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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
The electrochemical storage of energy has become essential in assisting the development of electrical transport and use of renewable energies. French researchers have played a key role in this domain but Asia is currently the market leader. Not wanting to see history repeat itself, France created the research network on electrochemical energy storage (RS2E) in 2011. This book discusses the launch of RS2E, its stakeholders, objectives, and integrated structure that assures a continuum between basic research, technological research and industries. Here, the authors will cover the technological advances as well as the challenges that must still be resolved in the field of electrochemical storage, taking into account sustainable development and the limited time available to us.
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Seitenzahl: 101
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015
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Contents
Introduction
1: Batteries and Supercapacitors: Some Reminders
1.1. Main evolution of batteries from the 1980s to now
1.2. Supercapacitors: recent developments
2: Advanced Li-ion
2.1. Positive electrode materials for Li-ion technology
2.2. Negative electrode materials for Li-ion technology
2.3. The question of electrolytes for Li-ion technology
3: Capacitive Storage
3.1. Carbonated materials for capacitive storage
3.2. Pseudocapacitive materials
3.3. Electrolytes for supercapacitors
3.4. Hybrid systems and middle-term goals
4: New Chemistries
4.1. Li-air technology
4.2. Li-S technology
4.3. Na-ion technology
4.4. Redox-flow technology
4.5. All-solid state batteries
5: Eco-Compatible Storage
5.1. Ionothermal synthesis
5.2. Bioinspired synthesis/approach
5.3. Organic electrodes for “green” Li-ion batteries and more durable batteries
5.4. Recycling and LCA
6: Smart Materials
6.1. Photonics of insertion materials to create photo-rechargeable batteries
6.2. Micro-energy sources
7: Technology Transfer, Research Promotion and Education
7.1. Development: industrial property
7.2. Education
Conclusion
Bibliography
Index
First published 2015 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:
ISTE Ltd
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www.iste.co.uk
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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USA
www.wiley.com
© ISTE Ltd 2015
The rights of Jean-Marie Tarascon and Patrice Simon to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2014958638
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-84821-720-1
Introduction
The supply and management of energy are more than ever at the center of our daily concerns and are a major socioeconomic priority. Currently, we depend on fossil fuels with two serious consequences: exhaustion of reserves and worsening of the greenhouse effect caused by the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) from their combustion. Due to an increasing world population, which is expected to expand from 7 to 10 billion by 2050, and economic development, energy demands will double, from 14 TW currently to 28 TW in 2050, which would increase the atmospheric concentration of CO2 if no action is taken; the result would be ever greater climate warming [TAR 11]. Thus, all global organizations agree that energy is the main challenge of the 21st Century that our planet must overcome.
Nowadays, if we have any hope of reversing this trend, we must develop the use of renewable energies (solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, etc.), which, despite their intermittent character, have a low CO2 footprint. However, for this energy transition to be successful, it is important to consider how they can be used more efficiently and find innovative management solutions, reliable conversion and storage of energy, that are low cost and widely applicable. For this, we need (1) efficient photovoltaic and thermoelectrical systems to convert light and heat into electricity, respectively; (2) electronic conductors such as superconductors to minimize the Joule effect; and (3) storage systems such as batteries/supercapacitors to store energy in chemical forms and convert it back to electricity when required. Although these issues associated with the production, transport and storage of energy are exciting due to the different strategies implemented, we will address only electrochemical storage in this book. The storage of electrical energy will continue to play an increasingly vital role in sectors such as transport (electric and hybrid vehicles), medicine, defense and aerospace, telecommunications and other sectors. In 2020, it is predicted that, for example, 10% of cars produced will be electric and 20% of the energy used worldwide will come from renewable energy. The storage and production of electrical energy are crucial elements in a completely new paradigm of energy. It has become an important and strategic issue for France and its industry, as noted during the French national debate on the energy transition and the drafting of the upcoming law.
Figure I.1.The decrease in fossil fuels a) associated with the increasing demand for energy b) makes renewable energy c) a solution for the successful energy transition as long as we can compensate for their intermittence using electrochemical devices d)
These two applications (networks and transport) must therefore store energy and convert it back to an electrical form. One of the best ways of doing this is to convert chemical energy into electrical energy since they both share the same vector, the electron. Electrochemical devices capable of doing this conversion are known as fuel cells, supercapacitors and batteries. More specifically:
Based on the Ragone diagram, we can see that for power applications, first come supercapacitors, then batteries and then fuel cells, whereas in terms of autonomy, it is the opposite sequence that prevails. Another important piece of information on this diagram is that none of these systems can currently compete with internal combustion engines. This is why, in the beginning of the 20th Century, electric vehicles gave way to internal combustion vehicles, which took advantage of their low cost, ease of use and the high performance of fossil fuels (1 L of oil still provides 15 times more energy than that of Li-ion technology). There is still a long way to go before electrochemical storage can provide the energy of oil at the same mass.
Figure I.2.The different electrochemical devices, super capacitors, batteries and fuel cells are compared with fuel motors within the same Ragone diagram
This is a complex task given that the progress in the field of energy storage has been slow [TAR 98]. It has been almost 200 years since the fuel cell was discovered by W. Groove in 1839, but some questions still remain unanswered. The history of batteries is better known; however, their energy density has only increased by four or even five times since the discovery of the lead battery in 1859 by Gaston Planté. A common theme in electrochemical systems is that their performance is (1) dependent on the quality of the electrode–electrolyte interfaces, which are still difficult to fully understand, and (2) dependent on the ability of the chemist to design better performing materials on request.
Therefore, technological breakthroughs are required to speed up the increasingly slow progress and even more so since the challenges posed by the increasing demand for energy consumption with low climatic impacts are pressing. Our society is now aware of this and the electrochemical storage of energy has become a major strategic issue for our nation, thereby motivating major innovative projects, one of which brought together French researchers and privately-held companies in the domain of batteries and supercapacitors, as described below.
Creation of the French network on electrochemical energy storage (RS2E)
France has considerable resources to meet the challenges in the domain of electrochemical energy storage, most notably in the field of electrode materials for batteries and supercapacitors, which were developed by the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) and universities. Public organizations also need to be mentioned, such as the French atomic energy and alternative energies commission (CEA), which can technologically use these findings to create innovative systems, and a wide range of industries, whether in the field of transport, energy production, material chemistry or electronics, all of which may benefit from improved synergy.
However, a quick look at our past reveals that our scientific advances regarding the materials of electrodes (LiCoO2, LiFePO4, etc.) as well as electrolytes (salts and polymers) have become commercial products outside France, especially in Asia, which currently dominates the accumulator market. To change the current situation and reverse the course of history, the French government has tried to strongly develop the innovation potential in the field of energy storage, through a coordinated intensification of research, development and industrialization, and also by bringing together academic laboratories and technological research centers. Thus, on the 2nd of July 2010, the French network on electrochemical energy storage (RS2E) was created. It is based on an integrated vision (Figure I.3) combining research excellence and innovation of national research labs (17 CNRS/ Universities joint-laboratories) together with efficient and experienced technological research centers (CEA, IFP1 and INERIS2), all being connected to a reinforced industrial network. Its main aim is based on the motto “integrate, unite, and gather to better innovate and develop”, in order to promote the emergence of a new generation of systems with the desire to see France become a global leader in a field as economically lucrative as that of energy.
Figure I.3.Integrated vision of RS2E with left: the different laboratories whose mission is to explore new concepts of batteries and supercapacitors and more specifically high-performing materials, thereby creating new knowledge and stimulating numerous scientific innovations, middle: technological research public organizations which aim to develop, on a large scale, the exploration of functional prototypes and demonstrate innovative systems in order to transfer technological breakthroughs into the industry and, right: Industrial Partners, with the logos of the different members as of September 2014
This collaborative network has allowed the development of a structure, an environment and, in particular, a feasible strategy:
Strategy and scientific structure of RS2E
Apart from an integrated vision that provides the basis and connectivity needed between the different stakeholders from the academic, technological and industrial sectors, RS2E is also based on an integrated scientific program, for the development of high-performing energy storage systems, aiming:
