Developmental Approaches to Human Evolution E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 769

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2016

Beschreibung

Developmental Approaches to Human Evolution encapsulates the current state of evolutionary developmental anthropology. This emerging scientific field applies tools and approaches from modern developmental biology to understand the role of genetic and developmental processes in driving morphological and cognitive evolution in humans, non-human primates and in the laboratory organisms used to model these changes. Featuring contributions from well-established pioneers and emerging leaders, this volume is designed to build research momentum and catalyze future innovation in this burgeoning field. The book's broad research scope encompasses soft and hard tissues of the head and body, including the skeleton, special senses and the brain. Developmental Approaches to Human Evolution is an invaluable resource on the mechanisms of primate and vertebrate evolution for scholars across a wide array of intersecting disciplines, including primatology, paleoanthropology, vertebrate morphology, evolutionary developmental biology and health sciences.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Contributors

Foreword: Humans from Embryos

Chapter 1: Introduction to Evo-Devo-Anthro

A Brief History of Evo-Devo

Evolution, Development, and Anthropology

Integration, Modularity, and Evolvability in Biological Anthropology

Developmental Genetics: Next Steps and New Frontiers in Evo-Devo-Anthro

References

Chapter 2: Chondrocranial Growth, Developmental Integration and Evolvability in the Human Skull

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Quantitative Genetic Analysis

Response to Selection

Results

Discussion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 3: The Tooth of the Matter

Introduction

Tooth Developmental Biology: Genetic Determinants of Tooth Class, Position, and Form

Jaw Morphogenesis: Developmental Genetics of Jaw Identity and Its Differentiation from Tooth

A Brief History of Wondering How Teeth “Know” When and How Fast to Form in the Jawbone

Implications for Human and Primate Evo-Devo Studies

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 4: Genetic Regulation of Amelogenesis and Implications for Hominin Ancestors

Introduction

Tooth and Enamel Development

The Molecular Circadian Clock in Enamel

Possible Function of the “Enamel Clock”: Is It Linked to Cross Striations?

Daily Growth of Enamel and Its Relevance in Hominin Evolution

Discussion

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 5: Evo-Devo Sheds Light on Mechanisms of Human Evolution

Introduction

Examples of Developmental Mechanisms Underlying Evolutionary Change

Hox

Genes and Coordinated Limb Evolution in Hominoids

Identifying Human-Specific Genetic Changes

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 6: Out on a Limb

Introduction

Scapula

Pelvis

Limbs

Conclusions and Future Directions

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 7: Tinkering with Growth Plates

Introduction

Limb Bone Growth

Developmental Model of Endochondral Ossification

Results

Discussion

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 8: Origin, Development, and Evolution of Primate Muscles, with Notes on Human Anatomical Variations and Anomalies

Introduction

The Developmental and Evolutionary Origins of the Head,Neck, Pectoral, and Forelimb Muscles

The Notions of Purpose and Progress in Evolution and the Parallelism Between Ontogeny and Phylogeny

The Relationship between Trisomies, “Atavisms,” Evolutionary Reversions, and Developmental Constraints

Tempo and Mode of Primate and Human Evolution, Modularity, and Ontogenetic Constraints

The relationship between Modern Human Anomalies/Variations, Digit Loss/Gain, Muscle Changes and Homeotic Transformations

The Similarity of the Hind and Forelimb Structures of Modern Humans, Serial Homology and Homoplasy, and Developmental Biology

General Remarks and Future Directions

References

Chapter 9: The Evolutionary Biology of Human Neurodevelopment

Introduction

The Genetical Evolution of Neurodevelopment

The Evolution of Human Cognition and its Disorders

Diametric Disorders of Neurodevelopment

The Dawn of Evo-Neuro-Devo

Developmental Heterochrony and Variation in Human Neurodevelopment

The Origin of Modern Human Neurodevelopment

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 10: Evolving the Developing Cortex

Introduction: Evo-Devo and the Evolution of Computation

Basics of Brain Evo-Devo

Isocortex Evolution and Development

How Do Species-Specific Adaptations Find Their Place in This New Version of Cortical Organization?

Information is Distributed

Acknowledgements

Glossary terms

References

Chapter 11: Growing Up Fast, Maturing Slowly

Introduction

An Evolutionary Shift in Life History

Changes in Brain Organization in Living Apes and Fossil Hominins

Endocranial Shape Changes during Development

Evolution and Development of the Brain’s Networks

Future Directions

Summary

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 12:

FOXP2

and the Genetic and Developmental Basis of Human Language

The Discovery

The Role of a Transcription Factor

FOXP2

Molecular Evolution

Neanderthals and the Selective Sweep on

FOXP2

The Role of

FOXP2

in the Emergence of Language

Future Directions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 13: Assembly Instructions Included

Introduction: A New Perspective on Development and Evolution

A Broader Evo-Devo

Fundamental Principles of Life

Principles Applied to Evo-Devo in the Anthropological Context

Perspectives on the Evolution of Development

Theory and Its Discontents

References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 02

Table 2.1. Anatomical definitions of landmarks displayed in Figure 2.1.

Table 2.2. Decomposition of the total response to selection into components of direct and correlated response for the three selection scenarios. The angle between the direct response and the total response is an indication of the deflection by genetic constraints. The numbers indicate the magnitude of the respective responses in units of Procrustes distance.

Chapter 07

Table 7.1. Averages, coefficients of variation, and % change in the developmental parameters over the course of the preliminary simulation runs (n=6) which provide the starting conditions for the experimental runs (see also Figure 7.7).

Table 7.2. Means, coefficients of variation, and % change in the developmental parameters after the simulation runs (n=6).

Table 7.3. Differences in cellular developmental parameters between a

Pan

- and

Homo

-like femoral growth plate at 10% and 30% completed growth.

Table 7.4. Life history, morphology, and growth plate cellular parameters in

Mus musculus

(mouse) and

Meriones unguiculatus

(Mongolian gerbil) at 7 and 28 days postnatal. See also Figure 7.10, and Rolian (2008) for details.

Chapter 08

Table 8.1. Summary of the total number of mandibular, hyoid (not including the small facial, extrinsic muscles of the ear), branchial, hypobranchial, pectoral, arm, forearm, and hand muscles in adults of some key primate genera. Data are from evidence provided by our own dissections and comparisons and from a review of the literature (Diogo and Wood 2011, 2012a); note that in some cases there are insufficient data to clarify whether a particular muscle is usually present, or not, in a taxon (e.g., the number of branchial muscles of

Gorilla

is given as 15 to 16 because it is not clear if the salpingopharyngeus is usually present, or not, as a distinct muscle in the members of this genus).

Table 8.2. List of the 28 evolutionary reversions obtained in Diogo and Wood’s (2011) cladistic analysis of the primate taxa listed in Table 8.1 (Anat. region, anatomical region; Ch. state ch., character state change; Rev., reversion). For more details, see text and Diogo and Wood (2012b).

Table 8.3. Time frame over which lost traits were regained within the euarchontan clade according to the cladistic analysis of Diogo and Wood (2011) and using the estimate times provided by Fabre

et al.

(2009). For more details, see text and Diogo and Wood (2012b).

Chapter 09

Table 9.1. Evidence of negative correlations between social skills and non-social skills, which are indicative of tradeoffs.

Table 9.2. Effects of large diametric genomic or epigenetic alterations on risk of autism spectrum conditions versus psychotic-affective spectrum conditions.

Chapter 12

Table 12.1. Differentially expressed genes up- and downregulated by

FOXP2

, determined by overlapping of both

in vitro

and

in vivo

microarray assays (Konopka

et al.

2009). Neuronal, cranial, or language impairment phenotypes associated to genes from this list are included.

Table 12.2. “Hub” genes regulated by

FOXP2

, as determined by

in vitro

assays (Konopka

et al.

2009).

Chapter 13

Table 13.1. Some general principles of life (for explanation, see text).

List of Illustrations

Chapter 01

Figure 1.1. Figure from Deniker’s 1885 study on cranial growth in hominoids. The figure depicts cranial shape changes over ontogeny in gorillas, starting with a fetus (1, center) to near-adult crania (4, outermost).

Chapter 02

Figure 2.1. Three-dimensional (3D) landmark coordinates representing human left hemiskull. Modified from Martínez-Abadías

et al.

(2012a).

Figure 2.2. Multivariate regression of chondrocranial length (A) and cranial base angle (CBA) (B) on cranial shape in a modern human population. Regressions are pooled within sexes (orange females, blue males).

Figure 2.3. Linear regression of cranial base angle (CBA) on chondrocranial length in humans (A) and mice (B).

Figure 2.4. Principal component analysis of the genetic (A) and phenotypic (B) covariance matrices. Histograms show eigenvalues of the G and P matrices as percentages of the total variance in the respective covariance matrix. Dark gray wireframes display shape changes associated with the first PC of the G and the P matrices (the light gray wireframes show the overall mean shape configuration). Left: change in the direction with positive sign; right: change in the direction with negative sign.