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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Serie: IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering
- Sprache: Englisch
Electromagnetic Analysis and Condition Monitoring of Synchronous Generators Discover an insightful and complete overview of electromagnetic analysis and fault diagnosis in large synchronous generators In Electromagnetic Analysis and Condition Monitoring of Synchronous Generators, a team of distinguished engineers delivers a comprehensive review of the electromagnetic analysis and fault diagnosis of synchronous generators. Beginning with an introduction to several types of synchronous machine structures, the authors move on to the most common faults found in synchronous generators and their impacts on performance. The book includes coverage of different modeling tools, including the finite element method, winding function, and magnetic equivalent circuit, as well as various types of health monitoring systems focusing on the magnetic field, voltage, current, shaft flux, and vibration. Finally, Electromagnetic Analysis and Condition Monitoring of Synchronous Generators covers signal processing tools that can help identify hidden patterns caused by faults and machine learning tools enabling automated condition monitoring. The book also includes: * A thorough introduction to condition monitoring in electric machines and its importance to synchronous generators * Comprehensive explorations of the classification of synchronous generators, including armature arrangement, machine construction, and applications * Practical discussions of different types of electrical and mechanical faults in synchronous generators, including short circuit faults, eccentricity faults, misalignment, core-related faults, and broken damper bar faults * In-depth examinations of the modeling of healthy and faulty synchronous generators, including analytical and numerical methods Perfect for engineers working in electrical machine analysis, maintenance, and fault detection, Electromagnetic Analysis and Condition Monitoring of Synchronous Generators is also an indispensable resource for professors and students in electrical power engineering.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2022
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Author Biographies
Preface
1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction to Condition Monitoring of Electric Machines
1.2 Importance of Synchronous Generators
1.3 Economic Aspects and Advantages
1.4 Intention of the Book
References
2 Operation Principles, Structure, and Design of Synchronous Generators
2.1 Introduction
2.2 History of Synchronous Generators
2.3 Types and Constructions of Synchronous Machines
2.4 Voltage Equation and Rated Power of the Synchronous Generator
2.5 Synchronous Generator Model Parameters
2.6 Different Operating Modes of Synchronous Machines
2.7 Damper Bars in Synchronous Generators
2.8 Losses and Efficiency in Synchronous Generators
2.9 High-Voltage Synchronous Generators
2.10 Preliminary Design Considerations
2.11 Stator Design Considerations
2.12 Summary
References
3 Transformed Models and Parameter Identification of Synchronous Generators
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Multi-Phase Synchronous Generator Modeling Based on Park Equations
3.3 Mathematical Modeling
3.4 Parameter Estimation Algorithms
3.5 Parameter Accuracy Increments by Considering Saturation
3.6 Fault Detection Based on Parameter Deviation
3.7 Summary
References
4 Introduction to Different Types of Faults in Synchronous Generators
4.1 Reasons for Condition Monitoring of Synchronous Generators
4.2 Different Faults in Synchronous Generators
4.3 Main Factors Leading to Electrical Machine Damage
4.4 Major Destruction Factors of Stator Winding
4.5 Common Faults in Stator Winding
4.6 Rotor Field Winding Fault
4.7 Eccentricity Faults
4.8 Misalignment Faults
4.9 Damper Winding Fault
4.10 Summary
References
5 Laboratory Scale Implementation
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Salient Pole Synchronous Generator
5.3 Induction Motor
5.4 Gearbox
5.5 Converter
5.6 Rotor Magnetization Unit
5.7 DC Power Supply
5.8 Local Passive Load
5.9 Sensors
5.10 Data Acquisition
5.11 Fault Implementation
5.12 Noise Considerations
5.13 Summary
References
Note
6 Analytical Modeling Based on Wave and Permeance Method
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Eccentricity Fault Definition
6.3 The Air Gap Magnetic Field
6.4 The Electromotive Force in Stator Terminals
6.5 The Stator Current
6.6 Force Density and Unbalanced Magnetic Pull
6.7 Stator Slotting Effects
6.8 Magnetic Saturation Effects
6.9 The Mixed Eccentricity Fault
6.10 The Air Gap Magnetic Field
6.11 Induced Electromotive Force in Stator Terminals
6.12 Force Density and Unbalanced Magnetic Pull
6.13 Short Circuit Modeling
6.14 Air Gap Permeance Under a Short Circuit Fault
6.15 Force Density and Unbalanced Magnetic Pull under a Rotor Inter-turn Short Circuit Fault
6.16 Summary
References
7 Analytical Modeling Based on Winding Function Methods
7.1 Introduction
7.2 History and Usage of the WFM
7.3 Winding Function Modeling of a Synchronous Generator
7.4 Mutual Inductance Calculation Between the Stator Phases
7.5 The Mutual Inductance Between the Stator and Rotor
7.6 The Self Inductance of the Rotor
7.7 Derivative Forms of Synchronous Generator Inductances
7.8 A Practical Case Study
7.9 Healthy Case Simulation
7.10 Faulty Case Simulation
7.11 Algorithm for Determination of the Magnetic Saturation Factor
7.12 Eccentricity Fault Modeling Considering Magnetic Saturation Under Load Variations
7.13 Dynamic Modeling under an Eccentricity Fault
7.14 Summary
References
8 Finite Element Modeling of a Synchronous Generator
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Electromagnetic Field Computation
8.3 Eddy Current and Core Loss Considerations
8.4 Material Modeling
8.5 Band Object, Motion Setup, and Boundary Conditions
8.6 Mesh Consideration
8.7 Time Steps and Simulation Run Time
8.8 Transient and Steady-State Modeling
8.9 No-Load and On-Load Modeling
8.10 2D and 3D FEM
8.11 3D-FE Equations of the Synchronous Generator
8.12 Modeling of the Stator and Rotor Windings of the Generator and Its Load
8.13 Air Gap Magnetic Field Measurements
8.14 Stray Flux Measurements
8.15 Eccentricity Fault Modeling
8.16 Stator and Rotor Short Circuit Fault
8.17 Broken Damper Bar Modeling
8.18 Summary
References
9 Thermal Analysis of Synchronous Generators
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Overview of Thermal Modeling and Analysis
9.3 Thermal Modeling and Analyzing Synchronous Generators
9.4 Modeling and Analysis of Faulty Synchronous Generators
9.5 Summary
References
10 Signal Processing
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Signal
10.3 Fast Fourier Transform
10.4 Fast Fourier Transform with an Adjusted Sampling Frequency
10.5 Short-Time Fourier Transform
10.6 Continuous Wavelet Transform
10.7 Discrete Wavelet Transform
10.8 Hilbert–Huang Transform
10.9 Time Series Data Mining
10.10 Spectral Kurtosis and Kurtogram
10.11 Noise
10.12 Summary
References
11 Electromagnetic Signature Analysis of Electrical Faults
11.1 Introduction
11.2 General Introduction to Short Circuit Fault Detection Methods in Synchronous Machines
11.3 Stator Short Circuit Fault Types
11.4 Synchronous Generator Stator Fault Effects
11.5 Fault Diagnosis Methods in the Stator Winding
11.6 Stator Short Circuit Fault Detection of Brushless Synchronous Machines
11.7 Stator Short Circuit Fault Detection of Powerformers
11.8 Stator Short Circuit Fault Detection of Turbo-generators
11.9 Inter-Turn Short Circuit Fault in Rotor Field Winding
11.10 Summary
References
12 Electromagnetic Signature Analysis of Mechanical Faults
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Eccentricity Faults
12.3 Stator Core Fault
12.4 Broken Damper Bar Fault
12.5 Summary
References
13 Vibration Monitoring
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Condition Monitoring Using Vibration
13.3 Vibration in Salient-Pole Synchronous Generators
13.4 Introduction to Utilized Terms in Vibration Analysis
13.5 Force and Vibration Analysis
13.6 Summary
References
14 Application of Machine Learning in Fault Detection
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Supervised Learning
14.3 Ensemble Learners
14.4 Logistic Regression
14.5 K-Nearest Neighbors
14.6 Support Vector Machine
14.7 Decision Tree Learning
14.8 Random Forest
14.9 Boosted Trees
14.10 Gradient Boost Decision Trees
14.11 Artificial Neural Network
14.12 Other Artificial Neural Networks
14.13 Real Case Application
14.14 Summary
References
15 Insulation Defect Monitoring
15.1 Introduction
15.2 History and Advantages of Using Partial Discharge Techniques
15.3 Electrical Machine Fault Generation Factors
15.4 Rotating Machine Insulation System
15.5 PD Types in Rotating Machines
15.6 Risk Assessment of Different Partial Discharge Faults
15.7 Frequency Characteristics of Current Pulses
15.8 Measurement of PD Signals
15.9 Online Measurements of PD in Rotating Electrical Machines
15.10 Summary
References
16 Noise Rejection Methods and Data Interpretation
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Noise Rejection in Online Measurement
16.3 Noise Sources in Generators
16.4 Different Methods for Denoising
16.5 Data Interpretation
16.6 Separating PD Sources
16.7 Summary
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 2
Table 2.1 Different parameters of a typically designed salient-pole generato...
Chapter 4
Table 4.1 General specifications of a generator and relevant characteristics...
Table 4.2 Insulation class, permissible temperature, and rise-able temperatu...
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 Nameplate of the salient pole synchronous generator.
Table 5.2 Specifications of the salient pole synchronous generator.
Chapter 7
Table 7.1 Nameplate and the dimensions of a three-phase four-pole salient po...
Table 7.2 Value of coefficient
ζ
for different values of flux density i...
Chapter 9
Table 9.1 Thermal and electrical analysis equalities.
Table 9.2 Thermal conductivities of common materials at 20 °C [25]...
Table 9.3 Range of convective heat transfer coefficient [25]/EOMYS Engineeri...
Table 9.4 Emissivity for common materials at 20 °C [25]/EOMYS Engineering.
Table 9.5 Summary of thermal modeling and analysis results for synchronous g...
Table 9.6 Comparison of errors of different methods results in thermal analy...
Table 9.7 Data of thermal test of the proposed generator with single-phase o...
Table 9.8 Comparison of the error of the lumped parameters method and FEM in...
Chapter 10
Table 10.1 The frequencies contained within each DWT decomposition level of ...
Table 10.2 The effect of various signal-to-noise ratios on the nominated ind...
Table 10.3 The energy of various wavelet sub-bands energy in healthy and fau...
Chapter 11
Table 11.1 Oscillatory components of the Park vector current.
Table 11.2 The frequency spectrum of the rotor field current per unit.
Table 11.3 The frequency spectrum of the stator phase current per unit.
Table 11.4 The current amplitude of the fundamental component and negative s...
Table 11.5 Impact of unbalanced voltage on the negative sequence impedance i...
Table 11.6 Current amplitude of fundamental component and negative sequence ...
Table 11.7 Oscillatory torque amplitude.
Table 11.8 Flux harmonics severities in healthy and short circuit cases.
Table 11.9 The slot number and the coil numbers in the slots of the synchron...
Table 11.10 The slot number and the coil numbers in the slots of the synchro...
Table 11.11 The performance of the algorithm for different types of faults a...
Table 11.12 The average flux density of the faulty pole with respect to the ...
Table 11.13 Percentage reduction of pole 6 with respect to the average value...
Table 11.14 Induced harmonics in the rotor field winding (Hz).
Table 11.15 The amplitude of current harmonics of the rotor field winding un...
Table 11.16 Amplitude of the fault related harmonics at the no-load operatio...
Table 11.17 The amplitude of the fault related harmonics at the full load op...
Table 11.18 The measured and virtual electromagnetic power of a synchronous ...
Table 11.19 The value of the active and reactive power of a synchronous gene...
Table 11.20 The variation of the side-bands harmonics in (Hz) to number of i...
Table 11.21 The variation of the side-bands harmonics in (Hz) to number of i...
Chapter 12
Table 12.1 Stator current harmonic amplitude rises under a 50% dynamic eccen...
Table 12.2 The variation of the
f
flux
component in the magnetic flux from ac...
Table 12.3 Criterion function values for four wavelet sub-bands for differen...
Table 12.4 Values of the criterion function for a synchronous generator with...
Table 12.5 Radius of gyration of the induced voltage in a rotor field windin...
Chapter 13
Table 13.1 Six natural frequencies of a stator core.
Table 13.2 The amplitude of the vibration frequencies caused by faults relat...
Table 13.3 The amplitude of the vibration frequencies caused by faults in th...
Chapter 14
Table 14.1 Confusion matrix [1]/Norwegian University of Science and Technolo...
Table 14.2 Frequencies in each decomposition level of a 12-level DWT.
Table 14.3 Features most correlated with the number of ITSCs (DL = decomposi...
Table 14.4 Three data sets taken into machine learning.
Table 14.5 A summary of hyper-parameters employed for comparison of feature ...
Table 14.6 A summary of Logistic Regression results, KNN, SVM (radial base f...
Table 14.7 Hyper-parameter search grids for Logistic Regression, KNN, SVM, a...
Table 14.8 The best hyper-parameters found from the grid search [1]/Norwegia...
Table 14.9 The accuracy, sensitivity, precision, F
1
-score, and ROC AUC of th...
Table 14.10 The results from the stacking classifier comparison [1]/Norwegia...
Table 14.11 The results of the best of the single and stacking classifiers o...
Table 14.12 The base-classifier coefficients of the logistic regression clas...
Table 14.13 The 20 most useful features for the optimized XGBoost classifier...
Table 14.14 The severity degrees of the classifier defined by the number of ...
Table 14.15 The 20 most useful features for the optimized logistic regressio...
Chapter 15
Table 15.1 Risk assessment of PD [15].
Table 15.2 Different frequency ranges (in MHz) to measure the PD electricall...
Table 15.3 Specifications of generators and measured signals.
Chapter 16
Table 16.1 Desirable VHF and UHF frequency range.
Table 16.2 Cumulative probability of PD occurrence in a turbo-generator usin...
Table 16.3 Cumulative probability of PD occurrence in a turbo-generator usin...
List of Illustrations
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 Generation of a rotating MMF by three-phase stator currents.
Figure 2.2 Synchronous generator structure and induced three-phase voltage i...
Figure 2.3 The first three-phase generator was built by Friedrich August Has...
Figure 2.4 The first commercial generator was tested in 1891.
Figure 2.5 (a) Forming pole faces on the core and (b) thick insulated copper...
Figure 2.6 The rotor of the synchronous generator.
Figure 2.7 Collector brushes.
Figure 2.8 Cross-section of a rotor winding slot.
Figure 2.9 Rotor poles of a cylindrical and salient-pole synchronous generat...
Figure 2.10 A 14-pole salient-pole rotor synchronous generator.
Figure 2.11 (a) Fixed magnetic field and (b) rotating magnetic field type.
Figure 2.12 DC excitation system of synchronous generator [44].
Figure 2.13 Static excitation system of a synchronous generator.
Figure 2.14 Brushless excitation system.
Figure 2.15 A simplified phasor diagram of a generator.
Figure 2.16 Differences in stator winding in conventional synchronous genera...
Figure 2.17 (a) The stator of a synchronous generator (b) slot dimensions.
Figure 2.18 Schematic of the Roebel bar in the stator slot (a) and the trans...
Figure 2.19 Typical slot and tooth shapes in synchronous generators.
Figure 2.20 Conductor arrangement in the slot [50].
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Parameter identification procedure for a synchronous machine.
Figure 3.2 An ideal symmetrical multi-phase synchronous generator.
Figure 3.3 Equivalent circuit of an idealized multi-phase synchronous genera...
Figure 3.4 The
dq
model of a two-phase synchronous generator.
Figure 3.5 Winding
as
flux path indicating mutual coupling between stator wi...
Figure 3.6 Schematic cross-section of a three-phase synchronous generator an...
Figure 3.7 Schematic diagram of the six-phase synchronous generator system....
Figure 3.8 Schematic representation of a six-phase synchronous motor: (a) st...
Figure 3.9 Classification of parameter estimation techniques.
Figure 3.10 (a) The
d
-axis equivalent circuit and (b)
q
-axis equivalent circ...
Figure 3.11 Schematic diagram of the estimation process.
Figure 3.12 Overall block diagram of a prototype IPMSM drive system [48].
Figure 3.13 (a) Flux-linkage versus current characteristics with magnetic sa...
Figure 3.14 General model of the system corresponding to the fault [53].
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Fault types in the stator and rotor of synchronous machines.
Figure 4.2 (a) Damage to a moving bearing due to an electro-erosion track, (...
Figure 4.3 A typical stator main wall insulation puncture caused by heat str...
Figure 4.4 Samples of generator insulation defects caused by PD.
Figure 4.5 Typical destruction of the stator winding and tracking of the slo...
Figure 4.6 Two typical melted stator cores caused by an internal fault.
Figure 4.7 A salient-pole synchronous generator rotor – field winding.
Figure 4.8 Stator and rotor during healthy operation (a), under static eccen...
Figure 4.9 Static misalignment fault in electric machines.
Figure 4.10 A salient pole synchronous generator with damper bars and end ri...
Figure 4.11 The rotor of a salient pole synchronous machine with seven dampe...
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 A 100 kVA salient pole synchronous generator.
Figure 5.2 Stator and rotor of 100 kVA salient pole synchronous generator.
Figure 5.3 Winding layout of the stator winding (left) and type of stator wi...
Figure 5.4 Three-dimensional drawing and photo of an SPSG rotor.
Figure 5.5 Rotor pole geometry specification of a 100 kVA SPSG.
Figure 5.6 A 90 kW induction motor with a rated speed of 1482 rpm.
Figure 5.7 Speed adjustment of the industrial gearbox.
Figure 5.8 A three phase 100 kVA converter used to drive an induction motor....
Figure 5.9 Schematic diagram of the induction motor connection to the grid....
Figure 5.10 Magnetization unit of the rotor field winding.
Figure 5.11 Schematic diagram of the magnetization unit.
Figure 5.12 DC power source as an exciter.
Figure 5.13 Trapezoidal shape DC current generated at the terminal of the DC...
Figure 5.14 A water-cooled resistive bank and its control panel.
Figure 5.15 Two three-phase inductors are connected in series, and the outpu...
Figure 5.16 Hall-effect sensor AST244. https://www.asensor.eu.
Figure 5.17 Schematic of a constant current circuit. LM334 and LM317 are the...
Figure 5.18 Final prototype of the constant current circuit.
Figure 5.19 (a) Reference magnet with a uniform magnetic field of 0.5 T....
Figure 5.20 Complete setup of the Hall-effect sensor used to measure the air...
Figure 5.21 Location of the Hall-effect sensor on the stator tooth.
Figure 5.22 Location of a search coil inside a synchronous machine to captur...
Figure 5.23 An external search coil for measuring an external magnetic field...
Figure 5.24 Location of external search coils in generators [14] / with perm...
Figure 5.25 Internal components of an accelerometer.
Figure 5.26 Industrialized accelerometer to measure vibration in a generator...
Figure 5.27 Industrial constant current source with four channels, utilized ...
Figure 5.28 High-voltage differential probe. https://www.tek.com/probes-and-...
Figure 5.29 An LEM CT with a BNC cable to measure the rotor DC current.
Figure 5.30 An AC current probe. https://www.fluke.com/en/product/accessorie...
Figure 5.31 Oscilloscope with 12-bit resolution. https://www.tek.com/oscillo...
Figure 5.32 Oscilloscope with 16-bit resolution. https://www.rohde-schwarz.c...
Figure 5.33 Compact DAQ to measure the signal. https://www.ni.com/en-no/shop...
Figure 5.34 Schematic diagram of different types of short circuit faults in ...
Figure 5.35 A schematic of an inter-turn short circuit fault in a synchronou...
Figure 5.36 A rotor of a synchronous generator and a short circuit tap on th...
Figure 5.37 Schematic of a flange for applying static and dynamic eccentrici...
Figure 5.38 Measuring clocks installed on both sides. Measuring clock and bo...
Figure 5.39 Rotor pole of a synchronous generator with removed damper bars, ...
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 (a) Healthy machine, (b) under SE fault, (c) under DE fault.
Figure 6.2 The location of the stator and rotor of an electric machine under...
Figure 6.3 Location of the stator and rotor of an electric machine under a D...
Figure 6.4 Mixed eccentricity fault in a synchronous machine: (a) in cross-s...
Figure 6.5 (a) The MMF distribution of a rotor pole in a healthy case, (b) f...
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 An arbitrary path, including a stator, air gap, and rotor of a sa...
Figure 7.2 Stator lamination sheet of the synchronous machine and the assume...
Figure 7.3 The rotor is rotated
θ
degrees with respect to the
d
-axis.
Figure 7.4 The turn function of the field winding.
Figure 7.5 Detailed schematic of a self inductance and mutual inductance of ...
Figure 7.6 Open circuit and short circuit characteristics of a synchronous g...
Figure 7.7 Winding layout of an SPSG with 36 slots, double layer.
Figure 7.8 The turn function of stator phase A winding.
Figure 7.9 The turn function of rotor field winding.
Figure 7.10 The turn function of damper winding in the
d
-axis.
Figure 7.11 The turn function of damper winding in the
q
-axis.
Figure 7.12 The mutual inductance between phase A and phase B and their deri...
Figure 7.13 The self inductance of phase A and its derivative.
Figure 7.14 The mutual inductance between phase A and the rotor field windin...
Figure 7.15 The mutual inductance between the three phases and the rotor fie...
Figure 7.16 The mutual inductance between the stator phase winding (phase A)...
Figure 7.17 The mutual inductance between the stator phase winding (phase A)...
Figure 7.18 Rotor field winding current.
Figure 7.19 The damper winding current in the
d
-axis.
Figure 7.20 The damper winding current in the
q
-axis.
Figure 7.21 Current in phase A of the stator winding.
Figure 7.22 Induced line voltage in the stator terminal.
Figure 7.23 The dynamic response of the SPSG speed from no-load to full-load...
Figure 7.24 The dynamic response of speed by excluding the damper winding fr...
Figure 7.25 The dynamic response of the field winding current by excluding t...
Figure 7.26 The turn function of faulty phase A (nine turns are reduced betw...
Figure 7.27 The turn function of the faulty phase (phase D).
Figure 7.28 The self inductance of phase A in the healthy case and under a n...
Figure 7.29 The self inductance of phase D.
Figure 7.30 The mutual inductance between phase A and phase B in a healthy a...
Figure 7.31 The mutual inductance between phase D and three other phases.
Figure 7.32 The rotor field winding current in a faulty SPSG under a short c...
Figure 7.33 The
d
-axis damper winding current under a short circuit fault.
Figure 7.34 The
q
-axis damper winding current under a short circuit fault.
Figure 7.35 The stator winding current (phase A) under a short circuit fault...
Figure 7.36 The stator terminal line voltage between phase A and phase B und...
Figure 7.37 Electromagnetic torque in a faulty SPSG under a short circuit fa...
Figure 7.38 The speed variation of the SPSG under a short circuit fault.
Figure 7.39 An algorithm for the determination of the magnetic saturation fa...
Figure 7.40 The magnetic field distribution in the air gap under one rotor p...
Figure 7.41 Magnetic flux distribution of a basic SPSG by changing the maxim...
Figure 7.42 The magnetic flux density of one rotor pole for various ratios o...
Figure 7.43 The air gap magnetic field graph factors in an SPSG.
Figure 7.44 The cross section of an SPSG showing modeling of the saturation ...
Figure 7.45 The magnetic flux density distribution of an SPSG in a no-load o...
Figure 7.46 The magnitude and direction of the EMF of the SPSG in one rotor ...
Figure 7.47 The magnetic field distribution of an on-load SPSG.
Figure 7.48 The air gap length function (a) and its reverse function (b) in ...
Figure 7.49 The location of the center stator, rotor, and rotating center in...
Figure 7.50 Inverse air gap function distribution in an SPSG under a dynamic...
Figure 7.51 The air gap length distribution (a) and the inverse air gap leng...
Figure 7.52 The air gap length distribution (a) and the inverse air gap leng...
Figure 7.53 Stator phase winding distribution layout (half of the total slot...
Figure 7.54 The Fourier series approximation of the turn function of the sta...
Figure 7.55 The Fourier series approximation of the rotor field winding.
Figure 7.56 Self inductance of the stator phase winding with and without a s...
Figure 7.57 Self inductance of the stator phase winding with and without a s...
Figure 7.58 The self inductance of the stator phase winding with and without...
Figure 7.59 The mutual inductance of the stator winding between phase A and ...
Figure 7.60 The mutual inductance of the stator winding between phase A and ...
Figure 7.61 The mutual inductance of the stator winding between phase A and ...
Figure 7.62 An algorithm for modeling an SPSG including the saturation effec...
Figure 7.63 The variation in the electromagnetic torque (top), excitation cu...
Figure 7.64 The variation in the electromagnetic torque (top), rotor field w...
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 Cross-section of a typical 14-pole and 8-pole salient-pole synchr...
Figure 8.2 The
B
-
H
curve of the M400 lamination is utilized in the stator co...
Figure 8.3 The meshing of a synchronous generator: (a) salient-pole and (b) ...
Figure 8.4 The air gap mesh of a synchronous generator: (a) salient pole and...
Figure 8.5 The external load circuit of the 100 kVA synchronous generator mo...
Figure 8.6 3D-FE model of a synchronous generator.
Figure 8.7 Different parts of the synchronous generator, including the stato...
Figure 8.8 Stator end-winding of a salient-pole synchronous generator.
Figure 8.9 Phase winding distribution inside half of the stator slots.
Figure 8.10 Electric circuit modeling of the stator phases, rotor winding, a...
Figure 8.11 Defined measuring point on the stator tooth surface of a synchro...
Figure 8.12 Location of the search coil on the stator backside to measure th...
Figure 8.13 Cross-section of a salient pole synchronous generator model for ...
Figure 8.14 Magnetic flux pattern in a synchronous generator: (a) healthy an...
Figure 8.15 Stator and rotor cross-section in a static eccentricity fault.
Figure 8.16 Magnetic flux distribution in the generator: (a) in a healthy st...
Figure 8.17 Magnetic flux pattern in a synchronous generator cross-section a...
Figure 8.18 Self-inductance profiles of phase A of (a) a round-rotor and (b)...
Figure 8.19 Mutual-inductance profiles of stator phase A and B in healthy an...
Figure 8.20 Arrangement of the coils in the stator core slots.
Figure 8.21 Connection of phase coils for three phases, including phase A (t...
Figure 8.22 Neutral current in a phase-to-earth fault simulated in FEM.
Figure 8.23 The phase-to-phase fault implementation in the stator winding of...
Figure 8.24 The impact of a phase-to-phase fault on the stator current of th...
Figure 8.25 Inter-turn short circuit fault in the stator winding of the sync...
Figure 8.26 Waveforms of the phase currents in an inter-turn fault in phase ...
Figure 8.27 The external circuit of the salient pole synchronous generator i...
Figure 8.28 Flux distribution in the salient pole synchronous machine operat...
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Concept of coupled electromagnetic and thermal analysis [6].
Figure 9.2 Two lumped parameter networks of a typical synchronous generator:...
Figure 9.3 A detailed magnetic flux distribution across the synchronous gene...
Figure 9.4 FEA thermal model of synchronous generators: (a) 2D model and (b)...
Figure 9.5 CFD thermal analysis of a synchronous generator [46]/HAL Open Sci...
Figure 9.6 Stator winding temperature variations in healthy and faulty (stat...
Figure 9.7 Stator phase current waveform of a synchronous generator during t...
Figure 9.8 Stator winding temperature variations in healthy and faulty (stat...
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 A discretized signal characteristics acquired with sampling freq...
Figure 10.2 The results obtained using different approaches when performing ...
Figure 10.3 The impact of decreasing Δ
f
on the FFT spectrum.
Figure 10.4 The impact of adjusting the fundamental frequency.
Figure 10.5 The impact of adjusting NPTS.
Figure 10.6 The impact of performing the measurements at different sampling ...
Figure 10.7 The resolution grid of a short-time Fourier transform of a signa...
Figure 10.8 The spectrogram of SFTF for the air gap sample series with the d...
Figure 10.9 The spectrogram of SFTF for a healthy and faulty sample series w...
Figure 10.10 Spectrogram of the air gap magnetic field time series using the...
Figure 10.11 The resolution grid of a wavelet transform of a signal.
Figure 10.12 The shape of the Morlet mother wavelet (a) and the Haar mother ...
Figure 10.13 The relationship between the scale and frequency for Shannon, M...
Figure 10.14 A selection of color maps utilized for CWT.
Figure 10.15 The scalogram of the air gap magnetic field using Complex Gauss...
Figure 10.16 Scalogram of an air gap magnetic field time series using the B-...
Figure 10.17 One level of the DWT.
Figure 10.18 A filter bank of cascading filters, equivalent to a three-level...
Figure 10.19 Application of the DWT to a magnetic field time series of an el...
Figure 10.20 A 0.9 amplitude, 4 Hz sine wave and its Hilbert transform.
Figure 10.21 A 0.9 amplitude, 4 Hz sine wave with white noise added, and its...
Figure 10.22 A signal and its Hilbert transforms. The signal is a linear com...
Figure 10.23 The probability distribution function and its corresponding val...
Figure 10.24 The probability density function for a normal distribution with...
Figure 10.25 The high-pass and low-pass filters used for signal decompositio...
Figure 10.26 An arborescent filter bank decomposition used for fast computat...
Figure 10.27 Fast kurtogram plane for frequency–frequency resolution [27].
Figure 10.28 Fast kurtogram plane for frequency–frequency resolution in a ca...
Figure 10.29 The frequency spectrum of white noise.
Figure 10.30 The frequency spectrum of pink noise.
Figure 10.31 The frequency spectrum of Brownian noise.
Figure 10.32 The frequency spectrum of blue noise.
Figure 10.33 The frequency spectrum of violet noise.
Figure 10.34 The measured noise in a hydropower plant.
Figure 10.35 Measured noise in the power plant.
Figure 10.36 The measured air gap magnetic field in a noisy environment and ...
Figure 10.37 The spectral density of an air gap magnetic field in a healthy ...
Figure 10.38 Application of STFT to an air gap magnetic field in healthy SPS...
Figure 10.39 The impact of 40 dB noise on data processed by STFT (a) and the...
Figure 10.40 The applied CWT to an air gap magnetic field in healthy (a) and...
Figure 10.41 The discrete wavelet transforms of an air gap magnetic field in...
Figure 10.42 The gyration radius of the air gap magnetic field in a healthy ...
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1 The inter-turn short circuit fault in the stator winding of the ...
Figure 11.2 Temperature measurement sensors used for fault detection: (a) a ...
Figure 11.3 A typical vibration sensor fixed on the stator winding of a hydr...
Figure 11.4 Schematic of three prevalent types of short circuit faults in st...
Figure 11.5 Magnetic flux density of a synchronous machine: (a) healthy, (b)...
Figure 11.6 Magnetic flux density distribution in a salient pole synchronous...
Figure 11.7 Stator current and short circuit current in the stator winding o...
Figure 11.8 Park current vector in a healthy operation of the synchronous ma...
Figure 11.9 Park current vector in a faulty synchronous machine (left) and p...
Figure 11.10 EPVA index for the case of the short circuit fault in the stato...
Figure 11.11 Simulation and measurement results for the faulty case using va...
Figure 11.12 Equivalent circuit for estimation of injected current.
Figure 11.13 Rate of voltage harmonic variation with a frequency of 180 Hz w...
Figure 11.14 Non-diagonal component of sequence impedance versus: (a) unbala...
Figure 11.15 The second stage for resolving the discrete signal of instantan...
Figure 11.16 Schematic of a brushless synchronous generator.
Figure 11.17 The frequency spectrum of the induced voltage in the auxiliary ...
Figure 11.18 The variation rate of the third harmonic (a) and seventh harmon...
Figure 11.19 Schematic of the powerformer windings in the case of a single-p...
Figure 11.20 The currents in different branches of the stator winding under ...
Figure 11.21 The rotor field winding current in the case of a stator short c...
Figure 11.22 Three-phase capacitive currents under an internal short circuit...
Figure 11.23 The turn-to-turn fault model in phase A of the stator winding....
Figure 11.24 Phasor diagram of the synchronous generator under an inter-turn...
Figure 11.25 The sum of the induced voltage of the coils below a single-pole...
Figure 11.26 Schematic circuit of the external phase-to-phase fault between ...
Figure 11.27 The phasor diagram of the external phase-to-phase fault between...
Figure 11.28 The total induced voltage of coils in phase A of a synchronous ...
Figure 11.29 Fault current vector diagram considering the interval of the vo...
Figure 11.30 Schematic of the synchronous generator under a phase-to-phase f...
Figure 11.31 The internal fault detection algorithm.
Figure 11.32 The difference between two consecutive data in healthy and faul...
Figure 11.33 Lissajous curves for different phase angles: (a) ellipse with n...
Figure 11.34 The difference between two consecutive data values is measured ...
Figure 11.35 The transient disturbances in the power system, the power fluct...
Figure 11.36 The winding layout inside the stator slots of the synchronous m...
Figure 11.37 Schematic of the inter-turn short circuit fault of a synchronou...
Figure 11.38 The phase current of the synchronous generator under an inter-t...
Figure 11.39 The ratio of the sampled current to the current of a previous c...
Figure 11.40 The ratio of the sampled current to the current of a previous c...
Figure 11.41 The internal phase-to-phase fault circuit in slot 18.
Figure 11.42 Three-phase currents of the synchronous generator under an inte...
Figure 11.43 The ratio of the sampled current to the current of a previous c...
Figure 11.44 The ratio of the sampled current to the current of a previous c...
Figure 11.45 The synchronous generator current in the case of an external ph...
Figure 11.46 The ratio of the sampled current to the current of a previous c...
Figure 11.47 The ratio of the sampled current to the current of a previous c...
Figure 11.48 The ratio of the sampled current to the current of a previous c...
Figure 11.49 Spatial distribution of a magnetomotive force in the rotor fiel...
Figure 11.50 The magnetomotive force of a four-pole synchronous generator wi...
Figure 11.51 A flux sensor placed on the tooth of the stator core to measure...
Figure 11.52 The air gap magnetic field of the synchronous generator with 14...
Figure 11.53 Flux density and flux line distribution of a synchronous machin...
Figure 11.54 The radial flux density of a faulty pole and its two neighborin...
Figure 11.55 The averaged flux density of a simulated synchronous machine wi...
Figure 11.56 The averaged measured flux density of a synchronous machine wit...
Figure 11.57 The measured average flux density of the synchronous generator ...
Figure 11.58 The polar diagram of the measured average radial flux of a sync...
Figure 11.59 The polar diagram of the magnetic flux of a synchronous generat...
Figure 11.60 The frequency spectrum of the air gap magnetic field of a synch...
Figure 11.61 The frequency spectrum of the radial flux density of a synchron...
Figure 11.62 The frequency spectrum of the radial flux density of a synchron...
Figure 11.63 The variation of the frequency harmonics of a no-load generator...
Figure 11.64 The effects of load on the frequency harmonics in the case of a...
Figure 11.65 The rotor field winding current of a synchronous machine withou...
Figure 11.66 The frequency spectrum of the stator phase voltage of a synchro...
Figure 11.67 The frequency spectrum of the stator phase voltage of a synchro...
Figure 11.68 The frequency spectrum of the stator phase voltage of a synchro...
Figure 11.69 The amplitude of inter-turn short circuit fault-related harmoni...
Figure 11.70 The frequency spectrum of the phase voltage at full-load operat...
Figure 11.71 The amplitude of fault-related harmonics at full load in the pr...
Figure 11.72 The flowchart diagram of the rotor short circuit fault detectio...
Figure 11.73 Synchronous machine power capability curve.
Figure 11.74 Operating conditions of a synchronous machine in a healthy case...
Figure 11.75 A synchronous generator setup with the location of a stray magn...
Figure 11.76 The installed stray magnetic field sensor on the backside of a ...
Figure 11.77 The installed stray magnetic field sensor on the backside of a ...
Figure 11.78 The induced sensor voltage on the sensor is installed on the ba...
Figure 11.79 The induced sensor voltage from a sensor installed on the backs...
Figure 11.80 The frequency spectrum of the induced sensor voltage in a 14-po...
Figure 11.81 The time-frequency plot of the induced sensor voltage of a 14-p...
Figure 11.82 The time-frequency plot of the induced sensor voltage of a 14-p...
Figure 11.83 Time-frequency plot of the induced sensor voltage in a sensor i...
Figure 11.84 Time-frequency plot of the induced sensor voltage in a sensor i...
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1 The air gap magnetic field of a synchronous generator operating ...
Figure 12.2 The flux density distribution in the synchronous generator opera...
Figure 12.3 The air gap magnetic field of a synchronous generator operating ...
Figure 12.4 Polar diagram of a synchronous generator operating in an on-load...
Figure 12.5 Frequency spectrum of the air gap magnetic field of a synchronou...
Figure 12.6 Frequency spectrum of the air gap magnetic field of a synchronou...
Figure 12.7 The kurtogram of the air gap magnetic field of the synchronous m...
Figure 12.8 The self-inductance of the stator windings in a healthy case and...
Figure 12.9 The mutual inductance between the stator and rotor windings in a...
Figure 12.10 Frequency spectrum of the stator current of a synchronous gener...
Figure 12.11 Current of one of the parallel branches of a synchronous genera...
Figure 12.12 No-load voltage of a 675 MVA salient pole synchronous generator...
Figure 12.13 Phase voltage and frequency spectrum of a healthy synchronous g...
Figure 12.14 Line voltage and frequency spectrum of a healthy synchronous ge...
Figure 12.15 Phase voltage and frequency spectrum of a synchronous generator...
Figure 12.16 Line voltage and frequency spectrum of a synchronous generator ...
Figure 12.17 Variation in the space vector loci of the EMF of a synchronous ...
Figure 12.18 Waveform of rotor field current under an eccentricity fault.
Figure 12.19 Three-phase stator current of a no-load synchronous generator....
Figure 12.20 Split-phase current of stator phase windings of a 1950 kVA no-l...
Figure 12.21 Split-phase current of stator phase windings of a 1950 kVA no-l...
Figure 12.22 Frequency spectrum of no-load voltage of a four-pole no-load sy...
Figure 12.23 Magnetic flux distribution in a synchronous generator under ecc...
Figure 12.24 Induced voltage in the shaft of a synchronous generator without...
Figure 12.25 Frequency spectrum of shaft-induced voltage in a synchronous ge...
Figure 12.26 Radial magnetic field in different parts of a no-load synchrono...
Figure 12.27 Mutual inductance between rotor field winding of a synchronous ...
Figure 12.28 Mutual inductance between the stator phase winding of a synchro...
Figure 12.29 Induced voltage of an installed search coil on the backside of ...
Figure 12.30 Induced voltages in the installed sensors distributed circumfer...
Figure 12.31 Variation in the standard deviation (STD) and mean value for st...
Figure 12.32 Frequency spectrum of the induced voltage of the sensor in an e...
Figure 12.33 Application of discrete wavelet transform to the differential i...
Figure 12.34 Application of discrete wavelet transform to the differential i...
Figure 12.35 Entropy of wavelet sub-bands for static eccentricity and dynami...
Figure 12.36 The eccentricity fault detection algorithm.
Figure 12.37 Time-frequency plot of the induced voltage of a sensor of a 22 ...
Figure 12.38 Time-frequency plot of the induced voltage of a sensor in a no-...
Figure 12.39 Time-frequency plot of the induced voltage of a sensor in an ei...
Figure 12.40 Time-frequency plot of the induced voltage of a sensor in a 16-...
Figure 12.41 Time-frequency plot of the induced voltage of a sensor installe...
Figure 12.42 Time-frequency plot of induced voltage of a sensor in four sens...
Figure 12.43 Time-frequency plot of the induced voltage of a sensor in four ...
Figure 12.44 Current flow due to an inter-laminar fault [44]/with permission...
Figure 12.45 The rated flux test setup used for lamination degradation analy...
Figure 12.46 Excitation windings are utilized to energize the stator core fo...
Figure 12.47 Detection of an inter-laminar fault in the stator core of a syn...
Figure 12.48 A salient pole synchronous generator with damper bars and end r...
Figure 12.49 Current of a single-phase rotation test in a synchronous genera...
Figure 12.50 Induced voltage in a sensor installed on the stator tooth of a ...
Figure 12.51 Time-frequency plot of the induced sensor voltage installed on ...
Figure 12.52 Induced voltage in a sensor installed in the axial direction of...
Figure 12.53 Time-frequency plot of the induced voltage in a sensor installe...
Figure 12.54 Current applied to a rotor field winding of 100 kVA no-load syn...
Figure 12.55 Circulating current in the end ring of a 100 kVA no-load synchr...
Figure 12.56 Induced current in rotor bars due to the trapezoidal shape of t...
Figure 12.57 Pole with removed damper bars to simulate a broken damper bar f...
Figure 12.58 Applied discrete wavelet transform to the induced voltage of th...
Figure 12.59 Frequency spectrum of the stator line current for (a) a balance...
Figure 12.60 Application of HHT to a healthy synchronous machine current: (a...
Figure 12.61 Application of HHT to a synchronous machine current under a bro...
Figure 12.62 Location of the damper bar in the rotor pole shoe of a synchron...
Figure 12.63 Induced voltage in the rotor field winding of a no-load salient...
Figure 12.64 Location of broken damper bars in different rotor poles.
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1 Stator teeth and a stator tooth line used to calculate the force...
Figure 13.2 A salient pole synchronous generator with eight poles and a meas...
Figure 13.3 Time distribution of an air gap magnetic field (top) and air gap...
Figure 13.4 A salient pole synchronous generator with measuring points distr...
Figure 13.5 The spatial distribution of the air gap magnetic field (top) and...
Figure 13.6 The stator parameter specification is utilized for estimation of...
Figure 13.7 The original shape and the deformed shape of the stator core for...
Figure 13.8 Deformation profiles of the six vibration modes at their natural...
Figure 13.9 The air gap magnetic field of the synchronous generator during h...
Figure 13.10 The frequency spectrum of the time distribution of the radial a...
Figure 13.11 Time-domain distribution of the radial air gap magnetic force d...
Figure 13.12 The frequency spectrum of the radial air gap magnetic force den...
Figure 13.13 The radial and tangential components of the air gap flux densit...
Figure 13.14 The time-domain distribution of the radial force density and it...
Figure 13.15 The frequency spectrum of the contributing components to radial...
Figure 13.16 Spatial distribution of the radial flux density in the no-load ...
Figure 13.17 The frequency spectrum of the spatial distribution of radial fl...
Figure 13.18 The spatial distribution of radial force density in a healthy c...
Figure 13.19 The frequency spectrum of the spatial distribution of radial fo...
Figure 13.20 The total radial force density acting on each tooth in a health...
Figure 13.21 The spatial distribution of the radial component and the tangen...
Figure 13.22 The frequency spectrum of the spatial distribution of radial fl...
Figure 13.23 The spatial distribution of the radial force density caused by ...
Figure 13.24 The frequency spectrum of the radial force density and tangenti...
Figure 13.25 The most significant radial flux density components that produc...
Figure 13.26 Contributions to the second-order radial force density harmonic...
Figure 13.27 The frequency spectrum of stator yoke deformation during no-loa...
Figure 13.28 The stator deformation profiles of the synchronous generator at...
Figure 13.29 The frequency spectrum of the healthy stator core deformation i...
Figure 13.30 The time-domain distribution of the radial air gap flux density...
Figure 13.31 The frequency spectrum of radial air gap flux density in a heal...
Figure 13.32 The radial air gap force density of a synchronous generator in ...
Figure 13.33 The frequency spectrum of the radial air gap force density in a...
Figure 13.34 The spatial distribution of radial air gap flux density in a he...
Figure 13.35 The frequency spectrum of the spatial distribution of radial ai...
Figure 13.36 Spatial distribution of radial air gap force density in a healt...
Figure 13.37 The total force acting on each tooth during no-load operation u...
Figure 13.38 The frequency spectrum of the spatial distribution of radial ai...
Figure 13.39 The most significant radial flux density components that produc...
Figure 13.40 The contributions to the first-order radial force density harmo...
Figure 13.41 The frequency spectrum of stator yoke deformation during no-loa...
Figure 13.42 The deformation profiles of the stator core at different freque...
Figure 13.43 The frequency spectrum of stator core deformation during no-loa...
Figure 13.44 The time distribution of the radial flux density measured at th...
Figure 13.45 The frequency spectrum of the time distribution of the radial f...
Figure 13.46 The time-domain distribution of the radial air gap flux density...
Figure 13.47 The frequency spectrum of the time of the radial air gap flux d...
Figure 13.48 The time distribution of the radial force density during no-loa...
Figure 13.49 The frequency spectrum of the time distribution of the radial f...
Figure 13.50 The spatial distribution of the radial flux density of the air ...
Figure 13.51 The frequency spectrum of the radial flux density of the air ga...
Figure 13.52 The spatial distribution of the radial flux density of the air ...
Figure 13.53 The total force acting on each tooth during no-load operation o...
Figure 13.54 The frequency spectrum of the spatial distribution of the radia...
Figure 13.55 The most significant radial flux density components to produce ...
Figure 13.56 Contributions to the first-order radial force density harmonics...
Figure 13.57 The frequency spectrum of stator yoke deformation during a no-l...
Figure 13.58 Deformation profiles of the stator core at various frequencies ...
Figure 13.59 The frequency spectrum of stator yoke deformation in the no-loa...
Figure 13.60 The logarithmic comparison of the deformation at certain freque...
Figure 13.61 The logarithmic comparison of the deformation at certain freque...
Chapter 14
Figure 14.1 Feature extraction and selection procedure.
Figure 14.2 Train/test split of a data set.
Figure 14.3 Threefold cross-validation. Each fold consists of a training and...
Figure 14.4 Cross-validation with a hold-out data set.
Figure 14.5 The ROC AUC is the area shaded gray.
Figure 14.6 An illustration of KNN.
Figure 14.7 An illustration of an SVM distinguishing between two classes. Th...
Figure 14.8 A decision tree determining whether a person should go outside: ...
Figure 14.9 An artificial neuron.
Figure 14.10 A single layer perceptron consisting of (a) inputs, (b) neurons...
Figure 14.11 A fully connected three-layer perceptron consisting of inputs (...
Figure 14.12 Two consecutive RSS cut from the same OSS. They each represent ...
Figure 14.13 Calculated mean values across all samples for each feature. A f...
Figure 14.14 Standard deviations across all samples for each feature. The pl...
Figure 14.15 An overview of feature correlations. The plot is divided by ver...
Figure 14.16 Feature correlation matrix. A darker color indicates a higher c...
Figure 14.17 Plot of samples along the first and second principal component....
Figure 14.18 Implemented stacking classifier. The outputs of all the base cl...
Figure 14.19 Performances across all classifiers on each feature data set ar...
Figure 14.20 A stacking classifier with Logistic Regression as its meta-clas...
Chapter 15
Figure 15.1 Different factors causing damage to hydro-generator insulation s...
Figure 15.2 The overall structure of the stator insulation of rotating machi...
Figure 15.3 Different parts of the stator insulation of rotating machines.
Figure 15.4 Void and mica insulation delamination [4].
Figure 15.5 PD inside slot and insulation.
Figure 15.6 Partial discharge around the slot.
Figure 15.7 Measurement of PD based on IEC 60270 standard.
Figure 15.8 Calibration procedure based on the IEC 60270 standard.
Figure 15.9 Phase window and related apparent charge.
Figure 15.10 Graphical depiction of the
φ
-
q
-
n
pattern.
Figure 15.11 The
n
-
φ
pattern.
Figure 15.12 The
q
-
φ
diagram.
Figure 15.13 The
q
-
n
pattern.
Figure 15.14 Diagram of the analysis amplitude of the pulse.
Figure 15.15 Diagram for analysis of the phase of the pulse.
Figure 15.16 NQN factor.
Figure 15.17 PSA characteristics of two types of defects.
Figure 15.18 Different discharge characteristics.
Figure 15.19 Different techniques for electrical measurement of PD according...
Figure 15.20 The frequency response of a series capacitor coupled with resis...
Figure 15.21 Coupling capacitor fixed in the terminal of a generator for onl...
Figure 15.22 Schematic circuit for PD measurement.
Figure 15.23 Low-pass filter to pass PD pulses with a cut-off frequency arou...
Figure 15.24 PD pattern taken from different generators with thermoplastic a...
Figure 15.25 Time variations for the discharge values for two different gene...
Figure 15.26 The frequency characteristics of capacitance couplers with diff...
Figure 15.27 Two different forms for HFCT sensors.
Figure 15.28 Fixation of HFCT sensors [38].
Figure 15.29 Schematic diagram of the coupler fixing method in RF monitoring...
Figure 15.30 Possible positions for fixing measurement CT [29].
Figure 15.31 Schematic diagram of RF monitoring with the static coupler meth...
Figure 15.32 Mean RF spectrum measured in neutral for 500–750 MVA generators...
Figure 15.33 Installation of an on-site detector system [47].
Figure 15.34 PD measurement system [48].
Figure 15.35 Internal schema of the rotating machine and locations of fixing...
Figure 15.36 Structure of PD monitoring system [50].
Figure 15.37 Simplified structure of an SSC [39].
Figure 15.38 SSC fixing location inside slot [53].
Figure 15.39 Schematic diagram of a PD monitoring system based on RTD.
Figure 15.40 Output data format: (a) main oscillograph of the PD and PT puls...
Figure 15.41 An example of long-term variations in
q
m
and coil temperature....
Figure 15.42 Maximum charge quantity as a function of the coil temperature....
Figure 15.43 Maximum load as a function of the output current.
Figure 15.44 Schematic diagram of a coupling system fixed on the rotor [31]....
Figure 15.45 An equivalent circuit of a frame sensor of a generator [55].
Figure 15.46 Measurement of a PD acoustic signal and its use in PD localizat...
Figure 15.47 A typical measured acoustic signal in the generator.
Chapter 16
Figure 16.1 Different sources of noise in generators.
Figure 16.2 Choosing the frequency range for PD measurements [3].
Figure 16.3 VHF measurement of PD.
Figure 16.4 Time-domain disturbance separation based on the arrival time of ...
Figure 16.5 Denoising using the residue of two channel signals.
Figure 16.6 Denoising by the gating method.
Figure 16.7 Using UHF sensors as gating channels [7] / with permission of IE...
Figure 16.8 Gating of a capacitive coupler measurement using a UHF sensor.
Figure 16.9 Denoising principle based on the 3PARD method.
Figure 16.10 Denoising and grouping defects using the 3PARD method.
Figure 16.11 Discrimination between PD signals and noise using the clusterin...
Figure 16.12 Rejecting noises caused by six pulses using the TF method: (a) ...
Figure 16.13 Base denoising using the TF method. Adapted from[4].
Figure 16.14 Typical relation between a spectrum of the frequency of PD and ...
Figure 16.15 Performance of the 3CFRD method for denoising.
Figure 16.16 Separating different noises from the PD signals using the 3CFRD...
Figure 16.17 Obtained PD signal by on-site measurement: (a) time domain and ...
Figure 16.18 Decomposition and reconstruction of a signal using the wavelet ...
Figure 16.19 Signal three-level decomposition with wavelet transform.
Figure 16.20 A suggested algorithm for denoising based on the wavelet approa...
Figure 16.21 Different PD characteristics [12] / with permission of IEEE: (a...
Figure 16.22 PRPD due to a different type of discharges (right – offline mea...
Figure 16.23 Separating PD different sources using the 3PARD method [12] / w...
Figure 16.24 Classification of different sources of PD using the TF method [...
Figure 16.25 Principle of the 3CFRD method for separating different sources ...
Figure 16.26 Separating different sources of PD using the 3CFRD technique.
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright
Author Biographies
Preface
Begin Reading
Index
End User License Agreement
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