Design, Modeling and Reliability in Rotating Machinery E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 487

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2022

Beschreibung

Design, Modeling, and Reliability in ROTATING MACHINERY This broad collection of current rotating machinery topics, written by industry experts, is a must-have for rotating equipment engineers, maintenance personnel, students, and anyone else wanting to stay abreast with current rotating machinery concepts and technology. Rotating machinery represents a broad category of equipment, which includes pumps, compressors, fans, gas turbines, electric motors, internal combustion engines, and other equipment, that are critical to the efficient operation of process facilities around the world. These machines must be designed to move gases and liquids safely, reliably, and in an environmentally friendly manner. To fully understand rotating machinery, owners must be familiar with their associated technologies, such as machine design, lubrication, fluid dynamics, thermodynamics, rotordynamics, vibration analysis, condition monitoring, maintenance practices, reliability theory, and other topics. The goal of the "Advances in Rotating Machinery" book series is to provide industry practitioners a time-savings means of learning about the most up-to-date rotating machinery ideas and best practices. This three-book series will cover industry-relevant topics, such as design assessments, modeling, reliability improvements, maintenance methods and best practices, reliability audits, data collection, data analysis, condition monitoring, and more. This first volume begins the series by focusing on rotating machinery design assessments, modeling and analysis, and reliability improvement ideas. This broad collection of current rotating machinery topics, written by industry experts, is a must-have for rotating equipment engineers, maintenance personnel, students, and anyone else wanting to stay abreast with current rotating machinery concepts and technology. Design, Modeling, and Reliability in Rotating Machinery covers, among many other topics: * Rotordynamics and torsional vibration modeling * Hydrodynamic bearing design theory and current practices * Centrifugal and reciprocating compressor design and analysis * Centrifugal pump design, selection, and monitoring * General purpose steam turbine sizing

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Preface

Acknowledgements

Part 1 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS

1 Rotordynamic Analysis

Introduction

Rotor Vibration – General Physical Concepts

Rotor Vibration – Mathematical Description

Natural Frequencies and Resonance

Critical Speed Analysis

Phase Angle, and Its Relationship to Natural Frequency

Gyroscopic Effects

Accounting for Bearings

Cross-Coupling Versus Damping and “Log Dec”

Annular Seal “Lomakin Effect”

Fluid “Added Mass”

Casing and Foundation Effects

Lateral Vibration Analysis Methods for Turbomachinery and Pump Rotor Systems

Forced Response Analysis:

Mechanical Excitation Forces

Fluid Excitation Forces

Rotordynamic Stability

Subsynchronous Whirl & Whip

Stabilizing Component Modifications

Vertical Turbine Pump Rotor Evaluation

Conclusions

Nomenclature

Acknowledgements

References

2 Torsional Analysis

Introduction

General Concerns in the Torsional Vibration Analysis of Pump and Turbomachinery Rotor Assemblies

Predicting Torsional Natural Frequencies

Torsional Excitations

Torsional Forced Response

Case History

Conclusions

Nomenclature

Acknowledgements

References

3 Hydrodynamic Bearings

API Mechanical Equipment Standards for Refinery Service

Bearings

Hydrodynamic Lubrication

Tower’s Experiments

Reynolds Equation

Journal Bearings

Thrust Bearings

Babbitt

Current and Future Work

References

4 Understanding Rotating Machinery Data Trends and Correlations

Pattern Recognition

Static Versus Dynamic Data

Trends

Flat Trends

Trends with Step Changes

Upward and Downward Trends

Cyclic Trends

Is It the Machine or the Process?

Correlations

“Correlation Does Not Imply Causation”

Combination Trends

Exponential Growth Trends

Erratic Trends

5 An Introduction to Sizing General Purpose Steam Turbines

Why Do We Use Steam Turbines?

How Steam Turbines Work

General Purpose Steam Turbine Sizing

Closing Comments

6 Making the Business Case for Machinery Upgrades

Payback Time Examples

Closing Thoughts

Part 2 COMPRESSORS

7 Selecting the Best Type of Compressor for Your Application

Example of How to Convert from SCFM to ACFM

Compressibility Factor (Z)

Compressor Selection Example

Summary

Addendum

Ideal Gas Law

Examples of How to Convert from SCFM to ACFM

Visualizing Gas Flow

Compressibility Factor (Z)

8 Compressor Design: Range versus Efficiency

Introduction

Critical Parameters/Nomenclature

Operating Requirements

Critical Components

Aerodynamic Matching

Operating Conditions

Movable Geometry – Optimizing Range and Efficiency

Concluding Remarks

Disclaimer

Acknowledgements

References

9 Understanding Reciprocating Compressor Rod Load Ratings

Introduction

Basic Theory

History of “Rod Loads”

User’s Perspective

Conclusions

Reference

10 How Internal Gas Forces Affect the Reliability of Reciprocating Compressors

Gas Loads

Non-Reversing Gas Loads

Non-Reversing Rod Conditions Matrix

Non-Reversing Gas Load Examples

“One Failure from Disaster”

Ways to Protect Your Compressor

Closing Remarks

Robert Akins

Acknowledgements

Part 3 PUMPS

11 Should You Use a Centrifugal Pump?

Net Positive Suction Head - NPSH

Ways to Increase the Margin Between the NPSHa and the NPSHr

Summary

12 Practical Ways to Monitor Centrifugal Pump Performance

Why Use Centrifugal Pumps?

Head Versus Pressure

Centrifugal Pump Performance

Assessing Centrifugal Pump Performance

Summary

Addendum

13 Using Electric Motor Horsepower to Protect Centrifugal Pumps Operating in Parallel Flow Applications: A Case Study

The Problem

Solution

Results

Conclusions

Addendum

The Traditional Analysis Method

A Simplified Alternative Assessment Method

Example

14 Mechanical Seals and Flush Plans

Recommendations for Optimizing the Service Lives of Mechanical Seals

Liquid Properties

Expected Seal Cavity Pressure

Sealing Temperature

Liquid Characteristics

Reliability and Emission Concerns

Single or Double Seal?

Seal Flush Plans

Parting Advice

About the Editor

About the Contributors

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Natural frequency of a simplified rotor.

Figure 1.2 Illustration of natural frequency resonance, and effects of damping.

Figure 1.3 Undamped critical speed map. Courtesy Mechanical Solutions, Inc.

Figure 1.4 Campbell diagram. Courtesy Mechanical Solutions, Inc.

Figure 1.5 Definition of phase angle. Courtesy Mechanical Solutions, Inc.

Figure 1.6 Relationship of phase angle to frequency.

Figure 1.7 Illustration of gyroscopics: effect of speed (spin) on critical speed...

Figure 1.8 Hydrodynamic fluid film bearing types. Courtesy Mechanical Solutions,...

Figure 1.9 Cross-coupled stiffness. Courtesy Mechanical Solutions, Inc.

Figure 1.10 Illustration of the lomakin effect stiffness kl in an annular sealin...

Figure 1.11 Typical excitation force sources in a turbomachine or pump. Courtesy...

Figure 1.12 Typical forced response plot for vibration vs. Running speed, showin...

Figure 1.13 Static vs. dynamic imbalance. Courtesy Mechanical Solutions, Inc.

Figure 1.14 Pictorial description of reason for imbalance, and the 1x rpm freque...

Figure 1.15 Imbalance example of orbit and FFT. Courtesy Mechanical Solutions, I...

Figure 1.16 Illustration of angular and offset misalignment.

Figure 1.17 Misalignment example of shaft orbit and FFT spectrum. Courtesy Mecha...

Figure 1.18 Vane pass vibration. Courtesy Mechanical Solutions, Inc.

Figure 1.19 Effect on vibration on off-BEP operation. Courtesy Mechanical Soluti...

Figure 1.20 Estimated impeller fluid excitation forces, based on EPRI studies, a...

Figure 1.21 Various impeller gaps of importance. Courtesy Mechanical Solutions, ...

Figure 1.22 Subsynchronous vibration. Courtesy Mechanical Solutions, Inc.

Figure 1.23 Oil whirl/whip example: data from a multistage compressor from the a...

Figure 1.24 Vertical pump lineshaft rotor behavior. Courtesy Mechanical Solution...

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Illustration of natural frequency resonance, and effects of damping.

Figure 2.2 Lateral versus torsional natural frequency mode shapes. Courtesy Mech...

Figure 2.3 Torsional dynamics simplified model. Courtesy Mechanical Solutions, I...

Figure 2.4 Typical torsional critical speeds and typical worst case per-unit exc...

Figure 2.5 Campbell diagram of torsional natural frequencies vs. Running speed. ...

Figure 2.6 Relationship between pressure-based excitation torques and load (flow...

Figure 2.7 Full rotor system model of 10-stage pump driven by an electric motor ...

Figure 2.8 Cartoon description of model of 10-stage pump for the analysis.

Figure 2.9 1

st

Torsional mode at 66.9 Hz (4,014 CPM) for the pump/motor system. ...

Figure 2.10 2

nd

Torsional mode at 256 Hz (15,360 CPM) for the pump/motor system....

Figure 2.11 3

rd

Torsional mode at 388 Hz (23,280 CPM) for the pump/motor system....

Figure 2.12 Campbell Diagram of natural frequency excitation vs. running speed r...

Figure 2.13 Campbell Diagram of natural frequency excitation vs. running speed r...

Figure 2.14 Plot of the Goodman Diagram for martensitic stainless steel, includi...

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Journal and thrust bearing typical locations (courtesy Gulf Coast Bea...

Figure 3.2 Tower’s experimental setup (reference: Tower, 1883).

Figure 3.3 Tower’s pressure map (ref. Tower, 1884).

Figure 3.4 Projected area.

Figure 3.5 Journal bearing pressure development.

Figure 3.6 Stribeck curve.

Figure 3.7 Two axial groove journal bearing.

Figure 3.8 Two axial groove journal bearings.

Figure 3.9 Multi-lobe bearings (courtesy Miba Industrial Bearings).

Figure 3.10 Pressure dam journal bearing (sketch courtesy Gulf Coast Bearing & S...

Figure 3.11 Pressure dam bearing pressure profiles (ref. Chen, 2015).

Figure 3.12 Pressure dam bearing with relief track pressure profiles (ref. Chen,...

Figure 3.13 Sleeve bearing terminology (ref. Nicholas, 1994).

Figure 3.14 Journal bearing terminology (ref. Nicholas, 1994).

Figure 3.15 Preload in an elliptical bore journal bearing.

Figure 3.16 Single degree of freedom system (ref. Eisenmann, 1997).

Figure 3.17 Oil film pressure distribution (ref. Blair, 2016).

Figure 3.18 Examples of tilting pad journal (TPJ) bearings (courtesy Waukesha Be...

Figure 3.19 Shaft centerline plots (ref. Whalen and Leader, 2003).

Figure 3.20 Schematic of tilting pad journal bearing (ref. Nicholas, 1994).

Figure 3.21 Tilt pad journal bearing nomenclature (ref. Nicholas, 1994).

Figure 3.22 Preload in a TPJ.

Figure 3.23 Fly cutting a journal pad (courtesy Miba Industrial Bearings).

Figure 3.24 Line contact pivot.

Figure 3.25 Rocker back journal pads (courtesy Waukesha Bearings).

Figure 3.26 Rocker back journal pad being ground to size (courtesy Waukesha Bear...

Figure 3.27 Rocker back journal pad (courtesy Waukesha Bearings).

Figure 3.28 Rocker back journal pads installed in an outer shell (courtesy Wauke...

Figure 3.29 Rocker back pivot wear.

Figure 3.30 Pad and outer shell wear due to misalignment.

Figure 3.31 Peak oil film pressures.

Figure 3.32 Hertzian contact pivot.

Figure 3.33 Orion pivot.

Figure 3.34 Orion bearing with orion pivot.

Figure 3.35 Ball & socket pivot.

Figure 3.36 Ball & socket TPJ.

Figure 3.37 Waukesha bearings flexure pivot

®

Tilt Pad Journal Bearing (courtesy ...

Figure 3.38 Elliott “Key Back” pivot design.

Figure 3.39 Fluid Pivot

®

JS tilting pad journal bearing (courtesy Pioneer Motor ...

Figure 3.40 Tilt pad journal bearing – flooded lubrication.

Figure 3.41 TPJ with floating end seals (courtesy Miba Industrial Bearings).

Figure 3.42 Flooded TPJ.

Figure 3.43 With spray nozzles (courtesy Miba Industrial Bearings).

Figure 3.44 Directed lubricated tilting pad journal bearings (courtesy Miba Indu...

Figure 3.45 TPJ pads with leading edge oil supply pockets.

Figure 3.46 TPJ oil flow (Ref Miba Industrial Bearings).

Figure 3.47 Fixed geometry thrust bearing.

Figure 3.48 Fixed geometry thrust bearings.

Figure 3.49 Taper land thrust bearing.

Figure 3.50 Tilting pad thrust bearing (TPT).

Figure 3.51 Misaligned thrust plate (ref. Heshmat & Pinkus, 1987).

Figure 3.52 Self equalizing TPT.

Figure 3.53 TPT equalizing action (courtesy Miba Industrial Bearings).

Figure 3.54 Thrust pad pivots.

Figure 3.55 Directed lube equalized TPT.

Figure 3.56 Oil churning (drag) losses with a TPT (courtesy Kingsbury).

Figure 3.57 Directed lubrication TPT (courtesy Waukesha Bearings).

Figure 3.58 Directed lube thrust bearings (courtesy Miba Industrial Bearings).

Figure 3.59 Thrust bearing and large thrust pad (courtesy Miba Industrial Bearin...

Figure 3.60 Tinned ring ready for babbitting (courtesy Waukesha Bearings).

Figure 3.61 Rough machined babbitted ring being inspected (courtesy Miba Industr...

Figure 3.62 TPJ with polymer-lined pads (courtesy Waukesha Bearings).

Figure 3.63 Assumed linear starvation boundary (Watson-Kassa

et al

., 2021).

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Data is required to make informed decisions (source: Shutterstock, Ro...

Figure 4.2 Dynamic waveforms, such as the one shown in image “A” can be broken d...

Figure 4.3 Trend of brand satisfaction.

Figure 4.4 Two examples of steady state, i.e., flat, trends.

Figure 4.5 An example of an upward step change and downward step change in data ...

Figure 4.6 An example of an upward trend and downward trend in data levels.

Figure 4.7 Daily mean air temperature in a northern US city over time.

Figure 4.8 A negative correlation between gas turbine power output and the ambie...

Figure 4.9 Three data sets.

Figure 4.10 Correlation plot of bearing temperature versus ambient air temperatu...

Figure 4.11 X–Y scatter plot of gas turbine output versus the gas turbine bearin...

Figure 4.12 Correlation plot with outliers.

Figure 4.13 Combination plot showing a cyclic and upward trend pattern. Normal d...

Figure 4.14 Population and bacterial growth are two mechanisms that can be model...

Figure 4.15 Example of a feedback cycle leading to a higher and higher bearing t...

Figure 4.16 Hypothetical temperature data trend with exponential and linear curv...

Figure 4.17 Example of an erratic data trend.

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Schematic of an impulse steam turbine along with an idealized pressur...

Figure 5.2 Basic impulse steam turbine.

Figure 5.3 Cross section of an impulse steam turbine.

Figure 5.4 Waste heat boiler.

Figure 5.5 Steam drum.

Figure 5.6 Components of a boiler/steam turbine system.

Figure 5.7 Velocity ratio versus the turbine efficiency relationship expected fo...

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Machinery professionals continuously strive to improve the performanc...

Figure 6.2 Centrifugal pump mechanical seals and their associated sealing system...

Figure 6.3 Valve reliability can profoundly affect the overall reliability of a ...

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 Motor driven reciprocating compressor in gas transmission service.

Figure 7.2 The three main categories of gas compressors: screw, reciprocating, a...

Figure 7.3 Compressor selection chart for various compressor designs. Note: (1) ...

Figure 7.4 Compressor selection chart with an example application: 250 acfm with...

Figure 7.5 Compressor selection chart with an example application: 20,000 acfm w...

Figure 7.6 Centrifugal compressor in a petrochemical facility.

Figure 7.7 Hypothetical compressor piping system.

Figure 7.8 How the compressibility factor for natural gas varies with pressure. ...

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1a Cross section of a three-stage “center-hung” compressor.

Figure 8.1b Cross-section of an “over-hung” compressor.

Figure 8.1c Multi-stage integrally geared compressor with “over-hung” sections.

Figure 8.2 Typical performance assessment parameters.

Figure 8.3 Definition of turndown.

Figure 8.4 Typical compressor performance characteristics.

Figure 8.5 Impeller style versus specific speed.

Figure 8.6 Variation of impeller incidence with flow rate.

Figure 8.7 Impeller inlet velocity triangle.

Figure 8.8 Impeller inlet velocity – high flow coefficient impeller.

Figure 8.9 Impeller exit velocity triangles – (a) nomenclature; (b) 40° backswee...

Figure 8.10 Prewhirl inlet guide vanes.

Figure 8.11 Impeller inlet velocity triangle – radial (red), “with” rotation (bl...

Figure 8.12 Effect of prewhirl on stage performance.

Figure 8.13 Diffuser styles – cross-sectional view.

Figure 8.14 Diffuser vane styles.

Figure 8.15 Diffuser incidence change for varying flow rate.

Figure 8.16 Return channel geometry.

Figure 8.17 Discharge volute.

Figure 8.18 Compressor inlet section.

Figure 8.19 Incoming sidestream configurations.

Figure 8.20 Bad component matching (upper plot) v. good component matching (lowe...

Figure 8.21 Vaneless versus vaned diffuser losses.

Figure 8.22 Stage matching & impact on overall performance.

Figure 8.23 Variation in stage characteristics with mole weight (fixed stage geo...

Figure 8.24 Integrally geared compressor with movable inlet guide.

Figure 8.25 Desired locations for movable geometry in multi-stage compressor.

Figure 8.26 Movable inlet guide vanes (MIGVs).

Figure 8.27 Impact of MIGVs on stage performance.

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 Double-acting compressor cylinder.

Figure 9.2 Equation for calculating gas loads.

Figure 9.3 Ideal P-T diagram.

Figure 9.4 Rod loads based on ideal P-T diagram.

Figure 9.5 Non-Ideal P-T diagram.

Figure 9.6 Slider crank geometry.

Figure 9.7 Piston rod loads.

Figure 9.8 Forces acting on crosshead pin.

Figure 9.9 Measured rod loads.

Figure 9.10 Combined pin load exceeds gas load.

Figure 9.11 Distorted pressure measurements.

Figure 9.12 Corrected pressure measurements.

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 Double-acting compressor cylinder.

Figure 10.2 Equation for calculating gas loads.

Figure 10.3 Ideal P-T diagram.

Figure 10.4 Rod loads based on ideal P-T diagram.

Figure 10.5 Non-ideal P-T diagram.

Figure 10.6 Signs of non-rod reversal in a connecting rod bushing. The two arrow...

Figure 10.7 Crosshead load possibilities.

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 Effect of vapor on centrifugal pump performance.

Figure 11.2 Effect of viscosity on performance

Figure 11.3 Pump with a flooded suction.

Figure 11.4 Pump with a suction lift.

Figure 11.5 Pump curve with NPSHr curve.

Figure 11.6 NPSHr versus flow for various pump speeds and impeller designs.

Figure 11.7 NPSHr versus flow for pump speeds and impeller designs in log-log fo...

Figure 11.8 How impeller geometry is related to specific speed.

Figure 11.9 How efficiency varies with specific speed and flow.

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 Single stage, between bearings centrifugal pump.

Figure 12.2 Centrifugal pump internals and flows.

Figure 12.3 Pressure gauges at the bottom of three different fluid columns.

Figure 12.4 Typical pump curve.

Figure 12.5 Pump field test results.

Figure 12.6 Pump curve with droopy head vs. flow curve and a horsepower vs. flow...

Figure 12.7 Defining head vs. flow curve flatness.

Figure 12.8 Analysis variables are defined in this figure: H is head, Q is flow,...

Chapter 13

Figure 13.1 One of two nine (9) stage vertical turbine pumps that are rated for ...

Figure 13.2 Two pumps in parallel operation.

Figure 13.3 Plot of ideal versus estimated pump with best fit equation.

Figure 13.4 Schematic of measurement and control scheme.

Figure 13.5 Comparison of manufacturer’s predicted performance versus the actual...

Figure 13.6 Centrifugal pumps driven by electric motors like those seen here are...

Chapter 14

Figure 14.1 Cross section of a single mechanical seal. Notice that this seal is ...

Figure 14.2 The red curve is a vapor pressure curve for a hypothetical liquid. T...

Figure 14.3 Centrifugal pump with double mechanical seals and an external cooler...

Figure 14.4 API flush plan 11.

Figure 14.5 API seal flush plan 21.

Figure 14.6 API seal flush plan 12.

Figure 14.7 API seal flush plan 32.

Figure 14.8 API seal flush plan 52.

Figure 14.9 API seal flush plan 53A.

Figure 14.10 API seal flush plan 62.

Figure 14.11 The reliability performance of a pump’s mechanical seal tends to li...

List of Tables

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 Masses attached to rotor for the torsional analysis of the motor drive...

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 What R values mean.

Table 4.2 Hypothetical temperature data series.

Chapter 5

Table 5.1 Superheated steam table.

Table 5.2 Section of superheated steam table.

Table 5.3 Common steam turbine shaft material.

Chapter 6

Table 6.1 Likelihood the project will be approved, based on the payback period.

Chapter 7

Table 7.1 Compressibility factors for natural gas with a specific gravity of 0.6...

Table 7.2 Here are some compression ratio limits for various types of compressor...

Table 7.3 Compressor coverage table (english units).

Table 7.4 Compressor coverage table (metric units).

Table 7.5 Flowrates at various points in Figure 7.7.

Chapter 8

Table 8.1 Biased blade angles to reduce off-design incidence.

Chapter 10

Table 10.1 Possible non-reversing rod conditions.

Table 10.2 Examples of how large gas pinning forces can be (no inertial loads co...

Chapter 11

Table 11.1 Comparison of various fluid viscosities.

Table 11.2 Comparison of expected centrifugal pump efficiency various viscositie...

Table 11.3 NPSHa example #1.

Table 11.4 NPSHa example #2.

Table 11.5 NPSHa example #3.

Chapter 13

Table 13.1 Pump performance data.

Chapter 14

Table 14.1 Common mechanical seal flush plans.

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright

Preface

Acknowledgements

Begin Reading

About the Editor

About the Contributors

Index

End User License Agreement

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Scrivener Publishing100 Cummings Center, Suite 541JBeverly, MA 01915-6106

Rotating Machinery Fundamentals and Advances

Series Editor: Robert X. Perez

Scope: Rotating machinery represents a broad category of equipment, which includes pumps, compressors, fans, gas turbines, electric motors, internal combustion engines, etc., that are critical to the efficient operation of process facilities around the world. The objective of the “Advances in Rotating Machinery Series” book series is to provide industry practitioners a time-saving means of learning about the most up-to-date rotating machinery ideas and best practices. To meet this intent, this series covers industry-relevant topics, such as design assessments, modeling, reliability improvements, maintenance methods and best practices, reliability audits, data collection, data analysis, condition monitoring, and more.

Publishers at ScrivenerMartin Scrivener ([email protected])Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

Design, Modeling and Reliability in Rotating Machinery

Edited by

Robert X. Perez

This edition first published 2022 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA

© 2022 Scrivener Publishing LLC

For more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 9781119631682

Cover image: Engineer Pic, Corepics VOF I Oil Pump, Werner Muenzker. Gas Compressor, ABB Photo I Machinery Worker, Shutterstock.com Cover design by Kris Hackerott

Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines

Printed in the USA

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Dedication

This book series is dedicated to rotating machinery professionals around the globe who have devoted their careers to repairing, evaluating, and optimizing their equipment. It is through their diligence that critical machines are able to operate safely, efficiently, and reliably between scheduled outages.

Preface

An investment in knowledge pays the best interest.- Ben Franklin

Rotating machinery represents a broad category of equipment, which includes pumps, compressors, fans, gas turbines, electric motors, internal combustion engines, etc., that are critical to the efficient operation of process facilities around the world. These machines must be designed to move gases and liquids safely, reliably, and in an environmentally friendly manner. To fully understand rotating machinery, owners must be familiar with their associated technologies, such as: machine design, lubrication, fluid dynamics, thermodynamics, rotordynamics, vibration analysis, condition monitoring, maintenance practices, reliability theory, etc.

The goal of the “Advances in Rotating Machinery Series (3 volumes)” book series is to provide industry practicioners a time-savings means of learning about the most up-to-date rotating machinery ideas and best practices. This three-book series will cover industry-relevant topics, such as design assessments, modeling, reliability improvements, maintenance methods and best practices, reliability audits, data collection, data analysis, condition monitoring, and more.

Volume 1 focuses on rotating machinery: 1) design assessments, 2) modeling and analysis, and 3) reliability improvement ideas. Specifically, Volume 1 covers:

a) Rotordynamics and torsional vibration modeling,

b) Hydrodynamic bearing design theory and current practices,

c) Determining the type of compressor required for a given process applications,

d) The design of general purpose steam turbines.

Volume 1 also offers practical advice on reciprocating compressors, centrifugal pumps, and mechanical seals and their support systems.

This broad collection of current rotating machinery ideas provided by industry experts is a must-have for rotating equipment engineers, maintenance personnel, students, and anyone else wanting to stay abreast of current rotating machinery concepts and technology. I hope readers will find this volume and the next two volumes to be useful additions to their technical libraries.

Robert X. Perez, EditorSpring 2021

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank all the contributors for their expert advice and their clear and insightful prose. Without them, this book series would not have been possible. I would also like to thank the publisher for believing in me and allowing me to develop this comprehensive book series. Finally, I would like to thank my wife for reviewing my drafts and for her encouragment.

Part 1DESIGN AND ANALYSIS