Depression and Cancer E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Serie: World Psychiatric Association
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 344

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

Recently, there has been a growing awareness of the multiple interrelationships between depression and cancer. Depression and Cancer is devoted to the interaction between these disorders. The book examines various aspects of this comorbidity and describes how the negative consequences of depression in cancer could be avoided or ameliorated, given that effective depression treatments for cancer patients are available. Renowned psychiatrists and oncologists summarize the latest evidence on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, screening and recognition, and cultural and public health implications of depression in persons with cancer, among other topics.

Leseprobe

Contents

List of Contributors

Preface

The Prevalence of Depression in People with CancerMary Jane Massie, Mari Lloyd-Williams, Greg Irving and Kimberley Miller

PREVALENCE OF DEPRESSION IN CANCER PATIENTS

DEPRESSION BY CANCER TYPE

DEPRESSION IN ADVANCED CANCER AND PALLIATIVE CARE

DEMORALIZATION

CONCLUSIONS

Psychological Adaptation, Demoralization and Depression in People with CancerDavid M. Clarke

ANHEDONIC DEPRESSION, DEMORALIZATION AND GRIEF IN PEOPLE WITH CANCER

COPING

ADAPTING TO LIFE CIRCUMSTANCES – CHANGING OUR ASSUMPTIONS

A REVISED MODEL OF COPING

THE FINDING OF MEANING

DEMORALIZATION AND DEPRESSION

TREATMENT IMPLICATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

Biology of Depression and Cytokines in CancerDominique L. Musselman, Andrew H. Miller, Erica B. Royster and Marcia D. McNutt

THE BIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION

THE MORBID OUTCOME OF DEPRESSION IN CANCER PATIENTS

INFLAMMATORY MECHANISMS AND DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROBEHAVIOURAL SYMPTOMS IN CANCER PATIENTS

IMMUNE CONTRIBUTIONS TO NEUROBEHAVIOURAL SYMPTOMS IN PATIENTS WITH CANCER

CYTOKINES AND THE INDUCTION OF DISTINCT NEUROBEHAVIOURAL SYNDROMES

TREATMENT IMPLICATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

Recognition of Depression and Methods of Depression Screening in People with CancerSteven D. Passik and Amy E. Lowery

IDENTIFYING MAJOR DEPRESSION IN CANCER PATIENTS

ASSESSING DEPRESSION IN SPECIAL ONCOLOGY POPULATIONS

UNDERDIAGNOSIS OF DEPRESSION IN CANCER PATIENTS

BARRIERS TO THE RECOGNITION OF DEPRESSION IN CANCER PATIENTS

REFERRAL OF DEPRESSED PATIENTS WITH CANCER

SCREENING FOR DEPRESSION IN CANCER PATIENTS

CONCLUSIONS

Impact of Depression on Treatment Adherence and Survival from CancerM. Robin DiMatteo and Kelly B. Haskard-Zolnierek

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEPRESSION AND SURVIVAL IN CANCER

THE CONCEPT OF ADHERENCE IN CANCER TREATMENT

OUTCOMES AND CONSEQUENCES OF NON-ADHERENCE

RATES OF NON-ADHERENCE IN CANCER

FACTORS AFFECTING ADHERENCE

HOW DEPRESSION CAN AFFECT ADHERENCE IN CANCER

CLINICAL RECOMMENDATIONS

Suicide and Desire for Hastened Death in People with CancerWilliam Breitbart, Hayley Pessin and Elissa Kolva

DEFINITIONS

PREVALENCE

RISK OF SUICIDE IN PEOPLE WITH CANCER

PRACTICE GUIDELINES

RESEARCH CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

CONCLUSIONS

Pharmacotherapy of Depression in People with CancerLuigi Grassi, Maria Giulia Nanni, Yosuke Uchitomi and Michelle Riba

CLINICALUSE OF ANTIDEPRESSANTSINTHETREATMENT OF DEPRESSION IN PATIENTS WITH CANCER

DRUG INTERACTIONS WITH CHEMOTHERAPY AND ANTICANCER AGENTS

THE USE OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS FOR THE TREATMENT OF OTHER SYMPTOMS IN CANCER PATIENTS

USE OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS AND RISK OF CANCER

CONCLUSIONS

Psychotherapy for Depression in Cancer and Palliative CareDavid W. Kissane, Tomer Levin, Sarah Hales,Christopher Lo and Gary Rodin

PSYCHOTHERAPIES IN EARLY STAGE CANCER

PSYCHOTHERAPIES IN ADVANCED CANCER AND PALLIATIVE CARE

CONCLUSIONS

Depression and Cancer: the Role of Culture and Social DisparitiesChristoffer Johansen, Susanne Oksbjerg Dalton and Pernille Envold Bidstrup

THE CULTURAL CONTEXT

SOCIAL DISPARITY

THE DANISH SETTING

DOES DEPRESSION OR ANTIDEPRESSANT MEDICATION CAUSE CANCER?

SOCIAL DISPARITY, CANCER RISK AND SURVIVAL

SOCIAL DISPARITY AND DEPRESSION

DEPRESSION AFTER A DIAGNOSIS OF CANCER

CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN DEPRESSION AFTER CANCER

SOCIAL DISPARITIES IN DEPRESSION AFTER CANCER AND THE IMPACT ON SURVIVAL

CONCLUSIONS

Acknowledgement

Index

World Psychiatric Association titles on Depression

In recent years, there has been a growing awareness of the multiple interrelationships between depression and various physical diseases. This series of volumes dealing with the comorbidity of depression with diabetes, heart disease and cancer provides an update of currently available evidence on these interrelationships.

Depression and Diabetes

Edited by Wayne Katon, Mario Maj and Norman Sartorius

ISBN: 9780470688380

Depression and Heart Disease

Edited by Alexander Glassman, Mario Maj and Norman Sartorius

ISBN: 9780470710579

Depression and Cancer

Edited by David W. Kissane, Mario Maj and Norman Sartorius

ISBN: 9780470689660

Related WPA title on depression:

Depressive Disorders, 3e

Edited by Helen Herrman, Mario Maj and Norman Sartorius

ISBN: 9780470987209

For all other WPA titles published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd, please visit the following website pages:

http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/Section/id-305609.xhtml

http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/Section/id-303180.xhtml

This edition first published 2011 ©2011, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

Depression and cancer/editors, David W. Kissane, Mario Maj, Norman Sartorius. p.; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-68966-0 (pbk.)

1. Cancer-Psychological aspects. 2. Depression, Mental. I. Kissane, David W. (David William) II. Maj, Mario, 1953- III. Sartorius, N.

[DNLM: 1. Depressive Disorder-etiology. 2. Neoplasms-complications. 3. Neoplasms-psychology. WM 171] RC262.D47 2011 616.99'40019—dc22

2010029174

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

This book is published in the following electronic formats: ePDF 9780470972526; Wiley Online Library 9780470972533

First Impression 2011

List of Contributors

William Breitbart Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA

David M. Clarke School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

M. Robin DiMatteoDepartment of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA and Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA

Pernille Envold Bidstrup Department of Psychosocial Cancer Research, Danish Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark

Luigi Grassi Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences of Communication and Behaviour, University of Ferrara, Italy

Sarah Hales Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada

Kelly B. Haskard-Zolnierek Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA and Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA

Greg Irving Academic Palliative and Supportive Care Studies Group (APSCSG), School of Population, Community and Behavioural Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK

Christoffer Johansen Department of Psychosocial Cancer Research, Danish Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark

David W. Kissane Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA

Elissa Kolva Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA

Tomer Levin Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA

Mari Lloyd-Williams Academic Palliative and Supportive Care Studies Group (APSCSG), School of Population, Community and Behavioural Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK

Christopher Lo Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada

Amy E. Lowery Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA

Mary Jane Massie Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA

Marcia D. McNutt Laboratory of Neuro psycho pharmacology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA

Andrew H. Miller Laboratory of Neuro psycho pharmacology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA

Kimberley Miller Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada

Dominique L.Musselman Laboratory of Neuro psycho pharmacology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA

Maria Giulia Nanni Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences of Communication and Behaviour, University of Ferrara, Italy

Susanne Oksbjerg Dalton Department of Psychosocial Cancer Research, Danish Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark

Steven D. Passik Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA

Hayley Pessin Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA

Michelle Riba Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Gary Rodin Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada

Erica B. Royster Laboratory of Neuro psycho pharmacology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA

Yosuke Uchitomi Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan

Preface

Cancer affects close to one in two men and women across their lifetime, with this risk increasing steadily with age. In many countries, cancer competes with heart disease to become the leading cause of death, while being arguably the major cause of health morbidity, given the many losses, including disfigurement, disability and impairment, associated with the disease and its treatment. Psychological reactions to these losses are many, ranging from demoralization and passivity to anger and memory problems. In addition, depressive disorders are often comorbid with cancer. The likelihood of general practitioners and oncologists seeing patients with depression in the context of their care for people with cancer is extremely high.

The diagnosis of cancer is perceived by many to be their death sentence. The related existential threat initiates substantial suffering, all the moreso if pain is persistent, hopes are dashed, fears fueled, grief intensified and the person feels alone. Such suffering results in much dismay and despair. Whatever the therapy – surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormones, vaccines or targeted molecular treatments – the burden of the immediate, long-term and late effects of these regimens adds to the inherent distress. Metaphors of waging war and battlefields fortify against the images of an insidious and uncontrollable spread of disease. In some societies, the word ‘cancer’ remains unspeakable; for others, its prognosis is never acknowledged. The psychological hurdles to adaptation are formidable.

While its diagnosis readily precipitates a mid-life crisis, cancer recurrence induces deep angst as the prospect of cure fades. The very meaning of existence may be called into question. Worldwide, cancer accounts for nearly 14per cent of all deaths, but this rises to 25 per cent in Western societies. No family escapes its experience. The treatment of metastatic cancer models the journey of a chronic medical illness for diseases like breast cancer, whereas for others, like pancreatic malignancy, the focus is essentially palliative and on quality of life. The challenge of holistic care has spawned the birth of a new discipline, named psycho-oncology, drawing its practitioners from psychiatry, psychology, social work and a range of related mental healthcare providers to deliver psychosocial care to cancer patients and their families. In many countries, they work alongside hospice and palliative care practitioners in providing care during the end-of-life; in others, they reach into genetic counseling services, transplant programs, smoking cessation clinics, cancer prevention and screening units, and, of course, cancer survivorship programs. Consultation-liaison psychiatry services almost always have key involvement with oncology and palliative care programs. For all of these psycho-oncology services, the treatment of cancer patients who develop depressive disorders becomes the bedrock of care.

Currently, the USA estimates that over 12 million cancer survivors exist in its society. New hurdles to adjustment are recognized as these patients transition into survivorship. For some, this is the first time that the busyness of a therapeutic schedule eases and the chance to accept their new reality emerges. For others, coping with the morbidity of their treatment challenges their body image, self-worth, sexuality, fertility, fitness or functionality. Whether living with an amputated limb, lymphedema necessitating daily arm compression, xerostomia only ameliorated by the constant sipping of water, or the need for multiple reconstructive surgeries to sustain cosmesis, the rehabilitative challenges after primary cancer treatment are substantial. As we reflect on the life-cycle of the cancer journey, its cumulative experience of grief, transition and loss, the many challenges to optimal adaptation and quality of life become apparent.

Against this background of the ubiquitous burden of a malignant diagnosis and its treatment, this book focuses upon the relationship between cancer and depression. Major human suffering results from this association, suffering that we can effectively assuage. We begin with an appraisal of its prevalence by Mary Jane Massie and colleagues to make explicit the size of this problem. With cancer’s additional dimension of existential threat, both major and sub threshold depressive states enlarge this burden of illness, bringing clinical challenges of definition and recognition to the fore.

The subjective experience of depression in oncology patients results from the interplay of complex gene-environment interactions, involving the biology of the brain with the biology of the cancer and the adaptation of the person. Not only does cancer and its treatment interact often with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system, but cancers also produce a variety of circulating proteins or cytokines that cross the blood-brain barrier and interact with the mood regulating circuits of the limbic system. Dominique Musselman and her research colleagues elucidate the contribution of these cytokine cas-cades. Adetailed chapteron the pharmacologic treatment of depression by Luigi Grassi and colleagues pays careful attention to the potential for drug-drug interactions, which arise frequently in cancer care.

The psychosocial challenges of cancer to each person’s coping necessitates adaptation through grief and mourning, coming to terms with loss and change, and then moving forward with life. Whenever depression interferes with these processes, its form can span sub-threshold to clinical presentations. Furthermore, the existential realm adds death anxiety, aloneness, loss of meaning and control to this equation, bringing states of demoralization into tension with depression. David Clarke focuses on this in a chapter on psychological adaptation to cancer, while later David Kissane, Gary Rodin and colleagues present the broad range of psychotherapeutic modalities that can be added to our pharmacologic armamentarium to improve outcomes.

Screening to increase recognition of depression has proven necessary in oncological care because of the unfortunate tendency for clinicians from every discipline to blur the sadness of the predicament with the prevailing mental health reality. Steven Passik covers the range of available measures to screen for depression and the service issues associated with their clinical application.

William Breitbart and colleagues describe the increased rate of suicide among cancer patients in their chapter on the desire for hastened death. Requests for physician-assisted suicide can be a cry for help and clinicians need considerable experience to tease out the many confounding influences that predispose to, precipitate and perpetuate affective disorders.

Depression is a recognised risk factor for shortened survival from cancer, this outcome being partly mediated through patients’ adherence to anti-cancer treatments. Unrecognized depression could bring increased morbidity to bear through this mechanism. Meta-analyses by Robin DiMatteo and Kelly Haskard-Zolnierek about the impact of depression on treatment compliance in medical illness make explicit the inherent issues here.

Finally, the social cost of depression is pronounced, and this burden is felt as muchin cancer care as with other medical illness. The roles of culture and socioeconomic status are pertinent. Noteworthy social disparities exist in cancer survival. The health beliefs occurring in African Americans, Asians, Hispanics or Europeans affect cancer outcomes, asdoes their socioeconomic status. Irrespective of access to cancer care, including in Scandinavian societies where health insurance is universal, those living in poor socioeconomic circumstances die earlier. Using Denmark’s national medical record system, Chris-toffer Johansen and colleagues conclude our book by providing methodologically sound evidence that stress, depression, personality and major life events do not cause the onset of cancer. However, untreated depression and social disparity impact cancer survival, making the treatment of affective disorders a paramount public health concern for every society.

This volume ondepression and cancer is partofa WPA series on the comorbidity of mood disorders with various medical illnesses, including heart disease and diabetes. We are grateful to our authors who have given generously of their time and scholarship, to our publishers at Wiley-Blackwell, and to the WPA, through which we hope that the care of depressed patients will steadily improve. Cancer brings a huge social burden; untreated depression adds enormously to any suffering; we have many tools to ameliorate this and improve patients’ wellbe-ing. Let us help those who become weary of life to renew its vigour and joy, with appreciation for life’s value, meaning and purpose, despite the diagnosis of cancer.

David W. Kissane

Mario Maj

Norman Sartorius

CHAPTER 1

The Prevalence of Depression in People with Cancer

Mary Jane Massie

Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA

Mari Lloyd-Williams and Greg Irving

Academic Palliative and Supportive Care Studies Group (APSCSG), School of opulation, Community and Behavioural Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK

Kimberley Miller

Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada

Depression is amongst the main causes of disability worldwide, leading to personal suffering and increased mortality. The US National Comorbidity Survey revealed a 12-month prevalence of major depressive disorder of 6%, with a lifetime prevalence of 16%, while high comorbidity exists with anxiety disorders, substance use disorders and impulse control disorders [1]. In any twelve-month period, more than half the patients with major depressive disorder are diagnosed with an additional anxiety disorder. Patients with comorbid depression and anxiety disorders experience more severe symptoms, have longer time to recovery, use more healthcare resources and have poorer outcome than do those with a single disorder [2]. Seed at et al. [3] found that, across cohorts from 15 countries, women developed depression almost twice as frequently as men.