

LMA

Local Mobility Anchor

LNS

L2TP Network Server

LTE

Long Term Evolution

M2M

Machine-to-Machine

MAC

Media Access Control

MAG

Mobile Access Gateway

MANET

Mobile Ad hoc NETworking

MAP

Mapping of Address and Port with Encapsulation or Translation

MBMS

Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service

ME

Mobile Equipment

MIB

Management Information Base

MIPv6

Mobile IPv6

MLD

Multicast Listener Discovery

MLDv2

Multicast Listener Discovery version 2

MME

Mobile Management Entity

MMS

Multimedia Messaging

MN

Mobile Node

MP-BGP

Multi-Protocol Border Gateway Protocol

MPLS

MultiProtocol Label Switching

MS

Mobile Station

MSC

Mobile Switching Centre

MSISDN

Mobile Station International Subscriber Directory Number

MSS

Maximum Segment Size

MT

Mobile Terminal

MTC

Machine-Type Communications

MTU

Maximum Transmission Unit

NAPDEF

Network Access Point Definition

NAS

Non-Access Stratum

NAT

Network Address Translation

NAT-PMP

NAT Port Mapping Protocol

NAT-PT

Network Address Translation—Protocol Translation

NAT44

Network Address Translation from IPv4 to IPv4

NAT46

Network Address Translation from IPv4 to IPv6

NAT64

IPv4/IPv6 Network Address Translation

NBMA

Non-Broadcast Multiple Access

NCP

Network Control Protocol

ND

Neighbor Discovery

NDP

Neighbor Discovery Protocol

NFC

Near Field Communications

NNI

Network-to-Network Interface

NodeB

UMTS base station

NSP

Network Specific Prefix

NUD

Neighbor Unreachability Detection

OCS

Online Charging System

OECD

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

OEM

Original Equipment Manufacturer

OFCS

Offline Charging System

OFDMA

Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access

OMA

Open Mobile Alliance

OS

Operating System

OSI

Open System Interconnect

OSPF

Open Shortest Path First

OSPFv2

Open Shortest Path First version 2

OSPFv3

Open Shortest Path First version 3

OUI

Organizationally Unique Identifier

P-CSCF

Proxy Call Session Control Function

PAA

PDN Address Allocation

PCC

Policy and Charging Control

PCEF

Policy and Charging Enforcement Function

PCG

Project Coordination Group

PCO

Protocol Configuration Option

PCP

Port Control Protocol

PCRF

Policy and Charging Rules Function

PD

Prefix Delegation

PDCP

Packet Data Convergence Protocol

PDN

Packet Data Network

PDP

Packet Data Protocol

PDU

Protocol Data Unit

PGW

Packet Data Network Gateway

PHB

Per-Hop Behavior

PIO

Prefix Information Option

PKI

Public Key Infrastructure

PLAT

Provider Side Translator

PLMN

Public Land Mobile Network

PMIP

Proxy Mobile IP

PMIPv6

Proxy Mobile IPv6

PMTUD

Path MTU Discovery

PNAT

Prefix NAT

POSIX

Portable Operating System Interface for uniX

PPP

Point to Point Protocol

PS

Packet Switched

PSID

Port-set Identifier

PSTN

Public Switched Telephony Network

PTB

Packet Too Big

PTR

Pointer Record

QoS

Quality of Service

RAB

Radio Access Bearer

RADIUS

Remote Authentication Dial In User Service

RAN

Radio Access Network

RANAP

Radio Access Network Application Part

RAT

Radio Access Technology

RAU

Routing Area Update

RDNSS

Recursive DNS Server

REST

REpresentational State Transfer

RF

Radio Frequency

RFC

Request For Comments

RH0

Type 0 Routing Header

RIO

Route Information Option

RIP

Routing Information Protocol

RIPE-NCC

Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre

RIPng

Routing Information Protocol next generation

RIR

Regional Internet Registry

RLC

Radio Link Control

RNC

Radio Network Controller

RoHC

Robust Header Compression

RPKI

Resource Public Key Infrastructure

RPL

Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks

RR

Requesting Router

RRC

Radio Resource Control

RTT

Round Trip Time

S4-SGSN

Serving Gateway Support Node with S4 interface

SA

Security Association

SAD

Security Association Database

SAE

System Architecture Evolution

SAE-GW

System Architecture Evolution Gateway

SaMOG

S2a Mobility based on GTP and WLAN access to EPC

SAVI

Source Address Validation Improvements

SCCP

Signaling Connection Control Part

SCTP

Stream Control Transmission Protocol

SDO

Standards Developing Organization

SEND

Secure Neighbor Discovery

SGSN

Serving Gateway Support Node

SGW

Serving Gateway

SIG

Special Interest Group

SIIT

Stateless IP/ICMP Translator

SIP

Session Initiation Protocol

SIPTO

Selective IP Traffic Offload

SLAAC

Stateless Address Autoconfiguration

SMS

Short Message Service

SNDCP

Subnetwork Dependent Convergence Protocol

SNMP

Simple Network Management Protocol

SPI

Security Parameters Index

SS7

Signaling System No. 7

SSID

Service Set Identifier

SSM

Source-Specific Multicast

TCP

Transport Control Protocol

TDMA

Time Division Multiple Access

TE

Terminal Equipment

TEID

Tunnel Endpoint Identifier

Teredo

Tunneling IPv6 over UDP through NATs

TFT

Traffic Flow Template

TIA

Telecommunications Industry Association

TLD

Top Level Domain

TLS

Transport Layer Security

TOS

Type of Service

TP

Transport Plane

TSG

Technical Specification Group

TTA

Telecommunications Technology Association

TTC

Telecommunication Technology Committee

TTL

Time To Live

UDP

User Datagram Protocol

UE

User Equipment

UI

User Interface

UICC

Universal Integrated Circuit Card

ULA

Unique Local Address

UMTS

Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

UN

United Nations

UNI

User-to-Network Interface

UP

User Plane

UPnP

Universal Plug and Play

URI

Uniform Resource Identifier

URL

Uniform Resource Locator

USB

Universal Serial Bus

UTRAN

UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network

VLAN

Virtual Local Area Network

VoIP

Voice over IP

VPLMN

Visited PLMN

VPN

Virtual Private Network

WAN

Wide Area Network

WCDMA

Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

WG

Working Group

WKP

Well-Known Prefix

WLAN

Wireless Local Area Network

XML

eXtended Markup Language

Glossary

Chapter 1

Introduction

Recently, Internet access has been revolutionized by mobile broadband. However, mobile Internet access is not a new technology—it has been available since the beginning of the 2000s, but only during the past last few years has the growth of mobile usage of the Internet exploded. This explosion is due to the increased data speeds that have brought mobile Internet access speeds close to those of fixed broadband access, and the prices dropping to affordable and competitive ranges. In addition, the exploding usage is due in very large part to the introduction of the smartphone.

At the same time, and partly as a result, the Internet is facing its biggest change and its biggest challenge since its introduction. This is the transition to the new version of the Internet Protocol (IP)—IP version 6. The old version—IP version 4 (IPv4)—has been in use since 1983 when the ARPANET transitioned from Network Control Program (NCP) to the Internet Protocol. Now, the exhaustion of readily available Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) addresses at the beginning of 2011 puts the growth of the whole Internet at risk.

The ongoing transition of the Internet to the new version of IP will, obviously, have implications for mobile networks as well. We have written this book to look at these important two topics together—mobile broadband access to the Internet, and the transition to Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6). In Chapter 1, we start with an overview of the Internet technologies, and the background and implications of the transition to IPv6 to the Internet. Chapter 2 explains the basics of the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) specified mobile broadband technologies, and Chapter 3 examines the IPv6 technology, giving a good understanding of how IPv6 works. Chapter 4 goes through how IPv6 is intended to work in the 3GPP mobile broadband networks. Chapter 5 concentrates on giving an understanding of different transition strategies that can be used in 3GPP networks. Chapter 6 gives a forward-looking view by the authors of some areas relevant to the future of IPv6 in 3GPP networks.

We wish the reader interesting reading moments, and we hope that this book provides help to the reader, whether a student, operator, network vendor, application developer, or handset manufacturer, to learn about and navigate through the IPv6 transition in the 3GPP network ecosystem.

1.1 Introduction to Internet and the Internet Protocol

The Internet and the Internet Protocol creation were originally funded by theDefense Advanced Research Agency (DARPA) in the United States. Yet, today the Internet has become the global network of the whole world connecting all continents, virtually all of the countries, and already has significantly over two billion users. This path from a relatively small research project to the global information superhighway has been both fascinating and relatively quick. The DARPA project was started at the very end of the 1960s, the current version of the Internet Protocol was introduced in the early 1980s, and the first commercial Internet access providers came online in the end of 1980s or early 1990s depending on country and region. As late as 2006, one of the main topics of the Internet Governance Forum (IGF)—a United Nations (UN) organization discussing matters that concern the governance of the Internet, both technical and non-technical—was to connect the unconnected, that is how to get Internet access to the developing countries. Since that day, most of the developing countries have at least Internet access in the bigger cities, usually through mobile networks. The Internet has very quickly encompassed our lives, regardless where we live.

This chapter concentrates on explaining what are the guiding principles that led and enabled this evolution, and to describe what is the Internet's most important building block—the Internet Protocol. For the interested reader, at the end of the chapter there are additional reading materials for more information about the fascinating history of the Internet.

1.2 Internet Principles