Diseases of Swine E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 3423

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

First published in 1958, Diseases of Swine, Tenth Edition isa fully revised and updated version of this classic reference. Nowpublished in association with the American Association of SwineVeterinarians, the Tenth Edition adds new knowledge throughout in areorganized format to provide more intuitive access to information.With chapters written by more than 150 of the foremost experts inthe field, Diseases of Swine remains the premier source ofcomprehensive information on swine production, health, andmanagement for swine health specialists of all disciplines and atany level of expertise, including veterinarians, researchers, andstudents. Featuring a new content organization designed for improvednavigability, the Tenth Edition adds chapters on the cardiovascularsystem, diagnostic tests and test performance, food safety andzoonotic diseases, show and pet pigs, and the most currentinformation on both long-recognized and emerging pathogens.Diseases of Swine, Tenth Edition is an indispensableresource for anyone interested in swine health.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

List of Tables

Contributing Authors

Editors’ Note

I: Veterinary Practice

1 Herd Evaluation

INTRODUCTION

PREPARING FOR A SITE VISIT

SITE VISIT

DIAGNOSIS

MONITORING OUTCOMES

SAMPLE COLLECTION

2 Differential Diagnosis of Diseases

INTRODUCTION

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

HEMOPOIETIC SYSTEM

NERVOUS AND LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

ZOONOTIC

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

3 Behavior and Welfare

DEFINING ANIMAL WELFARE AND ANIMAL CRUELTY

SCIENTIFIC APPROACHES TO ANIMAL WELFARE

MATERNAL BEHAVIORS

INVASIVE PROCEDURES

FEEDING AND DRINKING BEHAVIORS

ORAL AND LOCOMOTORY BEHAVIORS

HUMAN AND ANIMAL INTERACTIONS

AGGRESSION

INFLUENCE OF DISEASE ON BEHAVIOR

EUTHANASIA

4 Longevity in Breeding Animals

MEASURES OF LONGEVITY

REASONS FOR SOWS LEAVING THE HERD

GENETIC FACTORS INFLUENCING LONGEVITY

BOAR LONGEVITY

5 Effect of the Environment on Health

FUNDAMENTALS

PIG’S ENVIRONMENT

TRANSPORT ENVIRONMENTS

6 Optimizing Diagnostic Value and Sample Collection

DEVELOPING THE DIAGNOSTIC PLAN

THE PIG NECROPSY

FINAL COMMENTS

7 Diagnostic Tests, Test Performance, and Considerations for Interpretation

INTRODUCTION

8 Analysis and Use of Diagnostic Data

VARIATION IN TEST RESULTS

SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY

USE AND INTERPRETATION OF MULTIPLE TESTS

HERD-LEVEL INTERPRETATION OF TEST RESULTS

PREVALENCE ESTIMATION

SELECTING APPROPRIATE SAMPLE SIZES

CONCLUSIONS

9 Drug Pharmacology, Therapy, and Prophylaxis

MAJOR CONSIDERATIONS FOR DRUG THERAPY

OTHER THERAPEUTICS

10 Anesthesia and Surgical Procedures in Swine

ANESTHESIA

PAIN MANAGEMENT

GENITOURINARY SURGERY

SURGERY OF THE UTERUS

ABDOMINAL SURGERY

ATRESIA ANI AND RECTAL STRICTURE

MUSCULOSKELETAL SURGERY

11 Disease Transmission and Biosecurity

INTRODUCTION

DISEASE TRANSMISSION

ECOLOGY OF DISEASE: HOST–PATHOGEN–ENVIRONMENT

MEASURING THE OCCURRENCE OF DISEASE

PATTERNS OF DISEASE OCCURRENCE

MECHANISMS OF DISEASE PERSISTENCE

COMMENSAL PATHOGENS

CAUSATION

BIOSECURITY

PRINCIPLES OF EVIDENCE-BASED BIOSECURITY

12 Preharvest Food Safety, Zoonotic Diseases, and the Human Health Interface

INTRODUCTION

FOOD-BORNE DISEASE RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH PORK

NON-FOOD-BORNE ZOONOSES

ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE

CERTIFICATION PROGRAMS

13 Special Considerations for Show and Pet Pigs

SHOW PIGS

MINIATURE PET PIGS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

II: Body Systems

14 Cardiovascular and Hematopoietic Systems

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

POSTMORTEM EXAMINATION OF THE HEART

CARDIAC PATHOLOGY

VASCULAR PATHOLOGY

DISEASES OF THE HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM

CARDIOVASCULAR AND HEMATOPOIETIC NEOPLASIA

15 Digestive System

INTRODUCTION

ANATOMICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL FEATURES

IMMUNOLOGY

GUT FLORA

DIETARY INTERVENTIONS

REHYDRATION OF DIARRHEIC PIGLETS

REGIONAL DISEASES AND PATHOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

16 Immune System

INTRODUCTION

UNIQUE FEATURES OF THE SWINE LYMPHOID SYSTEM

INNATE DEFENSE MECHANISMS

INNATE IMMUNE FACTORS

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

MUCOSAL IMMUNITY

IMMUNITY IN THE FETUS AND NEONATE

STRESS, IMMUNOSUPPRESSION, NUTRITION, AND IMMUNITY

VACCINES AND IMMUNITY

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

17 Integumentary System: Skin, Hoof, and Claw

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

CLINICAL EXAMINATION AND DIAGNOSIS

BACTERIAL DISEASES

ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASES

SKIN NECROSIS AND TRAUMA

NUTRITIONAL DISEASES

CONGENITAL AND HEREDITARY DISEASES

NEOPLASTIC DISEASES

PORCINE DERMATITIS AND NEPHROPATHY SYNDROME

THE FEET AND CLAWS

INTRODUCTION

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE FOOT AND CLAW

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTIVE PATHOLOGY OF LESIONS

PREVALENCE OF FOOT AND CLAW LESIONS

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN FOOT LESIONS AND LAMENESS

FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PREVALENCE OF FOOT AND CLAW LESIONS

18 Mammary System

MAMMARY GLAND ANATOMY

MAMMOGENESIS

MAMMARY GLAND INVOLUTION

PHYSIOLOGY OF MILK PRODUCTION

CONTROL OF MILK PRODUCTION

COMPOSITION OF SOW MILK

MANIPULATION OF MILK PRODUCTION

SOW BEHAVIOR

PIGLET GROWTH

PIGLET MORTALITY

IMMUNE PROTECTION OF THE PIGLET

MASTITIS AND POSTPARTUM DYSGALACTIA SYNDROME

TREATMENT OF THE DISEASED SOW

19 Nervous and Locomotor Systems

INTRODUCTION

NORMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

INVESTIGATION OF NERVOUS AND LOCOMOTOR PROBLEMS

CLINICAL ASSESSMENTS

IMPORTANT FOREIGN OR REPORTABLE DISEASES

POSTMORTEM EXAMINATION

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS IN WEANED PIGS

METABOLIC BONE DISEASES: RICKETS

LAMENESS AND BONE DISEASE

OSTEOCHONDROSIS

LAMENESS IN SOWS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

20 Diseases of the Reproductive System

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

CONTROL OF REPRODUCTION

PREGNANCY DETECTION

DYSTOCIA

VAGINAL AND UTERINE PROLAPSE

VULVAR DISCHARGES

CONGENITAL DEFECTS AND NEOPLASIA

DIAGNOSIS OF INADEQUATE REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE

MALE REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY

DIAGNOSIS OF ABORTION AND REPRODUCTIVE DISEASES

21 Respiratory System

INTRODUCTION

STRUCTURE OF THE NORMAL RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

FUNCTION AND DEFENSE OF THE NORMAL RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY PATHOGENS IN THE LUNGS

RESPIRATORY PATHOLOGY

TRANSMISSION

OTHER FACTORS INFLUENCING RESPIRATORY DISEASE

MONITORING AND DIAGNOSIS OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE

CONTROL OF RESPIRATORY DISEASES

22 Urinary System

ANATOMY

PHYSIOLOGY

DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES

CIRCULATORY DISTURBANCES

GLOMERULAR DISEASES

TUBULAR DISEASES

TUBULOINTERSTITIAL DISEASES

NEOPLASIA

MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONS

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

III: Viral Diseases

23 Overview of Viruses

VIRUS, VIRION, AND VIRUS STRUCTURE

VIRUS CLASSIFICATION

VIRUS NOMENCLATURE

LABORATORY METHODS FOR VIRUS CLASSIFICATION

CHARACTERISTICS OF VIRAL FAMILIES

24 Porcine Adenoviruses

RELEVANCE

ETIOLOGY

ROLE IN PUBLIC HEALTH

EPIDEMIOLOGY

PATHOGENESIS

CLINICAL SIGNS

LESIONS

DIAGNOSIS

IMMUNITY

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

25 African Swine Fever Virus

RELEVANCE

ETIOLOGY

ROLE IN PUBLIC HEALTH

EPIDEMIOLOGY

PATHOGENESIS

CLINICAL SIGNS

LESIONS

DIAGNOSIS

IMMUNITY

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

26 Porcine Circoviruses

RELEVANCE

ETIOLOGY

ROLE IN PUBLIC HEALTH

EPIDEMIOLOGY

PATHOGENESIS

CLINICAL SIGNS AND LESIONS

DIAGNOSIS

IMMUNITY

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

27 Porcine Anelloviruses

RELEVANCE

ETIOLOGY

ROLE IN PUBLIC HEALTH

EPIDEMIOLOGY

PATHOGENESIS

CLINICAL SIGNS AND LESIONS

DIAGNOSIS

IMMUNITY

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

28 Herpesviruses

OVERVIEW

SUID HERPESVIRUS 1 (AUJESZKY’S DISEASE VIRUS; PSEUDORABIES VIRUS)

PORCINE CYTOMEGALOVIRUS

PORCINE LYMPHOTROPIC HERPESVIRUSES

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

29 Porcine Parvovirus

RELEVANCE

ETIOLOGY

ROLE IN PUBLIC HEALTH

EPIDEMIOLOGY

PATHOGENESIS

CLINICAL SIGNS

LESIONS

DIAGNOSIS

IMMUNITY

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

30 Swinepox Virus

RELEVANCE

ETIOLOGY

ROLE IN PUBLIC HEALTH

EPIDEMIOLOGY

PATHOGENESIS

CLINICAL SIGNS

LESIONS

DIAGNOSIS

IMMUNITY

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

31 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (Porcine Arterivirus)

RELEVANCE

ETIOLOGY

PUBLIC HEALTH

EPIDEMIOLOGY

PATHOGENESIS

CLINICAL SIGNS

LESIONS

DIAGNOSIS

IMMUNITY

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

32 Porcine Astroviruses

RELEVANCE

ETIOLOGY

ROLE IN PUBLIC HEALTH

EPIDEMIOLOGY

PATHOGENESIS, CLINICAL SIGNS, LESIONS, AND IMMUNITY

DIAGNOSIS

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

33 Bunyaviruses

RELEVANCE

ETIOLOGY

ROLE IN PUBLIC HEALTH

EPIDEMIOLOGY

PATHOGENESIS

CLINICAL SIGNS AND LESIONS

DIAGNOSIS

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

34 Porcine Caliciviruses

OVERVIEW

VESICULAR EXANTHEMA OF SWINE VIRUS

PORCINE CALICIVIRUSES (NOROVIRUSES AND SAPOVIRUSES)

ST-VALÉRIEN VIRUS

35 Coronaviruses

OVERVIEW

TRANSMISSIBLE GASTROENTERITIS VIRUS AND PORCINE RESPIRATORY CORONAVIRUS

PORCINE EPIDEMIC DIARRHEA VIRUS

HEMAGGLUTINATING ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS (VOMITING AND WASTING DISEASE)

PORCINE TOROVIRUS

36 Filovirus

RELEVANCE

ETIOLOGY

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ROLE IN PUBLIC HEALTH

PATHOGENESIS, CLINICAL SIGNS, AND LESIONS

DIAGNOSIS

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

37 Flaviviruses

OVERVIEW

JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS

WEST NILE VIRUS

MURRAY VALLEY ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS

38 Pestiviruses

OVERVIEW

CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER (HOG CHOLERA)

BUNGOWANNAH VIRUS

BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHEA AND BORDER DISEASE VIRUSES

39 Hepatitis E Virus

RELEVANCE

ETIOLOGY

ROLE IN PUBLIC HEALTH

EPIDEMIOLOGY

PATHOGENESIS

CLINICAL SIGNS

LESIONS

DIAGNOSIS

IMMUNITY

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

40 Influenza Virus

RELEVANCE

ETIOLOGY

ROLE IN PUBLIC HEALTH

EPIDEMIOLOGY

PATHOGENESIS

CLINICAL SIGNS

LESIONS

IMMUNITY

DIAGNOSIS

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

41 Paramyxoviruses

OVERVIEW

RUBULAVIRUS (BLUE EYE) DISEASE

MENANGLE VIRUS

NIPAH VIRUS

42 Picornaviruses

OVERVIEW

FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE VIRUS

SWINE VESICULAR DISEASE VIRUS

ENCEPHALOMYOCARDITIS VIRUS

PORCINE TESCHOVIRUS

SENECA VALLEY VIRUS

PORCINE KOBUVIRUS

PORCINE SAPELOVIRUS

PORCINE ENTEROVIRUSES

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

43 Reoviruses (Rotaviruses and Reoviruses)

OVERVIEW

PORCINE ROTAVIRUS

PORCINE REOVIRUS

44 Retroviruses

RELEVANCE

ETIOLOGY

ROLE IN PUBLIC HEALTH

EPIDEMIOLOGY

PATHOGENESIS, CLINICAL SIGNS, AND LESIONS

DIAGNOSIS

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

45 Rhabdoviruses

OVERVIEW

VESICULAR STOMATITIS

RABIES VIRUS

46 Togaviruses

OVERVIEW

EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS

GETAH VIRUS

SAGIYAMA VIRUS INFECTION

ROSS RIVER VIRUS INFECTION

IV: Bacterial Diseases

47 Overview of Bacteria

48 Actinobacillosis

ACTINOBACILLUS PLEUROPNEUMONIAE

ACTINOBACILLUS SUIS

OTHER ACTINOBACILLUS SPECIES

49 Bordetellosis

RELEVANCE

ETIOLOGY

PUBLIC HEALTH

EPIDEMIOLOGY

PATHOGENESIS

CLINICAL SIGNS

LESIONS

DIAGNOSIS

IMMUNITY

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

50 Brachyspiral Colitis

OVERVIEW OF BRACHYSPIRA SPECIES

BRACHYSPIRA HYODYSENTERIAE: SWINE DYSENTERY

BRACHYSPIRA PILOSICOLI: PORCINE INTESTINAL/COLONIC SPIROCHETOSIS

OTHER BRACHYSPIRA SPECIES THAT MAY CAUSE COLITIS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

51 Brucellosis

RELEVANCE

ETIOLOGY

PUBLIC HEALTH

EPIDEMIOLOGY

PATHOGENESIS

CLINICAL SIGNS

LESIONS

DIAGNOSIS

IMMUNITY

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

52 Clostridiosis

INTRODUCTION

ENTERIC INFECTIONS

CELLULITIS AND GAS GANGRENE

NEUROTOXIGENIC CLOSTRIDIA

53 Colibacillosis

RELEVANCE

ETIOLOGY

PUBLIC HEALTH

EPIDEMIOLOGY

NEONATAL ESCHERICHIA COLI DIARRHEA

POSTWEANING ESCHERICHIA COLI DIARRHEA AND EDEMA DISEASE

ESCHERICHIA COLI CAUSING FATAL SHOCK

SYSTEMIC ESCHERICHIA COLI INFECTIONS

COLIFORM MASTITIS

NONSPECIFIC URINARY TRACT INFECTION

54 Erysipelas

RELEVANCE

ETIOLOGY

PUBLIC HEALTH

EPIDEMIOLOGY

PATHOGENESIS

CLINICAL SIGNS

LESIONS

DIAGNOSIS

IMMUNITY

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

55 Glässer’s Disease

RELEVANCE

ETIOLOGY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

PATHOGENESIS

CLINICAL SIGNS

LESIONS

DIAGNOSIS

IMMUNITY

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

56 Leptospirosis

RELEVANCE

ETIOLOGY

PUBLIC HEALTH

EPIDEMIOLOGY

PATHOGENESIS

CLINICAL SIGNS

LESIONS

DIAGNOSIS

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

57 Mycoplasmosis

OVERVIEW OF MYCOPLASMAL DISEASES

MYCOPLASMA HYOPNEUMONIAE

MYCOPLASMA HYORHINIS

MYCOPLASMA HYOSYNOVIAE

MYCOPLASMA (EPERYTHROZOON) SUIS

OTHER MYCOPLASMA SPP. FROM SWINE

58 Pasteurellosis

RELEVANCE

ETIOLOGY

PUBLIC HEALTH

EPIDEMIOLOGY

PATHOGENESIS

CLINICAL SIGNS

LESIONS

DIAGNOSIS

IMMUNITY

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

59 Proliferative Enteropathy

RELEVANCE

ETIOLOGY

PUBLIC HEALTH

EPIDEMIOLOGY

PATHOGENESIS

CLINICAL SIGNS

LESIONS

DIAGNOSIS

IMMUNITY

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

60 Salmonellosis

RELEVANCE

ETIOLOGY

PUBLIC HEALTH

EPIDEMIOLOGY

PATHOGENESIS

CLINICAL SIGNS

LESIONS

DIAGNOSIS

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

61 Staphylococcosis

STAPHYLOCOCCUS HYICUS: EXUDATIVE EPIDERMITIS

STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

62 Streptococcosis

INTRODUCTION

STREPTOCOCCUS SUIS

INFECTIONS CAUSED BY BETA-HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI

OTHER STREPTOCOCCI

ENTERITIS ASSOCIATED WITH ENTEROCOCCI IN PIGLETS

63 Tuberculosis

RELEVANCE

ETIOLOGY

PUBLIC HEALTH

EPIDEMIOLOGY

PATHOGENESIS

CLINICAL SIGNS

LESIONS

DIAGNOSIS

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

64 Miscellaneous Bacterial Infections

ACTINOBACULUM (EUBACTERIUM) SUIS

RELEVANCE, ETIOLOGY, AND PUBLIC HEALTH

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS

CLINICAL SIGNS, LESIONS, AND DIAGNOSIS

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

ARCANOBACTERIUM PYOGENES

RELEVANCE, ETIOLOGY, AND PUBLIC HEALTH

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS

CLINICAL SIGNS, LESIONS, AND DIAGNOSIS

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

BACILLUS ANTHRACIS:ANTHRAX

RELEVANCE, ETIOLOGY, AND PUBLIC HEALTH

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS

CLINICAL SIGNS AND LESIONS

DIAGNOSIS

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

BURKHOLDERIA PSEUDOMALLEI: MELIOIDOSIS

RELEVANCE, ETIOLOGY, AND PUBLIC HEALTH

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS

CLINICAL SIGNS, LESIONS, AND DIAGNOSIS

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

CAMPYLOBACTER

RELEVANCE, ETIOLOGY, AND PUBLIC HEALTH

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS

CLINICAL SIGNS, LESIONS, AND DIAGNOSIS

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

CHLAMYDIA

RELEVANCE, ETIOLOGY, AND PUBLIC HEALTH

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS

CLINICAL SIGNS, LESIONS, AND DIAGNOSIS

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES

RELEVANCE, ETIOLOGY, AND PUBLIC HEALTH

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS

CLINICAL SIGNS, LESIONS, AND DIAGNOSIS

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

RHODOCOCCUS EQUI

RELEVANCE, ETIOLOGY, AND PUBLIC HEALTH

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS

CLINICAL SIGNS, LESIONS, AND DIAGNOSIS

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

TREPONEMA PEDIS: CUTANEOUS SPIROCHETOSIS

RELEVANCE, ETIOLOGY, AND PUBLIC HEALTH

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS

CLINICAL SIGNS, LESIONS, AND DIAGNOSIS

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

YERSINIASPP.

RELEVANCE, ETIOLOGY, AND PUBLIC HEALTH

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS

CLINICAL SIGNS, LESIONS, AND DIAGNOSIS

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

V: Parasitic Diseases

65 External Parasites

SARCOPTIC MANGE

DEMODECTIC MANGE

LICE (PEDICULOSIS)

FLEAS

MOSQUITOES

FLIES

GNATS

TICKS

66 Coccidia and Other Protozoa

COCCIDIA (ISOSPORA SUIS AND EIMERIA SPP.)

EPIDEMIOLOGY: EIMERIA SPECIES

TOXOPLASMOSIS (TOXOPLASMA GONDII)

SARCOCYSTIS

CRYPTOSPORIDIUM

OTHER PROTOZOA OF MINOR IMPORTANCE OR POTENTIALLY TRANSMISSIBLE TO HUMANS

67 Internal Parasites: Helminths

INTRODUCTION

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

LIVER AND PANCREAS

ECHINOCOCCUS (HYDATID DISEASE)

URINARY SYSTEM

MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

PREVENTION

TREATMENT

VI: Noninfectious Diseases

68 Nutrient Deficiencies and Excesses

CAUSES OF NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES

SYMPTOMS OF NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES

CAUSES OF NUTRIENT EXCESSES

SYMPTOMS OF NUTRIENT EXCESSES AND TOLERANCE LEVELS

INVESTIGATION OF A POSSIBLE FEED-RELATED DISORDER

PREVENTING NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES AND EXCESSES

CONCLUSION

69 Mycotoxins in Grains and Feeds

INTRODUCTION

MYCOTOXIN FORMATION

INTOXICATION BY MYCOTOXINS

CLINICAL MYCOTOXICOSES

AFLATOXINS

OCHRATOXIN AND CITRININ

TRICHOTHECENES

ZEARALENONE (F-2 TOXIN)

ERGOT

FUMONISINS

PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF MOLD AND MYCOTOXIN PROBLEMS

70 Toxic Minerals, Chemicals, Plants, and Gases

ESSENTIAL MINERALS

NONESSENTIAL MINERALS

FEED ADDITIVES

PESTICIDES: INSECTICIDES

FUNGICIDES

HERBICIDES

RODENTICIDES

TOXIC PLANTS

WATER QUALITY

MISCELLANEOUS TOXICANTS

VENTILATION FAILURE AND TOXIC GASES

Index

Color Plates

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Diseases of swine / edited by Jeffrey J. Zimmerman ... [et al.]. – 10th ed.

p. ; cm.

 Includes bibliographical references and index.

 ISBN 978-0-8138-2267-9 (hardcover : alk. paper)

 ISBN 978-1-1183-4710-2 (epdf)

 ISBN 978-1-1183-4714-0 (epub)

 ISBN 978-1-1183-4708-9 (mobi)

 I. Zimmerman, Jeffrey J.

 [DNLM: 1. Swine Diseases. SF 971]

 636.4'0896–dc23

2011042643

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List of Tables

SECTION I VETERINARY PRACTICE

Chapter1Herd Evaluation

Table 1.1 Recommended space per pig by phase of production

Table 1.2 Weights and daily gain by age and relative growth rate

Table 1.3 Recommended water requirements, water flow rate, and feeder space per pig by phase of production

Table 1.4 Temperature, respiration, and heart rate of pigs of different ages

Table 1.5 Sow body condition scoring

Chapter2Differential Diagnosis of Diseases

Table 2.1 Approximate age at which certain causes of diarrhea in pigs are more common

Table 2.2 Approximate age at which certain causes of vomiting in pigs are more common

Table 2.3 Causes of rectal prolapses in pigs

Table 2.4 Approximate age at which certain causes of pneumonia, respiratory distress, or coughing in pigs are more common

Table 2.5 Certain causes of sneezing in pigs

Table 2.6 Approximate age at which certain skin diseases in pigs are more frequently seen

Table 2.7 Diseases affecting the skin of pigs

Table 2.8 Cause of anemia in pigs

Table 2.9 Cause of neurological signs in pigs

Table 2.10 Approximate ages at which diseases causing lameness are more common

Table 2.11 Causes of reproductive losses in pigs

Table 2.12 Common congenital anomalies in pigs

Table 2.13 Pig diseases with zoonotic potential

Chapter5Effect of the Environment on Health

Table 5.1 Recommended air temperature ranges at animal level for pigs at various sizes and ages

Table 5.2 Target minimum ventilation rates for pigs at various sizes

Table 5.3 Space recommendations for growing pigs

Table 5.4 Feeder space recommendations for growing pigs

Chapter6Optimizing Diagnostic Value and Sample Collection

Table 6.1 Suggested necropsy kit components

Table 6.2 Porcine septicemia—specimen collection

Table 6.3 Porcine respiratory disorders—specimen collection

Table 6.4 Porcine neurological disorders—specimen collection

Table 6.5 Porcine abortion—specimen collection

Table 6.6 Porcine diarrhea (birth to 4 weeks)—specimen collection

Table 6.7 Porcine diarrhea (1 month and older)—specimen collection

Chapter7Diagnostic Tests, Test Performance, and Considerations for Interpretation

Table 7.1 Diagnostic tests for analyte types: infectious agent, antigen, antibody, or nucleic acid detection

Table 7.2 Guidelines for interpretation and troubleshooting of positive and negative bacterial isolation results

Table 7.3 Effect of strain variation on PRRSV IFA results

Table 7.4 Recommendations for the use of PRRSV genomic sequencing

Chapter8Analysis and Use of Diagnostic Data

Table 8.1 Sample sizes necessary to detect a significant difference in prevalence or incidence of infection or disease between two groups (one with and one without the risk factor) with 95% confidence and 80% power

Chapter9Drug Pharmacology, Therapy, and Prophylaxis

Table 9.1 Considerations in drug use in swine

Table 9.2 Antimicrobial selection considerations (S.P.A.C.E.D.)

Table 9.3 Overview of the major classes and identities of antimicrobial drugs used in swine, their antimicrobial activities, pharmacokinetic properties, toxic and other adverse effects, and major clinical applications

Table 9.4 American Association of Swine Veterinarians (AASV) Basic Guidelines of Judicious Therapeutic Use of Antimicrobials in Pork Production

Table 9.5 Common swine anthelmintics and doses

Chapter10Anesthesia and Surgical Procedures in Swine

Table 10.1 Injectable anesthetic agents for swine

Chapter11Disease Transmission and Biosecurity

Table 11.1 Commonly used measures of disease frequency

Table 11.2 Evolution of the science of animal disease management

Table 11.3 Two decades of pig disease; emergence or reemergence of pig pathogens (1990–2010)

SECTION II BODY SYSTEMS

Chapter14Cardiovascular and Hematopoietic Systems

Table 14.1 Porcine clinical and biochemistry reference intervals

Table 14.2 Porcine hematological reference intervals

Table 14.3 Porcine congenital cardiovascular anomalies

Table 14.4 Infectious etiologies of inflammatory heart disease

Table 14.5 Infectious causes of porcine vasculitis

Table 14.6 Body fluid classifications and parameters

Table 14.7 Causes of porcine anemia

Chapter15Digestive System

Table 15.1 Mechanisms of diarrhea

Table 15.2 Differential diagnosis of some common gastrointestinal conditions of swine

Table 15.3 Pathology and diagnostic confirmation of some common gastrointestinal conditions of swine

Chapter16Immune System

Table 16.1 Toll-like receptors, their ligands, and the effect on the immune response

Table 16.2 Stages in the development of the mucosal immune response in the neonatal pig

Table 16.3 Vaccine adjuvants currently used in licensed vaccines

Chapter17Integumentary System: Skin, Hoof, and Claw

Table 17.1 Causes of diseases of the skin in swine

Table 17.2 Differential diagnosis of skin diseases

Chapter18Mammary System

Table 18.1 Least-square means of piglet weight (kilogram) at different ages from randomly chosen 59 litters of different sizes after correction for birth weight (these litters had no mortality for the 28-day lactation period)

Table 18.2 Variation of sow milk composition (mean ± SD) between the first days (days 1–2) and plateau phase (days 10–15) of lactation

Table 18.3 The effect of litter size on characteristics of neonatal piglets (French observations on 1596 litters from a single herd)

Table 18.4 Effect of parity (P) on piglets’ characteristics at birth (French observations on 1596 litters from a single herd)

Chapter19Nervous and Locomotor Systems

Table 19.1 References for anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the neurolocomotory system

Table 19.2 Physeal closure times in bones of the thoracic and pelvic limbs of the pig

Table 19.3 Descriptive terms and clinical signs affecting the nervous system

Table 19.4 Observations and lesions of the eye

Table 19.5 Congenital and newborn diseases affecting the locomotor system

Table 19.6 Taxonomy and causes of congenital tremors

Table 19.7 Key features and reference for types of congenital tremors described

Table 19.8 Some causes and clinical signs of conditions of the nervous system

Table 19.9 Some causes of posterior paresis and paralysis

Table 19.10 Sites of malacia in the CNS

Table 19.11 Diseases and insults that affect the joints

Table 19.12 Diseases and insults primarily affecting the muscle

Table 19.13 Diseases primarily affecting the bone

Table 19.14 Some nutritional contributors to locomotor disease

Table 19.15 Osteodystrophies (metabolic bone diseases) include rickets, osteomalacia, fibrous osteodystrophy, and osteoporosis

Table 19.16 Historical contributions to the study of osteochrondrosis

Table 19.17 Classification and gross pathology (lesions) of osteochondrosis

Chapter20Diseases of the Reproductive System

Table 20.1 Effect of boar contact on gilt cyclicity

Table 20.2 Effects of oxytocin (OT) after delivery of the first pig on farrowing performance

Table 20.3 Boar and laboratory management to minimize semen contamination

Table 20.4 Minimum requirements for use of fresh boar semen for artificial insemination

Table 20.5 Diagnostic results on 1396 porcine abortion cases submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory from 1/2003 to 1/2010

Table 20.6 Fetal tissue sampling guidelines in cases of porcine abortion

Table 20.7 Common agents detected in 409 porcine cases classified as infectious abortions at Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory from 1/2003 to 1/2010

Table 20.8 Infectious and toxic diseases causing abortion, stillbirth, and mummification in swine

Chapter21Respiratory System

Table 21.1 Relative weights of lung lobes as percentages of total lung weight in 90- to 100-kg pigs

Table 21.2 Physical, humoral, and cellular defense mechanisms in the respiratory tract

Table 21.3 Some studies demonstrating multiple pathogen infections in swine

Table 21.4 Classification of pneumonias based on morphology

Table 21.5 Respiratory disease entities and agents associated with sneezing

Table 21.6 Herd factors with detrimental effects on the respiratory system

Chapter22Urinary System

Table 22.1 Differential diagnosis of some renal diseases based on gross findings at necropsy

SECTION III VIRAL DISEASES

Chapter23Overview of Viruses

Table 23.1 Comparison of basic properties among monocellular microorganisms

Table 23.2 Viral taxonomy for orders, families, and genera containing viruses infecting pigs

Table 23.3 Viral families containing animal and human pathogens and their physicochemical properties

Chapter26Porcine Circoviruses

Table 26.1 Noninfectious risk factors for PMWS

Chapter28Herpesviruses

Table 28.1 Herpesviruses of swine

Chapter29Porcine Parvovirus

Table 29.1 Viremia, transplacental transmission, and death caused by distinct porcine parvovirus strains

Chapter31Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (Porcine Arterivirus)

Table 31.1 Summary of the use of diagnostic assays for the detection of PRRSV infection

Chapter42Picornaviruses

Table 42.1 Picornaviruses that may be isolated from pigs

Table 42.2 Year of first and most recent report of SVD outbreaks in the world

Table 42.3 Natural or experimental clinical syndromes associated with porcine enteric picornavirus infection

Chapter43Reoviruses (Rotavirus and Reoviruses)

Table 43.1 Serogroup, serotype, and genotype designations of selected porcine rotaviruses

Table 43.2 Geographic and temporal variability in the dominant group A rotavirus G and P types in subclinical or diarrheic pigs in various countries

Table 43.3 Prevalence of group A, B, and C rotaviruses in diarrheic pigs

Table 43.4 Rotavirus prevalence in various countries

SECTION IV BACTERIAL DISEASES

Chapter47Overview of Bacteria

Table 47.1 Classification of the principal bacterial pathogens of swine

Table 47.2 Gram-positive bacteria and associated swine disease(s) and/or clinical signs

Table 47.3 Gram-negative bacteria and associated swine diseases and/or clinical signs

Chapter50Brachyspiral Colitis

Table 50.1 Differentiation of six Brachyspira species that infect swine by their hemolyis pattern on Trypticase Soy blood agar, biochemical reactions, and utilization of sugars

Table 50.2 Dosage level, duration of administration and side effects for the four drugs most commonly used for the treatment of swine dysentery

Chapter51Brucellosis

Table 51.1 Differential microbiological characteristics of species of the genus Brucella

Table 51.2 Differential characteristics of the recognized Brucella biovars

Chapter52Clostridiosis

Table 52.1 Major clostridia and associated syndromes affecting swine

Table 52.2 Production of so-called major toxins by types of Clostridium perfringens and associated diseases

Table 52.3 Virulence of Clostridium perfringens type A strains for neonatal pigs

Chapter53Colibacillosis

Table 53.1 Important pathotypes, adhesins, toxins, and serogroups of pathogenic E. coli

Table 53.2 Common serovirotypes of pathogenic E. coli from pigs with PWD or ED

Table 53.3 Risk factors for development of E. coli diseases

Table 53.4 Age periods affected for various clinical diseases due to E. coli

Table 53.5 Criteria used to identify causative E. coli in diarrhea

Table 53.6 Strategies commonly used for the control of enteric E. coli infections

Chapter54Erysipelas

Table 54.1 Application of different diagnostic assays for identification of Erysipelothrix species

Chapter55Glässer’s Disease

Table 55.1 Clinical and pathological outcome from experimental inoculation with strains from different serovars of Haemophilus parasuis

Chapter63Tuberculosis

Table 63.1 Prevalence of tuberculosis in swine in the United States as determined by inspection in abattoirs under federal supervision

Table 63.2 Summary of data compiled from reports in North America on the occurrence of tubercle bacilli in tuberculous lymph nodes of swine

SECTION V PARASITIC DISEASES

Chapter65External Parasites

Table 65.1 Guidelines for chemical treatment of external parasites of swine

Chapter66Coccidia and Other Protozoa

Table 66.1 Species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and microsporidia found in swine and their zoonotic potential

Chapter67Internal Parasites: Helminths

Table 67.1 Gastrointestinal helminths of lesser importance

SECTION VI NONINFECTIOUS DISEASES

Chapter68Nutrient Deficiencies and Excesses

Table 68.1 Signs of vitamin deficiencies in swine

Table 68.2 Signs of mineral deficiencies in swine

Table 68.3 Deficiency signs for other nutrients and dietary components in swine

Table 68.4 Signs of vitamin excess and estimated tolerance level in swine

Table 68.5 Signs of mineral excess and estimated tolerance level in swine

Table 68.6 Signs of excess and estimated tolerance level for other nutrients and dietary components in swine

Table 68.7 A summary of clinical signs associated with nutrient deficiencies and excesses in swine

Table 68.8 Analytical variations

Chapter69Mycotoxins in Grains and Feeds

Table 69.1 Sources and conditions for selected mycotoxins important to swine

Table 69.2 Characteristics of common mycotoxicoses in swine

Table 69.3 Selected approaches to inactivate mycotoxins in swine feeds

Table 69.4 Exposure guide to mycotoxin effects in swine

Chapter70Toxic Minerals, Chemicals, Plants, and Gases

Table 70.1 Water quality guidelines for livestock

Contributing Authors

Caitlyn Abell

Department of Animal Science

109 Kildee Hall

Iowa State University

Ames, Iowa 50011

Claudio L. Afonso

United States Department of Agriculture

Agricultural Research Service

Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory

Athens, Georgia 30605