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Design of Smart Power Grid Renewable Energy Systems E-Book

Ali Keyhani

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Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
Serie: Wiley - IEEE
Sprache: Englisch

Beschreibung

The Updated Third Edition Provides a Systems Approach to Sustainable Green Energy Production and Contains Analytical Tools for the Design of Renewable Microgrids

The revised third edition of Design of Smart Power Grid Renewable Energy Systems integrates three areas of electrical engineering: power systems, power electronics, and electric energy conversion systems. The book also addresses the fundamental design of wind and photovoltaic (PV) energy microgrids as part of smart-bulk power-grid systems.

In order to demystify the complexity of the integrated approach, the author first presents the basic concepts, and then explores a simulation test bed in MATLAB® in order to use these concepts to solve a basic problem in the development of smart grid energy system. Each chapter offers a problem of integration and describes why it is important. Then the mathematical model of the problem is formulated, and the solution steps are outlined. This step is followed by developing a MATLAB® simulation test bed. This important book:

Reviews the basic principles underlying power systems
Explores topics including: AC/DC rectifiers, DC/AC inverters, DC/DC converters, and pulse width modulation (PWM) methods
Describes the fundamental concepts in the design and operation of smart grid power grids
Supplementary material includes a solutions manual and PowerPoint presentations for instructors

Written for undergraduate and graduate students in electric power systems engineering, researchers, and industry professionals, the revised third edition of Design of Smart Power Grid Renewable Energy Systems is a guide to the fundamental concepts of power grid integration on microgrids of green energy sources.

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Leseprobe

COVER

PREFACE

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

ABOUT THE COMPANION SITE

CHAPTER 1: ENERGY AND CIVILIZATION

1.1 INTRODUCTION: MOTIVATION

1.2 FOSSIL FUEL

1.3 ENERGY USE AND INDUSTRIALIZATION

1.4 NUCLEAR ENERGY

1.5 GLOBAL WARMING

1.6 THE AGE OF THE ELECTRIC POWER GRID

1.7 GREEN AND RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

1.8 HYDROGEN

1.9 SOLAR AND PHOTOVOLTAIC

1.10 BIOMASS

1.11 ETHANOL

1.12 ENERGY UNITS AND CONVERSIONS

1.13 ESTIMATING THE COST OF ENERGY

1.14 NEW OIL BOOM–HYDRAULIC FRACTURING (FRACKING)

1.15 ESTIMATION OF FUTURE CO

1.16 THE PARIS AGREEMENT | UNFCCC

1.17 ENERGY UTILIZATION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH

1.18 CONCLUSION

PROBLEMS

List of Tables

Chapter 1

TABLE 1.1 Carbon Footprint of Various Fossil Fuels for Production of 1 kWh of Ele...

TABLE 1.2 Carbon Footprint of Green and Renewable Sources for Production of 1 kWh...

TABLE 1.3 Fossil Fuel Emission Levels in Pounds per Billion Btu of Energy Input

TABLE 1.4 Fossil Fuel Emission Levels in Pounds per Billion BTU of Energy Inp...

Chapter 2

TABLE 2.1 Active and Reactive Power Losses at Different Line Voltage Levels

Chapter 3

TABLE 3.1 The Harmonic Content of the Output Voltage for a Different Mf with Ma F...

TABLE 3.2 The Harmonic Content of the Output Voltage for a Different Mf with Ma F...

TABLE 3.3 Variation of AC Bus Voltage with Modulation Index

TABLE 3.4 The Values of Ma, Vdc, and the AC Voltage at the Rectifier Input Termin...

TABLE 3.5 Data for Example 3.15

TABLE 3.6 The Values of Modulation Index Required to Keep the AC Voltage (Line‐to...

TABLE 3.7 The Per Unit Harmonic Content of the Output Phase Voltage

TABLE 3.8 Data for Problem 3.8

Chapter 4

TABLE 4.1 The Cost of Electric Energy in 2009

TABLE 4.2 A Comparison of the Current Grid and the Smart Grid

TABLE 4.3 Per Unit Impedance of the Transformers

TABLE 4.4 Per Unit Impedance of the Transmission Lines

TABLE 4.5 Per Unit Loads

TABLE 4.6 Per Unit Values of the Internal Impedance of the Generators

TABLE 4.7 Transmission Line Data for Problem 4.9

Chapter 5

TABLE 5.1 Voltage and Current Characteristics of Typical Photovoltaic Modules

TABLE 5.2 Cell Temperature Characteristics of a Typical Photovoltaic Module

TABLE 5.3 Maximum Operating Characteristics of a Typical Photovoltaic Module

TABLE 5.4 Photovoltaic Design Terms

TABLE 5.5 The Voltage and Current Characteristics of a Typical Photovoltaic Modul...

TABLE 5.6 Photovoltaic Specifications for a 10 kW Generating Station

TABLE 5.7 Inverter Specifications

TABLE 5.8 Photovoltaic Specifications

TABLE 5.9 Inverter Specifications

TABLE 5.10 Boost Converter Specifications for a Generation of 500 kW

TABLE 5.11 Harmonic Content of Line‐to‐Neutral Voltage Relative to the Fundamenta...

TABLE 5.12 Photovoltaic Data for Example 5.3

TABLE 5.13 Photovoltaic Specifications for 1000 kW Generating Station

TABLE 5.14 Inverter Specifications

TABLE 5.15 Boost Converter Specifications

TABLE 5.16 Sun Performance Versus Incident Irradiance

TABLE 5.17 Typical Photovoltaic Modules

TABLE 5.18 Single‐Phase Inverter Data

TABLE 5.19 Typical Boost Converters

TABLE 5.20 The Photovoltaic Specifications for Each Photovoltaic Type

TABLE 5.21 Boost Converter Specifications

TABLE 5.22 Inverter Specifications

TABLE 5.23 Typical Battery Storage Systems

TABLE 5.24 Comparison of Battery Energy Density and Power Density

TABLE 5.25 The Energy Density and the Cost of a Storage System

TABLE 5.26 Three‐Phase Inverter Data

TABLE 5.27 Inverter Specifications

TABLE 5.28 A Photovoltaic System Design Based on Photovoltaic Type

TABLE 5.29 The Photovoltaic Specifications

TABLE 5.30 Boost Converter Specifications

TABLE 5.31 Battery Array Specifications

TABLE 5.32 Buck–Boost Converter Specifications

TABLE 5.33 The Photovoltaic Specifications for Each Photovoltaic Type

TABLE 5.34 Boost Converter Specifications

TABLE 5.35 Inverter Specifications

TABLE 5.36 Weight Per Unit Power

TABLE 5.37 The Photovoltaic Specifications for 2000 kW Generating Station

TABLE 5.38 Inverter Specifications

TABLE 5.39 The Photovoltaic Specifications for 1000 kW Generating Station

TABLE 5.40 Inverter Specifications

TABLE 5.41 The Battery Storage Array Specification for 100 kWh

TABLE 5.42 Bidirectional Rectifier Specifications for Charging the Storage System

TABLE 5.43 Voltage and Current Characteristics of a Typical PV Module

TABLE 5.44 Photovoltaic Module Data for Problem 5.3

TABLE 5.45 Photovoltaic Module Data

TABLE 5.46 Typical Deep‐Cycle Battery Data

TABLE 5.47 Boost Converters

TABLE 5.48 Single‐Phase Inverter Data

TABLE 5.49 Three‐Phase Inverter Data

TABLE 5.50 Data for Problem 5.21

Chapter 6

TABLE 6.1 Wind Power Classification

TABLE 6.2 The Results of Example 6.1

TABLE 6.3 13.2–132 kV Class One Phase‐Neutral Return Line Model

Chapter 7

Table 7.1 Example 7.4 Results

Table 7.2 Example 7.5 Results

Table 7.3 Example 7.6 Results

TABLE 7.4 Active Power Injection as a Function of Bus Angle

TABLE 7.5 Reactive Power Injection as a Function of Bus Voltage

TABLE 7.6 The Scheduled Active and Reactive Power of Each Bus

TABLE 7.7a The Voltages and Power of Each Bus Using the Newton–Raphson Method...

TABLE 7.7b The Power Flow Through Transmission Lines and Transformers Using the ...

TABLE 7.8a The Voltages and Power of Each Bus Using the Gauss–Seidel Method...

TABLE 7.8b The Power Flow Through Transmission Lines and Transformers Using the ...

TABLE 7.9a The Voltage and Power of Each Bus with Reactive Power Correction for ...

TABLE 7.9b The Power Through the Transmission Lines and Transformers with Reacti...

TABLE 7.10a The Voltages and Power of Each Bus Using the Fast Decoupled Method

TABLE 7.10b The Power Flow Through Transmission Lines and Transformers Using the...

TABLE 7.11 Bus Data for a Five‐Bus System

Chapter 8

TABLE 8.1 The Load of Each Bus and Its Equivalent Load Impedance

TABLE 8.2a Transformer Per Unit Impedance

TABLE 8.2b Transmission Line Parameters

TABLE 8.3 The Short‐Circuit Capacity (SCC) of Each Bus

TABLE 8.4 The Short‐Circuit Capacity (SCC) of Each Bus with Two Transformers...

Chapter 10

TABLE 10.1 Foyer Load Profile (Winter/Summer)

TABLE 10.2 Living Room Load Profile (Winter/Summer)

TABLE 10.3 Dining Room Load Profile (Winter/Summer)

TABLE 10.4 Kitchen Load Profile (Winter/Summer)

TABLE 10.5 Family Room Load Profile (Winter/Summer)

TABLE 10.6 Hallway Load Profile (Winter/Summer)

TABLE 10.7 Laundry Room Load Profile (Winter/Summer)

TABLE 10.8 Garage Load Profile (Winter/Summer)

TABLE 10.9 Porch Load Profile (Winter/Summer)

TABLE 10.10 Basement Load Profile (Winter/Summer)

TABLE 10.11 Den Load Profile (Winter/Summer)

TABLE 10.12 Bedroom Load Profile (Winter/Summer)

TABLE 10.13 Master Bedroom Load Profile (Winter/Summer)

TABLE 10.14 Bathroom Load Profile (Winter/Summer)

TABLE 10.15 Utilities Load Profile (Winter/Summer)

TABLE 10.16 Room Dimensions and Area

Chapter 11

TABLE 11.1 Incandescent and LED Lighting Residential Power Consumptions

Appendix B

TABLE B.1 Typical Characteristics of Copper Conductors, Hard Drawn, 97.3% Conduc...

TABLE B.2 Typical Characteristics of Aluminum Cable, Steel, Reinforced

Appendix C

TABLE C.1 Typical Reflectivity

TABLE C.2a Irradiation at Different Tilt Angles: Winter

TABLE C.2b Irradiation at Different Tilt Angles: Spring

TABLE C.2c Irradiation on Different Tilt Angles: Summer

TABLE C.2d Irradiation on Different Tilt Angles: Autumn and Yearly Average

TABLE C.3a Irradiation Data for Columbus, Ohio: Winter

TABLE C.3b Irradiation Data for Columbus, Ohio: Spring

TABLE C.3c Irradiation Data for Columbus, Ohio: Summer

TABLE C.3d Irradiation Data for Columbus, Ohio: Autumn and Yearly Average

Appendix D

TABLE D.1 Definition of Weibull Reliability Distribution Parameters

TABLE D.2 Definition of Parameters for the Estimation of Wind Mechanical Power

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 The approximate time required for the production of various energ...

Figure 1.2 The world’s oil production (consumption) from 1965 to 2000 and es...

Figure 1.3 The effects of sun radiation on the surface of the Earth.

Figure 1.4 The production of CO

since 1700.

Figure 1.5 The effect of carbon dioxide concentration on temperature and sea...

Figure 1.6 CO

stabilization has been achieved.

Figure 1.7 Temperature stabilization after reduction of CO

emission.

Figure 1.8 The sea level rise after the reduction of CO

Figure 1.9 The sea level rise after the reduction of CO

in the atmosphere....

Figure 1.10 The US production of electric power from 1920 to 1999.

Figure 1.11 The smooth average of published records of surface temperature f...

Figure 1.12 Recorded and estimated annual production of CO

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 A power system interconnected network with high green energy pene...

Figure 2.2 A five‐bus bulk power grid.

Figure 2.3 Three‐phase generator voltage waveforms.

Figure 2.4 An R–L circuit.

Figure 2.5 The responses of the voltage and current as a function of time.

Figure 2.6 An R–C circuit supplied by an AC source.

Figure 2.7 The voltage response (

) and capacitor voltage response (

) as a...

Figure 2.8 A three‐phase four‐wire distribution system.

Figure 2.9 The balanced three‐phase system.

Figure 2.10 A balanced three‐phase representation.

Figure 2.11 A balanced three‐phase three‐wire distribution system.

Figure 2.12 A balanced three‐phase system.

Figure 2.13 Phase voltages and line‐to‐line voltages.

Figure 2.14 A balanced Δ load system.

Figure 2.15 A balanced three‐phase voltage system.

Figure 2.16 The line and phase currents in a Δ‐connected load.

Figure 2.17 Δ Loads and equivalent Y‐connected loads.

Figure 2.18 A three‐phase system with two loads.

Figure 2.19 An one‐line diagram of Figure 2.18.

Figure 2.20 One‐phase equivalent circuit of Figure 2.18.

Figure 2.21 The inductive impedance load model.

Figure 2.22 The load voltage and its lagging load current for inductive load...

Figure 2.23 The inductive load power representation.

Figure 2.24 The capacitive impedance load model.

Figure 2.25 The load voltage and current of a capacitive load.

Figure 2.26 The power model for a capacitive load.

Figure 2.27 The power model for Example 2.4.

Figure 2.28 The power model for Example 2.5.

Figure 2.29 A generator operating with a lagging power factor.

Figure 2.30 The equivalent circuit for Example 2.6.

Figure 2.31 The phasor relationship of

and

Figure 2.32 A photovoltaic (PV) power source feeding a radial distribution s...

Figure 2.33 An ideal single‐phase transformer.

Figure 2.34 The schematic of an ideal transformer.

Figure 2.35 The schematic of a real transformer.

Figure 2.36 The complete schematic of a real transformer.

Figure 2.37 The equivalent model of a transformer for voltage analysis.

Figure 2.38 The equivalent model of a transformer.

Figure 2.39 (a) One‐line diagram of a radial distribution feeder. (b) The im...

Figure 2.40 The rated values of a light bulb.

Figure 2.41 The equivalent circuit of Example 2.7.

Figure 2.42 The per unit equivalent circuit of Example 2.8.

Figure 2.43 The equivalent circuit of a one‐phase transformer.

Figure 2.44 The equivalent circuit of a transformer.

Figure 2.45 The per unit equivalent circuit of Figure 2.44.

Figure 2.46 Per unit equivalent circuit of Example 2.9.

Figure 2.47 The three single‐phase transformers connected as three‐phase Y–Y...

Figure 2.48 One‐line diagram of Figure 2.47.

Figure 2.49 One‐phase equivalent circuit model of Figure 2.48.

Figure 2.50 The per unit equivalent of Figure 2.49.

Figure 2.51 A three‐phase Y–Δ connection.

Figure 2.52 A 30° phase shift in Y–Δ transformers.

Figure 2.53 A schematic of a three‐phase Y–Y connected tap‐changing transfor...

Figure 2.54 A schematic of a three‐phase Y–Y connected transformer.

Figure 2.55 Two‐wire transmission line.

Figure 2.56 Capacitance between two conductors and ground.

Figure 2.57 The inductance of a three‐phase transmission line with equilater...

Figure 2.58 Three‐phase transmission line with bundled conductor lines.

Figure 2.59 The transposed three‐phase transmission line.

Figure 2.60 A distributed model of transmission lines.

Figure 2.61 A general lumped model of a transmission line.

Figure 2.62 Single‐phase equivalent diagram of the system in Example 2.11.

Figure 2.63 Simplified diagram of Figure 2.62 by ignoring the line charging ...

Figure 2.64 Equivalent circuit for Problem 2.3.

Figure 2.65 The three‐phase diagram of Problem 2.16.

Figure 2.66 The single‐line diagram of Problem 2.17.

Figure 2.67 Figure for Problem 2.18.

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 A variable‐speed permanent magnet wind generator system.

Figure 3.2 A radial photovoltaic microgrid distributed generation system.

Figure 3.3 A single‐phase DC/AC inverter with two switches.

Figure 3.4 (a) and (b) A pulse width modulation (PWM) voltage waveform of a ...

Figure 3.5 (a) and (b) A pulse width modulation (PWM) voltage waveform of a ...

Figure 3.6 A single‐phase inverter with two switches and load connected to t...

Figure 3.7 (a) and (b) The sine pulse width modulation (PWM) for a single‐ph...

Figure 3.8 (a) and (b) The pulse width modulation (PWM) voltage waveform of ...

Figure 3.9 (a) and (b) The waveforms of a single‐phase inverter with two swi...

Figure 3.10 The equivalent circuit of the single‐phase inverter with two swi...

Figure 3.11 The pulse width modulation (PWM) waveforms of a single‐phase wit...

Figure 3.12 A single‐phase DC/AC converter with four switches.

Figure 3.13 Waveforms showing sine pulse width modulation (PWM) for single‐p...

Figure 3.14 Schematic representation of status of power switches in a single...

Figure 3.15 Waveforms for the unipolar switching scheme of a single‐phase in...

Figure 3.16 A MATLAB plot of a unipolar switching scheme for a single‐phase ...

Figure 3.17 The operation of an inverter as a three‐terminal device.

Figure 3.18 Plot of a triangular wave.

Figure 3.19 Plot of

(

) and

(

) and

for Example 3.3 using the equatio...

Figure 3.20 Three‐phase inverter topology.

Figure 3.21 A pulse width modulation (PWM) operation of a three‐phase conver...

Figure 3.22 Operation of the switching sequence of a three‐phase inverter. (...

Figure 3.23 A microgrid stand‐alone photovoltaic system.

Figure 3.24 A per unit model of Figure 3.23.

Figure 3.25 A radial microgrid photovoltaic system operating in parallel wit...

Figure 3.26 A per unit model of Figure 3.25.

Figure 3.27 One‐line diagram for a community microgrid distribution system c...

Figure 3.28 The microgrid of Example 3.8.

Figure 3.29 The per unit model of Figure 3.28.

Figure 3.30 Block diagram of a D/DC converter.

Figure 3.31 A boost converter circuit.

Figure 3.32 The equivalent circuit of boost converter when the switch

is (...

Figure 3.33 Charging phase: when the switch is closed, the current ramps up ...

Figure 3.34 Discharging phase: when the switch opens, current ramps down thr...

Figure 3.35 The steady‐state voltage and current waveform of a boost convert...

Figure 3.36 No‐load output voltage buildup of a boost converter with a suppl...

Figure 3.37 One‐line diagram of Example 3.9.

Figure 3.38 The per unit model of Figure 3.37.

Figure 3.39 Inductor voltage and current for Example 3.10.

Figure 3.40 A buck converter circuit.

Figure 3.41 The equivalent circuit of a step‐down converter when the switch

Figure 3.42 The charging phase of the inductor for a buck converter.

Figure 3.43 The equivalent circuit when

acts as open and

acts as a close...

Figure 3.44 The discharging phase of the inductor for a buck converter.

Figure 3.45 The voltage and current waveform of the buck converter.

Figure 3.46 The inductor voltage and current for Example 3.12.

Figure 3.47 A buck–boost converter circuit.

Figure 3.48 An equivalent circuit of a buck–boost converter when switch

is...

Figure 3.49 The inductor current when the switch is closed.

Figure 3.50 An equivalent circuit of a buck–boost converter when switch

is...

Figure 3.51 The inductor current when the switch is open.

Figure 3.52 The voltage and current waveform of the buck–boost converter.

Figure 3.53 The input current waveform of a buck–boost converter.

Figure 3.54 A three‐phase rectifier.

Figure 3.55 The input line‐to‐line voltage and the output voltage of a three...

Figure 3.56 The result of the simulation.

Figure 3.57 The control diagram of DC bus voltage regulation using a rectifi...

Figure 3.58 The three‐phase AC–DC–AC system topology using a wind generator....

Figure 3.59 A one‐leg model of a three‐phase pulse width modulation (PWM) re...

Figure 3.60 The steady‐state per‐phase equivalent circuit at steady state fo...

Figure 3.61 A phasor diagram for a fundamental frequency rectifier operation...

Figure 3.62 A rectifier mode for a fundamental frequency at a unity input po...

Figure 3.63 The AC input fundamental voltage and current waveforms for the r...

Figure 3.64 The DC output voltage.

Figure 3.65 One leg to neutral pulse width modulation (PWM) voltage (

PWM,a

)...

Figure 3.66 A single‐line diagram for Problem 3.1.

Figure 3.67 A one‐line diagram of Problem 3.2.

Figure 3.68 A one‐line diagram of Problem 3.5.

Figure 3.69 The linear and overmodulated operation of a three‐phase converte...

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 The interrelated objectives of operation of a power system.

Figure 4.2 A five‐bus power system.

Figure 4.3 A twenty‐four hour load variation sampled every 5 minutes.

Figure 4.4 A weekly load variation sampled hourly.

Figure 4.5 The interrelated tasks of planned scheduling operation.

Figure 4.6 Energy management system and its functions versus decision time....

Figure 4.7 The interrelated tasks for a planned scheduling operation.

Figure 4.8 A vertically integrated power grid.

Figure 4.9 A market‐structured power grid.

Figure 4.10 The governor control systems.

Figure 4.11 A boiler control system.

Figure 4.12 Voltage regulator and turbine governor controls for a steam turb...

Figure 4.13 A generator as a three‐terminal device.

Figure 4.14 The automatic generation control (AGC).

Figure 4.15 (a) Schematic diagram of load frequency control system with econ...

Figure 4.16 North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC). ERCOT, Elect...

Figure 4.17 A cyber‐controlled smart grid.

Figure 4.18 The hourly loads of a distribution feeder of a Midwestern power ...

Figure 4.19 (a–d) Plot of {

(∙)} and {

(∙)} for weeks 10, 11, 12, and 13....

Figure 4.20 The mean and standard deviation of a pure weather‐sensitive load...

Figure 4.21 The load for 24 hours for Example 4.1.

Figure 4.22 The load for 24 hours for Example 4.2.

Figure 4.23 The cost in cents per kWh as a function of load factor.

Figure 4.24 The above map represents smart meter deployments, planned deploy...

Figure 4.25 Ethernet TCP/IP sensors, transducers, and communication protocol...

Figure 4.26 The DC architecture of a microgrid renewable and green energy (M...

Figure 4.27 The AC architecture of a microgrid renewable and green energy (M...

Figure 4.28 A residential microgrid renewable and green energy (MRG) system ...

Figure 4.29 A smart grid with high penetration of renewable energy sources....

Figure 4.30 A three‐phase synchronous generator.

Figure 4.31 (a) One‐machine generator connected to the local power grid bus....

Figure 4.32 The generator operation before synchronization.

Figure 4.33 The operation of the generator in parallel with the power system...

Figure 4.34 The operation of a generator injecting power into a local power ...

Figure 4.35 The plot of

mech

versus the power angle for different values of...

Figure 4.36 The operation of a generator injecting power with a lagging powe...

Figure 4.37 The equivalent circuit model of a generator injecting power with...

Figure 4.38 The phasor diagram of a generator injecting power with a lagging...

Figure 4.39 The phasor diagram of a generator injecting only active power (i...

Figure 4.40 The phasor diagram of a generator operating with a leading power...

Figure 4.41 A generator operation as part of an interconnected power network...

Figure 4.42 An eight‐bus power grid system.

Figure 4.43 The impedance diagram of Figure 4.42.

Figure 4.44 One‐line diagram for Example 4.7.

Figure 4.45 Model for power flow studies.

Figure 4.46 Model for short‐circuit studies.

Figure 4.47 The system for Problem 4.8.

Figure 4.48 The system for Problem 4.9.

Figure 4.49 Photovoltaic (PV) microgrid of Problem 4.10.

Figure 4.50 A transmission line pie model.

Figure 4.51 A one‐line diagram of Problem 4.11.

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 (a) The global irradiation values for the world (kWh/m

). (b) ...

Figure 5.2 The electromagnetic spectrum.

Figure 5.3 The concentrated parabolic trough solar power system.

Figure 5.4 A steam solar power generating station.

Figure 5.5 A compact linear Fresnel reflector (CLFR) concentrating solar pow...

Figure 5.6 A solar cell or photovoltaic cell structure.

Figure 5.7 The structure of a photovoltaic cell.

Figure 5.8 The operating characteristics of a photovoltaic module.

Figure 5.9 Photovoltaic module fill factor.

Figure 5.10 Three‐dimensional I–V curve and temperature for a typical photov...

Figure 5.11 A photovoltaic module consisting of 36 photovoltaic cells.

Figure 5.12 Basic configuration showing modules, strings, and an array.

Figure 5.13 Central inverter for a large‐scale photovoltaic power configurat...

Figure 5.14 General structure of photovoltaic arrays with inverters.

Figure 5.15 Bypass and blocking diodes in a photovoltaic array.

Figure 5.16 Spectra for photovoltaic performance evaluation. Based on Americ...

Figure 5.17 The one‐line diagram in Example 5.1.

Figure 5.18 The one‐line diagram of Example 5.2.

Figure 5.19 The one‐line diagram of Example 5.3.

Figure 5.20 The modeling of a photovoltaic module.

Figure 5.21 The single exponential model of a photovoltaic module.

Figure 5.22 A DC source with a resistive load.

Figure 5.23 (a) The PV output current versus output voltage and output power...

Figure 5.24 A photovoltaic model and its load.

Figure 5.25 A simple voltage source equivalent circuit model of a photovolta...

Figure 5.26 A photovoltaic energy processing using a boost converter to step...

Figure 5.27 A maximum power point tracking control algorithm.

Figure 5.28 Maximum power point tracking using only a boost converter.

Figure 5.29 Maximum power point tracking using a buck converter.

Figure 5.30 A photovoltaic generating station operating at maximum power poi...

Figure 5.31 A photovoltaic generating station operating at maximum power poi...

Figure 5.32 The one‐line diagram of Example 5.4.

Figure 5.33 Three single cells in a string.

Figure 5.34 Two strings of three single cells connected in parallel.

Figure 5.35 The one‐line diagram of Example 5.5.

Figure 5.36 The per unit model of the system outlined in Example 5.5.

Figure 5.37 The one‐line diagram of Example 5.6.

Figure 5.38 Plot of the daily load cycle for Example 5.7.

Figure 5.39 The one‐line diagram of the system of Example 5.8.

Figure 5.40 The one‐line diagram of the PV system for Example 5.9.

Figure 5.41 Figure for Problem 5.12.

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 A wind turbine system (Photo from the National Renewable Energy L...

Figure 6.2 Induction machine types. (a) Wound machine stator and rotor windi...

Figure 6.3 The schematic of a squirrel‐cage induction generator (SCIG) syste...

Figure 6.4 The zero crossing of an AC source supplying power at 0.86 power f...

Figure 6.5 An inductor winding.

Figure 6.6 A schematic of a hysteresis loop.

Figure 6.7 A family of hysteresis loops as applied voltage to the winding is...

Figure 6.8 The normalized magnetization curve.

Figure 6.9 Schematic of inductance as a core structure saturated.

Figure 6.10 The schematic flux distributions for two‐pole machines.

Figure 6.11 The equivalent circuit of a wound rotor induction machine with e...

Figure 6.12 The equivalent circuit model of an induction machine at standsti...

Figure 6.13 The equivalent circuit model of an induction machine when the ro...

Figure 6.14 The equivalent circuit model of an induction machine with magnet...

Figure 6.15 The equivalent circuit model of an induction machine with rotor ...

Figure 6.16 The power flow in induction machines.

Figure 6.17 The equivalent circuit model of an induction machine, operating ...

Figure 6.18 An induction machine’s various regions of operation.

Figure 6.19 (a) Equivalent circuit of an induction generator. (b) Equivalent...

Figure 6.20 A schematic of a gear mechanism.

Figure 6.21 (a) A one‐line diagram. (b) A one‐phase equivalent circuit of an...

Figure 6.22 A squirrel‐cage induction generator with reactive power supplied...

Figure 6.23 The schematic presentation of torque as a function of various ex...

Figure 6.24 The plot of torque versus speed of the induction machine of Exam...

Figure 6.25 The operation of an induction machine as a generator.

Figure 6.26 A single‐phase equivalent circuit of an induction generator.

Figure 6.27 A power flow diagram for the generator mode of the operation of ...

Figure 6.28 The induction machine stator current for a no‐load start‐up.

Figure 6.29 Induction machine shaft speed for no‐load start‐up.

Figure 6.30 The dynamic performance of an induction machine.

Figure 6.31 A microgrid of an induction machine controlled as an induction g...

Figure 6.32 The microgrid connected to a local power grid for Example 6.5.

Figure 6.33 Power versus speed of a variable pole induction generator for va...

Figure 6.34 A microgrid of a doubly fed wound induction generator.

Figure 6.35 A microgrid of brushless doubly fed induction generator.

Figure 6.36 A microgrid of a variable‐speed permanent magnet for a wind gene...

Figure 6.37 A microgrid of a multipole synchronous generator.

Figure 6.38 A variable‐speed synchronous generator.

Figure 6.39 A microgrid of variable‐speed wind turbine generator with the co...

Figure 6.40 Schematic of Problem 6.1.

Figure 6.41 System of Problem 6.2.

Figure 6.42 Rayleigh distribution functions for three different mean wind sp...

Figure 6.43 Rayleigh wind speed frequency distribution functions for two sit...

Figure 6.44 Wind speed data for Problem 6.11.

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 The one‐line diagram of Example 7.1.

Figure 7.2 A distribution feeder.

Figure 7.3 A load bus.

Figure 7.4 A constant voltage‐controlled (P‐V) bus.

Figure 7.5 A constant

–

bus.

Figure 7.6 Swing bus or slack bus.

Figure 7.7 A photovoltaic or wind generating station bus model.

Figure 7.8 A photovoltaic or wind generating bus model.

Figure 7.9 The schematic presentation of a three‐bus microgrid system.

Figure 7.10 A current injection model for power flow studies.

Figure 7.11 The current injection model by using the admittance representati...

Figure 7.12 The power grid for Example 7.3.

Figure 7.13 The Gauss–Seidel algorithm for iterative approximation.

Figure 7.14 The one‐line diagram of Example 7.4.

Figure 7.15 The Gauss–Seidel

bus

algorithm.

Figure 7.16 The one‐line diagram of Example 7.5.

Figure 7.17 Microgrid of distributed generation as part of the local power g...

Figure 7.18 The synchronous and asynchronous operation of a microgrid.

Figure 7.19 The one‐line diagram of Example 7.6.

Figure 7.20 A one‐line injection model of a microgrid.

Figure 7.21 The photovoltaic microgrid of Example 7.7.

Figure 7.22 The transmission line pie model.

Figure 7.23 The current injection model of Example 7.7.

Figure 7.24 The radial feeder for Problem 7.3.

Figure 7.25 The power grid for Problem 7.5.

Figure 7.26 The system for Problem 7.6.

Figure 7.27 The feeder of Problem 7.14.

Figure 7.28 The power grid for Problem 7.15.

Figure 7.29 The system for Problem 7.16.

Figure 7.30 The power grid for Problem 7.17.

Figure 7.31 The one‐line diagram of Problem 7.18.

Figure 7.32 The power grid of Problem 7.19.

Figure 7.33 The system for Problem 7.20.

Figure 7.34 The system of Problem 7.21.

Figure 7.35 The power grid of Problem 7.22.

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 A power grid with its circuit breakers.

Figure 8.2 A balanced three‐phase fault.

Figure 8.3 An unbalanced fault: one line to ground.

Figure 8.4 An unbalanced fault: two lines to ground.

Figure 8.5 An unbalanced fault: line to line.

Figure 8.6 Three‐phase voltage presented as the positive sequence quantities...

Figure 8.7 Three‐phase voltage presented as the negative sequence quantities...

Figure 8.8 The three‐phase generator of Example 8.1.

Figure 8.9 A synchronous generator reactance model.

Figure 8.10 A balanced three‐phase generator.

Figure 8.11 The positive, zero, and negative sequences of a generator.

Figure 8.12 A central DC/AC inverter for a large‐scale photovoltaic power co...

Figure 8.13 The general structure of photovoltaic arrays with inverters.

Figure 8.14 A balanced three‐phase transmission reactance model.

Figure 8.15 The sequence networks for a transmission line’s (a) zero, (b) po...

Figure 8.16 The Y–Y connected transformer with high‐voltage side grounded an...

Figure 8.17 The Y–Y connected transformer with the high‐voltage side and the...

Figure 8.18 Zero sequence equivalent circuits of three‐phase (a) Y–Y connect...

Figure 8.19 Zero sequence equivalent circuit for (a) a Y‐connected ungrounde...

Figure 8.20 A balanced three‐phase microgrid.

Figure 8.21 The zero sequence network of Figure 8.20.

Figure 8.22 A balanced three‐phase wind‐power microgrid.

Figure 8.23 The zero sequence network of Figure 8.22.

Figure 8.24 A one‐line diagram of Example 8.2.

Figure 8.25 The balanced three‐phase transmission line of Figure 8.24.

Figure 8.26 The negative, positive, and zero sequence model of the transmiss...

Figure 8.27 (a) The distributed model of the transmission line and (b) the l...

Figure 8.28 (a) The zero sequence, (b) positive sequence, and (c) negative s...

Figure 8.29 (a) The zero sequence, (b) positive sequence, and (c) negative s...

Figure 8.30 A one‐line diagram of a balanced three‐bus power grid.

Figure 8.31 A positive sequence network model for balanced fault studies.

Figure 8.32 The balanced three‐phase (a) fault and (b) the Thevenin equivale...

Figure 8.33 A fault at bus 3.

Figure 8.34 The Thevenin equivalent circuit for the fault current calculatio...

Figure 8.35 A microgrid of distributed generation connected to a local power...

Figure 8.36 The equivalent impedance of the transmission line model for Exam...

Figure 8.37 Impedance model for short‐circuit studies.

Figure 8.38 A one‐line diagram of Example 8.4.

Figure 8.39 (a–d) The impedance diagram of Example 8.4.

Figure 8.40 (a–d) The impedance diagram of Example 8.4

Figure 8.41 (a) A single‐line‐to‐ground fault, (b) the connection of sequenc...

Figure 8.42 (a) A double‐line‐to‐ground fault and (b) the sequence network c...

Figure 8.43 (a) A line‐to‐line fault and (b) the sequence connection for a l...

Figure 8.44 A one‐line diagram of Example 8.5.

Figure 8.45 A three‐phase diagram of a single‐line‐to‐ground fault at bus D....

Figure 8.46 For Example 8.5, (a) positive sequence network, (b) negative seq...

Figure 8.47 Current flow in the sequence networks of Example 8.5.

Figure 8.48 The system for Example 8.6.

Figure 8.49 For Example 8.6

, (a) zero sequence network, (b) positive sequen...

Figure 8.50 For Example 8.6

, (a) zero sequence network, (b) positive seque...

Figure 8.51 For Example 8.6

iii

, (a) zero sequence network, (b) positive sequ...

Figure 8.52 For Example 8.7, (a) positive sequence network, (b) negative seq...

Figure 8.53 A typical power grid system.

Figure 8.54 A one‐line diagram for Problem 8.2.

Figure 8.55 The system for Problem 8.3.

Figure 8.56 A one‐line diagram for Problem 8.6.

Figure 8.57 A microgrid of distributed generation connected to a local power...

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 Monitoring device outlet of smart meter plug.

Figure 9.2 A smart metering operations suite flowchart.

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 Layout of a 2600 ft

building.

Figure 10.2 (a) The service feeder and metering. (b) The house distribution ...

Figure 10.3 Residential loads consumed in kWh (winter day).

Figure 10.4 Residential lighting loads energy consumed in kWh (summer day)....

Figure 10.5 Schematic of house.

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 The layout of 2600 ft

building.

Figure 11.2 A summer day kilowatt‐hour consumed by the building of Figure 11...

Figure 11.3 A winter day kilowatt‐hour consumed by the building of Figure 11...

Figure 11.4 An estimate of daily kilowatt‐hour consumed by incandescent ligh...

Figure 11.5 An estimate of daily kilowatt‐hour consumed by incandescent ligh...

Figure 11.6 An estimate of daily kilowatt‐hour consumed by LED lighting in b...

Figure 11.7 An estimate of daily kilowatt‐hour consumed by LED lighting in b...

Figure 11.8 Hourly cost of lighting in building (incandescent bulbs).

Figure 11.9 Hourly cost of lighting in building (LED bulbs).

Guide

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DESIGN OF SMART POWER GRID RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS

Third Edition

ALI KEYHANI

Edition HistoryJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1e, 2011 and 2e, 2017)

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

The right of Ali Keyhani to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

Registered Office(s)John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA

Editorial Office111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA

For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print‐on‐demand. Some content that appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of WarrantyMATLAB® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks does not warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This work's use or discussion of MATLAB® software or related products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB® software. While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

Names: Keyhani, Ali, 1942– author.Title: Design of smart power grid renewable energy systems / Ali Keyhani.Description: Third edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2020. | Includes bibliographical references and index. |Identifiers: LCCN 2019016024 (print) | LCCN 2019020733 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119573210 (Adobe PDF) | ISBN 9781119573340 (ePub) | ISBN 9781119573326 (hardback)Subjects: LCSH: Smart power grids–Textbooks. | Smart power grids–Design and construction–Textbooks. | Electric power systems–Automatic control–Textbooks. | Distributed generation of electric power–Computer simulation–Textbooks. | Renewable energy sources–Textbooks. | Electric circuits–Textbooks. | Electricity–Textbooks.Classification: LCC TK1007 (ebook) | LCC TK1007 .K49 2020 (print) | DDC 621.319/1–dc23LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019016024

I dedicate this book to my parents,Dr. Mohammed Hossein KeyhaniandMrs. Batool Haddad

PREFACE

Sustainable energy production and efficient utilization of available energy resources, thereby reducing or eliminating our carbon footprint, are some of our greatest challenges in the twenty‐first century. This is a particularly perplexing problem for those of us in the discipline of electrical engineering. This book addresses the problem of sustainable energy production as part of the design of microgrid and smart power grid renewable energy systems. The book also presents the design of microgrid photovoltaic (PV) power plants for residential and commercial buildings.

Today the Internet offers vast resources for engineering students. As instructors, it is our job to provide a learning path for utilizing these resources. We should challenge our students with problems that attract their imagination. This book addresses this task by providing a systems approach to the global application of the presented concepts in sustainable green energy production, as well as analytical tools to aid in the practical design of renewable microgrids. In each chapter, the book presents an engineering problem and then formulates a mathematical model of the problem followed by a simulation testbed in MATLAB®, highlighting solution steps. Numerous solved examples are presented, and design problems to challenge the student are given at the end of each chapter.

The book provides an Instructor’s Solution Manual and PowerPoint lecture notes with animation that can be adapted and changed, as instructors deem necessary for their presentation styles. Many examples utilizing MATLAB are presented to teach students in coding M‐Files for solving engineering problems. Homework problems are presented at the end of each chapter.

The book website address is www.wiley.com/go/smartpowergrid3e

The concepts presented in this book integrate three areas of electrical engineering: power systems, power electronics, and electric energy conversion systems. The book also addresses the fundamental design of wind and PV energy microgrids as part of smart bulk power grid systems. A prerequisite for the book is a basic understanding of electric circuits. The book builds its foundation by introducing phasor systems, three‐phase systems, transformers, loads, DC/DC converters, DC/AC inverters, and AC/DC rectifiers, which are all integrated into the design of microgrids for renewable energy as part of bulk interconnected power grids. In the first chapter, in addition to a historical perspective of energy use, an analysis of fossil fuel use is provided through a series of calculations of carbon footprints. In Chapter 2, we review the basic principles underlying power systems, single‐phase loads, three‐phase loads, single‐ and three‐phase transformers, distribution systems, transmission lines, and power system modeling. The generalized per unit system of power system analysis is also introduced. In Chapter 3, the topics include AC/DC rectifiers, DC/AC inverters, DC/DC converters, and pulse width modulation (PWM) methods. The focus is on the utilization of inverters as a three‐terminal element of power systems for the integration of wind and PV energy sources; MATLAB simulations of PWM inverters are also provided. In Chapter 4, the fundamental concepts in the design and operation of smart grid power grids are described. This chapter introduces the power grid elements and their functions from a systems approach and provides an overview of the complexity of smart power grid operations. Topics covered in the chapter include the basic system concepts of sensing, measurement, integrated communications, and smart meters; real‐time pricing; cyber control of intelligent grids; high green energy penetration into the bulk interconnected power grids; intermittent generation sources; and the electricity market. We are also introduced to the basic modeling and operation of synchronous generator operations, the limit of power flow on transmission lines, power flow problems, load factor calculations and their impact on the operation of smart grids, real‐time pricing, and microgrids. These concepts set the stage for the integration of renewable energy in electric power systems. Chapter 5 presents PV energy sources. We learn how to compute the energy yield of PV modules and the angle of inclination for modules concerning their position to the sun for maximum energy yields. The chapter also presents the modeling of PV modules, the microgrid design of PV power plants, and the maximum power point tracking of PV systems. Chapter 6 introduces wind power generation by describing the modeling of induction generators as part of a microgrid of renewable energy systems. In this chapter, we also study the utilization of doubly fed induction generators, variable‐speed permanent magnet generators, brushless generators, and variable‐speed wind power conversion from a system’s perspective. In Chapter 7, the modeling bus admittance and bus impedance for power grids are presented, as well as a power flow analysis of microgrids as part of interconnected bulk power systems, followed by a simulation testbed in MATLAB for Gauss–Seidel, Newton–Raphson, and fast decoupled power flow studies.

In Chapter 8, we study the resolving of three‐phase quantities into their zero, positive, and negative sequence. Zero sequence equivalent circuits for different transformer connections are shown. Further, symmetric three‐phase fault calculations and different types of asymmetric fault calculations are discussed. In Chapters 9 and 10, load estimation, smart devices, and energy monitoring are presented. In Chapter 11, the design PV microgrid of residential and commercial buildings by a design example is presented.

This book provides the fundamental concepts of power grid integration on microgrids of green energy sources that are on the technology roadmap for virtually all nations. The design of microgrids is the driver for the modernization of infrastructure using green energy sources, power electronics, control, sensor technology, computer technology, and communication systems.

Ali Keyhani

September 21, 2018New York City

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Over the years, many graduate and undergraduate students have contributed to the material presented in this book, in particular Chris Zuccarelli, Abir Chatterjee, and Ehsan Dadashnialehi of the Ohio State University, Paloma Sodhi of IIT India, Vefa Karakasli of Istanbul Technical University, and Adel El Shahat Lotfy Ahmed of the Department of Electrical Engineering of Georgia Southern University. I would like to acknowledge Hossein Torkaman, Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering, and Muhammad Reza Arabshahi at Shahid Beheshti University, and Mr. Edwin Lim, Engineering Computer Services at the Ohio State University.

I would also like to thank Mr. Brett Kurzman, Mr. Elisha Benjamin, and Amudhapriya Sivamurthy, Production Editor, K&L Content Management at Wiley.

ABOUT THE COMPANION SITE

This book is accompanied by a companion website:

www.wiley.com/go/smartpowergrid3e

The website includes materials for students and instructors:

Instructors

PowerPoint presentations for

Chapters 1

–

PowerPoint presentations on selected control topics

Projects

Solution manuals for

Chapters 1

–

Students

PowerPoint presentations for

Chapters 1

–

PowerPoint presentations on selected control topics

CHAPTER 1ENERGY AND CIVILIZATION

1.1 INTRODUCTION: MOTIVATION

Energy technology plays a central role in societal, economic, and social development. Fossil fuel‐based technologies have advanced our quality of life, but at the same time, these advancements have come at a very high price. Fossil fuel sources of energy are the primary cause of environmental pollution and degradation; they have irreversibly destroyed aspects of our environment. Global warming is a result of our fossil fuel consumption. For example, the fish in our lakes and rivers are contaminated with mercury, a byproduct of rapid industrialization. The processing and use of fossil fuels have escalated public health costs: Our health care dollars have been and are being spent on treating environmental pollution‐related health problems, such as black lung disease in coal miners. Our relentless search for and need to control these valuable resources have promoted political strife. We are now dependent on an energy source that is unsustainable as our energy needs grow and we deplete our limited resources. As petroleum supplies dwindle, it will become increasingly urgent to find energy alternatives that are sustainable as well as safe for the environment and humanity.

1.2 FOSSIL FUEL

Fossil fuels—oil, natural gas, and coal—formed in Earth around 300 million years ago. Over millions of years, the decomposition of flora and fauna remains that lived in the world’s oceans produced the first oil. As the oceans receded, these remains were covered by layers of sand and earth and were subjected to severe climate changes: the Ice Age, volcanic eruption, and drought burying them even deeper in the Earth’s crust and closer to the Earth’s core. From the intense heat and pressure, the remains essentially were boiled into the oil. If you check the word, “petroleum” in a dictionary, you find it means “rock oil” or “oil from the earth.”

The ancient Sumerians, Assyrians, Persians, and Babylonians found oil at the bank of the Karun and Euphrates rivers as it seeped above ground. Historically, humans have used oil for many purposes. The ancient Persians and Egyptians used liquid oil as a medicine for wounds. The Zoroastrians of Iran made their fire temples on top of percolating oil from the ground. Native Americans used oil to seal their canoes.

Up to the fifteenth century, history of humanity’s energy use was limited. Regardless we can project the impact of energy on early civilizations from artifacts and monuments. The legacy of our oldest societies and their use of energy in the form of wood, wood charcoal, wind, and water power can be seen in the pyramids of Egypt, the Parthenon in Greece, the Persepolis in Iran, the Great Wall of China, and the Taj Mahal in India.

1.3 ENERGY USE AND INDUSTRIALIZATION

Figure 1.1 depicts the approximate time needed to develop various energy sources. Coal, oil, and natural gas fuels take millions of years to form. The oil that is consumed today was created more than a million years ago in the Earth’s crust. Our first energy source was wood. Then wood charcoal and coal replaced wood, and oil began to replace some of our coal usages to the point that oil and gas now supply most of our energy needs.

Figure 1.1

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