Destruction of Hazardous Chemicals in the Laboratory E-Book

George Lunn

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 955

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

The book describes practical procedures for the destruction of hazardous chemicals and biological agents in the laboratory in which they are used. The book is a continuation and expansion of "Destruction of Hazardous Chemicals in the Laboratory." It follows the same general approach as the first and second editions but includes a number of new chapters including one on using advanced oxidation techniques as a general means of degrading chemicals. All the monographs from the second edition are incorporated in this volume and are revised and extended as necessary. A number of new monographs describing procedures for the destruction of hazardous chemicals have also been added. The destruction of many pharmaceuticals is also described in this book. This subject has become of increasing importance with recent reports of the detection of pharmaceuticals in the water supply. Finally a new addition is the chapter "General Methods for the Destruction of Hazardous Chemicals in the Laboratory." This chapter describes recent advanced oxidation methods that should be generally applicable to all organic compounds. The methods use commonly available laboratory equipment and reagents.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Preface

Acknowledgements

Chapter 1: Introduction

About This Book

Properties of a Destruction Technique

Contents of a Monograph

Mutagenicity Assays

Analytical Procedures

Spills

Applicability of Procedures

Safety Considerations

References

Chapter 2: Specific Methods For the Destruction of Hazardous Chemicals in the Laboratory

Chapter 1: Acetonitrile

Principles of Destruction and Decontamination

Destruction Procedure

Analytical Procedures

Related Compounds

Alternatives

References

Chapter 2: Acid Halides and Anhydrides

Principle of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Analytical Procedures21

Related Compounds

References

Chapter 3: Aflatoxins

Principles of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Analytical Procedures

Mutagenicity Assays

Related Compounds

Assay of Sodium Hypochlorite Solution

References

Chapter 4: Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals

Principles of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

References

Chapter 5: Alkali Metal Alkoxides

Principle of Destruction

Destruction Procedure

References

Chapter 6: Anatoxin-A

Principles of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Analytical Procedures

Related Compounds

References

Chapter 7: Aromatic Amines

Principles of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Analytical Procedures

Mutagenicity Assays

Related Compounds

References

Chapter 8: Arsenic

Principles of Decontamination

Decontamination Procedures

Analytical Procedures

Related Compounds

References

Chapter 9: Azides

Principles of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Analytical Procedures

Related Compounds and Reactions

References

Chapter 10: Azo and Azoxy Compounds and Tetrazenes

Principles of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Analytical Procedures

Mutagenicity Assays

Related Compounds

References

Chapter 11: Boron Trifluoride and Inorganic Fluorides

Principles of Destruction and Decontamination

Destruction and Decontamination Procedures

Analytical Procedures

Related Compounds

Referencess

Chapter 12: Botulinum Toxins

Principles of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Detection Procedures

Assay of Sodium Hypochlorite Solution

References

Chapter 13: Brevetoxins

Principles of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Analytical Procedures

Assay of Sodium Hypochlorite Solution

Related Compounds

References

Chapter 14: Butyllithium

Principle of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Analytical Procedures for Alkyllithium Reagents

Related Compounds

References

Chapter 15: Calcium Carbide

Destruction Procedures

References

Chapter 16: Carbamic Acid Esters

Principles of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Analytical Procedures

Mutagenicity Assays

Related Compounds

References

Chapter 17: Carbofuran

Principles of Destruction and Decontamination

Destruction Procedure

Analytical Procedures

Related Compounds

References

Chapter 18: Chloromethylsilanes and Silicon Tetrachloride

Destruction Procedure

References

Chapter 19: N-Chlorosuccinimide and Chloramine-T

Destruction Procedure

Related Compounds

References

Chapter 20: Chlorosulfonic Acid

Destruction Procedure

Related Compounds

References

Chapter 21: Chromium(VI)

Principles of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Analytical Procedures

Mutagenicity Assays

Related Compounds and Related Procedures

References

Chapter 22: Citrinin

Principle of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Analytical Procedures

Mutagenicity Assays

Related Compounds

Assay of Sodium Hypochlorite Solution

References

Chapter 23: Complex Metal Hydrides

Principles of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Assay of Sodium Hypochlorite Solution

Analytical Procedures

Related Compounds

References

Chapter 24: Cyanides and Cyanogen Bromide

Principles of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Assay of Sodium Hypochlorite Solution

Analytical Procedures

Mutagenicity Assays

Related Compounds and Related Procedures

References

Chapter 25: Cylindrospermopsin

Principle of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Analytical Procedures

Related Compounds

References

Chapter 26: Diisopropyl Fluorophosphate

Principle of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Buffers

Analytical Procedures

Procedure

Mutagenicity Assays

Related Compounds and Related Procedures

References

Chapter 27: Dimethyl Sulfate and Related Compounds

Principles of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Analytical Procedures

Mutagenicity Assays

Related Compounds

References

Chapter 28: Dyes and Biological Stains

Principles of Decontamination and Destruction

Decontamination Procedures

Destruction Procedures

Analytical Procedures

Mutagenicity Assays

Related Compounds

References

Chapter 29: Ethidium Bromide

Principles of Destruction and Decontamination

Destruction and Decontamination Procedures

Buffer Solutions

Analytical Procedures

Mutagenicity Assays

Related Compounds

Alternatives

References

Chapter 30: Haloethers

Principles of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Analytical Procedures

Mutagenicity Assays

Related Compounds

References

Chapter 31: Halogenated Compounds

Principles of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Analytical Procedures

Mutagenicity Assays

Related Compounds

References

Chapter 32: Halogens

Principle of Destruction

Destruction Procedure

Analytical Procedure

Related Compounds and Related Procedures

References

Chapter 33: Heavy Metals

Principles of Decontamination

Decontamination Procedures

Analytical Procedures

Related Compounds and Related Procedures

References

Chapter 34: Hexamethylphosphoramide

Principle of Destruction

Destruction Procedure

Analytical Procedures

Mutagenicity Assays

References

Chapter 35: Hydrazines

Principles of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Assay of Sodium Hypochlorite Solution

Analytical Procedures

Mutagenicity Assays

Related Compounds

References

Chapter 36: Hypochlorites

Principle of Destruction

Destruction Procedure

Analytical Procedure

Assay of Hypochlorites

References

Chapter 37: Mercury

Principles of Decontamination

Decontamination Procedures

Analytical Procedures

Related Compounds

References

Chapter 38: 2-Methylaziridine

Principle of Destruction

Destruction Procedure

Analytical Procedures

Mutagenicity Assays

Related Compounds

References

Chapter 39: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)

Principles of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Preparation of MPTP Tartrate

Analytical Procedures

Mutagenicity Assays

Related Compounds

References

Chapter 40: Microcystins

Principles of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Analytical Procedures

Related Compounds and Related Procedures

Assay of Sodium Hypochlorite Solution

References

Chapter 41: 4-Nitrobiphenyl

Principle of Destruction

Destruction Procedure

Analytical Procedures

Mutagenicity Assays

References

Chapter 42: 3-Nitrofluoranthene and 3-Aminofluoranthene

Principles of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Analytical Procedures

Related Compounds

References

Chapter 43: Nitrogen Tetroxide

Principle of Destruction

Destruction of Nitrogen Tetroxide

References

Chapter 44: N-Nitroso Compounds: Nitrosamides

Principles of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Analytical Procedures

Reagents

Mutagenicity Assays

Related Compounds

References

Chapter 45: N-Nitroso Compounds: Nitrosamines

Principles of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Analytical Procedures

Mutagenicity Assays

Related Compounds

References

Chapter 46: Ochratoxin A

Principle of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Analytical Procedures

Mutagenicity Assays

Related Compounds

Assay of Sodium Hypochlorite Solution

References

Chapter 47: Organic Nitriles

Principle of Destruction

Destruction Procedure

Analytical Procedures

Related Compounds

References

Chapter 48: Osmium Tetroxide

Principle of Decontamination

Disposal Procedures

Analytical Procedures

Related Compounds and Related Procedures

References

Chapter 49: Palytoxin

Principle of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Analytical Procedures

Assay of Sodium Hypochlorite Solution

References

Chapter 50: Patulin

Principles of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Analytical Procedures

Mutagenicity Assays

Related Compounds

References

Chapter 51: Peracids

Destruction Procedure

Related Compounds

References

Chapter 52: Perchlorates

Principles of Destruction and Decontamination

Destruction Procedures

Analytical Procedures

Related Compounds and Procedures

References

Chapter 53: Peroxides and Hydroperoxides

Principles of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Analytical Procedures

References

Chapter 54: Phenol

Principles of Decontamination

Decontamination Procedures

Related Compounds and Related Procedures

References

Chapter 55: Phosgene

Principle of Destruction

Analytical Procedure

Related Compounds

References

Chapter 56: Phosphorus and Phosphorus Pentoxide

Principles of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Assay of Sodium Hypochlorite Solution

References

Chapter 57: Picric Acid

Principles of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Analytical Procedures

References

Chapter 58: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Principles of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Analytical Procedures

Mutagenicity Assays

Related Compounds

References

Chapter 59: Polycyclic Heterocyclic Hydrocarbons

Principles of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Analytical Procedures

Mutagenicity Assays

Related Compounds

References

Chapter 60: Potassium Permanganate

Principle of Destruction

Destruction Procedure

Analytical Procedures

References

Chapter 61: β-Propiolactone

Principle of Destruction

Destruction Procedure

Analytical Procedures

Mutagenicity Assays

Related Compounds

References

Chapter 62: Protease Inhibitors

Principle of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Analytical Procedures

Mutagenicity Assays

Related Compounds

References

Chapter 63: Ricin

Principles of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Analytical Procedures

Assay of Sodium Hypochlorite Solution

References

Chapter 64: Saxitoxin

Principles of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Analytical Procedures

Assay of Sodium Hypochlorite Solution

Related Compounds

References

Chapter 65: Selenium Compounds

Principles of Decontamination

Decontamination Procedure

Analytical Methods

References

Chapter 66: Sodium Amide

Destruction Procedure

Related Compounds

References

Chapter 67: Sterigmatocystin

Principles of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Analytical Procedures

Mutagenicity Assays

Related Compounds

Assay of Sodium Hypochlorite Solution

References

Chapter 68: Sulfonyl Fluoride Enzyme Inhibitors

Principle of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Analytical Procedures

Mutagenicity Assays

Related Compounds

References

Chapter 69: Sulfur-Containing Compounds

Principle of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Assay of Sodium Hypochlorite Solution

Analytical Procedures

Related Compounds and Related Procedures

References

Chapter 70: T-2 Toxin

Principles of Destruction

Destruction Procedure

Analytical Procedures

Assay of Sodium Hypochlorite Solution

Related Compounds

References

Chapter 71: Tetrodotoxin

Principles of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Analytical Procedures

Assay of Sodium Hypochlorite Solution

References

Chapter 72: Triacetone Triperoxide

Principles of Destruction and Decontamination

Destruction Procedures

Analytical Procedures

Related Compounds

References

Chapter 73: Uranyl Compounds

Principle of Decontamination

Decontamination Procedures

Analytical Procedures

Related Compounds and Related Procedures

References

Chapter 3: Methods For the Destruction of Pharmaceuticals in the Laboratory

Chapter 1: Pharmaceuticals: General Considerations

Analytical Procedures

References

Chapter 2: A: Potassium Permanganate

Principles of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Analytical Procedures

Related Compounds

Mutagenicity Assays

References

Chapter 3: B: Sodium Hypochlorite

Principles of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Analytical Procedures

Related Compounds

Mutagenicity Assays

Assay of Sodium Hypochlorite Solution

References

Chapter 4: C: Nickel-Aluminum Alloy Reduction

Principles of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Analytical Procedures

Mutagenicity Assays

Related Compounds

References

Chapter 5: D: Fenton's Reagent

Principles of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Related Compounds

References

Chapter 6: E: Photo-Fenton Reaction

Principles of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Related Compounds

References

Chapter 7: F: Hydrogen Peroxide

Principles of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Related Compounds

Mutagenicity Assays

References

Chapter 8: G: Hydrogen Peroxide and Horseradish Peroxidase

Principle of Destruction

Destruction Procedure

Related Compounds

References

Chapter 9: H: Ozone

Principles of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Related Compounds

References

Chapter 10: I: Hydroxylamine Degradation of β-Lactams

Principles of Destruction

Destruction Procedure

Related Compounds

Reference

Chapter 11: J: Miscellaneous Chemical Degradation Procedures

Principles of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Analytical Procedures

Mutagenicity Assays

Related Compounds

References

Chapter 12: K: Photolytic Degradation Procedures

Principles of Destruction

Destruction Procedures

Related Reactions

Mutagenicity Assays

References

Chapter 13: L: Decontamination of Aqueous Solutions

Principles of Destruction

Related Compounds

References

Chapter 4: Nonspecific Methods for the Destruction of Hazardous Chemicals in the Laboratory

Potassium Permanganate Oxidation

Recommended Potassium Permanganate Degradation Procedures

Advanced Oxidation Processes

Fenton Reaction

Photolysis

References

Appendix I: Procedures for Drying Organic Solvents

Procedures for Drying Organic Solvents

References

Appendix II: Safety Considerations with Potassium Permanganate

Safety Considerations with Potassium Permanganate

Reactions

Reactions Involving 3 M Sulfuric Acid

Reactions Involving 1 M Sodium Hydroxide and Water

Conclusions

Recommended Degradation Procedures

References

Index

Index1

Index2

Index3

Index4

Disclaimer

Extreme care has been taken with the preparation of this work.

However, neither the publisher nor the authors warrants the procedures against any safety hazards. Neither the publisher nor the authors shall be held responsible or liable for any damages resulting in connection with or arising from the use of any information in this book.

The contents of this book do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Food and Drug Administration, nor does the mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. government.

Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

Published simultaneously in Canada

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Lunn, George.

Destruction of hazardous chemicals in the laboratory / George Lunn. – 3rd ed.

p. cm.

Includes index.

ISBN 978-0-470-48755-6 (hardback)

1. Hazardous wastes–Safety measures. 2. Chemical laboratories–Safety measures. I. Title.

TD1050.S24L86 2011

660'.2804–dc23

2011021002

Acknowledgments

The research on the destruction of hazardous chemicals that forms the nucleus of this book was sponsored by the National Cancer Institute under contract with Program Resources, Inc./DynCorp. The work was initiated by the Division of Safety, National Institutes of Health (NIH) under the leadership first of Dr. W.E. Barkley and later of Dr. R.W. McKinney. Dr. M. Castegnaro, of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), organized collaborative studies with the support of the Division of Safety, NIH in which we took part. These studies have contributed materially to this work.

We would also like to thank the staff of the Biosciences Library at the Food and Drug Administration, the National Institutes of Health Library, the Hayden Library at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and the Snell Library at Northeastern University as well as those who have the wisdom to fund these institutions.

Preface

This is the third edition of Destruction of Hazardous Chemicals in the Laboratory, originally published in 1990 with a second edition in 1994. Many of the monographs from the second edition that deals with specific chemicals have been modified to a greater or lesser extent to take into account recent developments in the literature. Methods for the destruction of pharmaceuticals have been similarly modified and greatly expanded and moved to a separate section. Entirely new monographs have been included, particularly for toxins derived from biological agents.

We have also added a section that deals with non-specific methods for the destruction of hazardous organic chemicals. The methods in this section include potassium permanganate oxidation and the so-called advanced oxidation processes, for example the Fenton reaction and photolysis. They may be of use when no procedures for destroying a particular compound have been reported. In such cases it is particularly important to take stringent safety precautions when dealing with previously untried procedures. These procedures are illustrated with many examples drawn from the literature.

Procedures for the destruction of specific compounds are detailed in the individual monographs, as before. The format for the individual monographs is essentially the same as that used in earlier editions.

As before, this book is a collection of detailed procedures that can be used to degrade and dispose of a wide variety of hazardous materials. The procedures are applicable to the amounts of material typically found in the chemical laboratory. Exotic reagents and special apparatus are not required. The procedures may readily be carried out, often by technicians, in the laboratory where the hazardous materials are used.

Specific funding for research on methods for degrading hazardous chemicals in the laboratory essentially ended in 1993. However, work continues on procedures for the large-scale destruction of hazardous chemicals in connection with the prevention or remediation of environmental pollution. This type of research is frequently carried out on a laboratory scale and on occasion these laboratory scale experiments provide useful information for researchers wishing to dispose of hazardous chemicals in their laboratory.

We have selected reported procedures that appear to us to be adaptable for laboratory use. The procedures described were selected because it appeared that they could be carried out in the laboratory with readily available reagents and equipment. A number of excellent procedures were omitted because they appeared to require specialized equipment or biological cultures. Procedures in which a critical reagent must be synthesized were also generally avoided. Because the research we cite is generally aimed at developing a process that could be used on an industrial scale, not all aspects of the process may have been thoroughly explored. Complete destruction of the target compound has not always been demonstrated and the extent of degradation has frequently been estimated by us, often from a graph. Additionally the final reaction mixtures were seldom tested for toxicity although major degradation products have been identified in some cases.

Any method that is developed from the research cited should be thoroughly tested before being used on a routine basis. Small changes, for example, reactor geometry or dissolved oxygen, can lead to large changes in the efficiency of the reaction. In some cases reactions may fail to go to completion because of the accumulation of light-absorbing products.

The safe handling and disposal of hazardous chemicals is an essential requirement for working with these substances. We hope that this book will contribute to and encourage the use of tested and sound practices.

George LunnEric B. Sansone

January 2012

Introduction

Most biological agents can be inactivated by treating them with formaldehyde, ethylene oxide, or moist heat, and radioactive materials will decay with the passage of sufficient time, but there are no destruction techniques that are universally applicable to chemical agents. The availability of destruction techniques for specific hazardous chemical agents would be particularly helpful because of the dangers associated with their handling and disposal. In addition, being able to destroy or inactivate the hazardous materials where they are used is advantageous because the user should be familiar with the hazards of these materials and the precautions required in their handling.

Here, we present summaries of destruction procedures for a variety of hazardous chemicals. Many of the procedures have been validated, some by international collaborative testing. We have drawn on information available in the literature1–13 through the end of 2010 with some later publications and on our own published and unpublished work. It is a cause of regret that technological changes have essentially resulted in the closing of many scientific libraries to the general public. It is unfortunate that a work such as this can no longer be written without the access provided by an institutional affiliation.

About This Book

This book is a collection of techniques for destroying a variety of hazardous chemicals. It is intended for those whose knowledge of the chemistry of the compounds covered is rather sophisticated; that is, for those who are aware not only of the obvious dangers, such as the toxic effects of the compounds themselves and of some of the reagents and other materials used in the methods but also of the potential hazards represented, for example, by the possible formation of diazoalkanes when N-nitrosamides are treated with base. If you are not thoroughly familiar with the potential hazards and the chemistry of the materials to be destroyed and the reagents to be used, do not proceed.