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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
Explores recent research and innovations in the field of endodontics and provides evidence-based guidelines for contemporary dental practice Endodontic Advances and Evidence-Based Clinical Guidelines provides a comprehensive and up-to-date description of recent research findings and their impact on clinical practice. Using an innovative approach to the field, the book enables readers to translate the current body of knowledge on endodontic diseases and treatment into guidelines for enhancing patient care. Divided into four parts, the book first addresses new research findings and advances in technology, techniques, materials, and clinical management. In addition, it provides revised clinical guidelines for a variety of areas within the specialty, such as endodontic diagnosis, treatment planning, management of endodontic emergencies, regenerative endodontic procedures, three-dimensional imaging, and the use of systemic antibiotics. Each chapter contains numerous high-quality illustrations and clinical cases highlighting current research directions, key concepts, and new trends in clinical techniques and education. Endodontic Advances and Evidence-Based Clinical Guidelines: * Presents the latest understanding of current literature, evidence, and clinical practice * Examines new trends, treatments, and advanced diagnostic techniques in the field * Covers a wide range of topics, including management of root canals, repair of perforation defects, removal of root filling materials, and alternatives to root canal treatment Endodontic Advances and Evidence-Based Clinical Guidelines is an invaluable resource for undergraduate and postgraduate dental students, general dental practitioners, endodontic specialists, researchers in the field of endodontics, and clinicians, researchers, and educators in other fields of dentistry.
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Seitenzahl: 1993
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2022
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Endodontic Advances and Evidence-Based Clinical Guidelines
Edited by
Hany M. A. Ahmed
Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Paul M. H. Dummer
School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
Companion Website: www.wiley.com/go/ahmed/endodontics
This edition first published 2022
© 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
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The right of Hany M. A. Ahmed and Paul M. H. Dummer to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law.
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The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting scientific method, diagnosis, or treatment by physicians for any particular patient. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials, or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Furthermore, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Ahmed, Hany Mohamed Aly, author. | Dummer, Paul Michael Howell, author. Title: Endodontic advances and evidence-based clinical guidelines / Hany Mohamed Aly Ahmed, Paul Michael Howell Dummer. Description: Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, 2022. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2021045254 (print) | LCCN 2021045255 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119553885 (paperback) | ISBN 9781119553793 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119553892 (epub) | ISBN 9781119553939 (obook)Subjects: LCSH: Endodontics. Classification: LCC RK351 .A36 2022 (print) | LCC RK351 (ebook) | DDC 617.6/342--dc23/eng/20211108 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021045254LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021045255
Cover image: Courtesy of Hany Ahmed, Gabriel Krastl, Jorge Perdigão, Gianluca Plotino, and Silvio Taschieri
Cover design by Wiley
Set in 9.5/12.5pt STIXTwoText by Integra Software Service Pvt. Ltd, Pondicherry, India
Contents
Cover
Title page
Copyright
Preface
Acknowledgements
Editors’ Biography
List of Contributors
About the Companion Website
Part I: Advances in Knowledge
1 Tooth, Root, and Canal Anatomy
Summary
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Different Perspectives in Characterizing Root and Canal Morphology
1.2.1 Deficiencies of Current Classification Systems for Root Canal Morphology
1.2.2 Introduction to the New Coding System for Root and Canal Morphology
1.3 Advances in Apical Canal Morphology
1.3.1 Cemento-dentinal Junction (CDJ)
1.3.2 Apical Constriction (AC)
1.3.3 Major Apical Foramen (MAF)
1.3.4 Isthmus
1.3.5 Accessory Canals and Apical Deltas
1.3.6 Bifid Apex
1.3.7 The Importance of Apical Canal Anatomy in Apical Surgery
1.4 Root and Canal Morphology in Different Tooth Types
1.4.1 Maxillary Anterior Teeth
1.4.2 Maxillary First Premolar
1.4.3 Maxillary Second Premolar
1.4.4 Maxillary First Molar
1.4.5 Maxillary Second Molar
1.4.6 Mandibular Anterior Teeth
1.4.7 Mandibular First Premolar
1.4.8 Mandibular Second Premolar
1.4.9 Mandibular First Molar
1.4.10 Mandibular Second Molar
References
2 The Bioactive Properties of Dentine and Molecular Advances in Pulp Regeneration
Summary
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Regenerative Endodontics
2.3 The Role of Dentine in Pulpar Repair and Regeneration
2.4 Infection, Inflammation, and Stem Cells Interaction in Pulp Regeneration
2.4.1 Immune Response
2.4.2 Inflammation and Regeneration
2.4.3 Opportunities for Clinical Translation
2.5 Regenerative Endodontic Procedures (REPs)
2.5.1 Cell-Homing
2.5.2 Cell-based Therapies
2.6 Conclusion
References
3 Microbial Biofilms in Root Canal Systems
Summary
3.1 Introduction
3.2 General Characteristics of Microbial Biofilms
3.2.1 How do Bacteria Build Biofilms?
3.2.2 Formation of Biofilms in Root Canals
3.2.3 Planktonic Versus Biofilm Lifestyles
3.2.4 The Biofilm Phenotype
3.3 Ecological Factors Affecting Biofilms in Root Canals
3.3.1 The Inflammatory and Necrotic Environments
3.3.2 The Post-Treatment Environment
3.4 Survival of Biofilm Bacteria to Antimicrobials
3.5 Biofilm Resistance in Endodontics
3.6 Conclusion
References
4 Pulp, Root Canal, and Periradicular Conditions
Summary
4.1 Introduction
4.2 What Causes Pulp, Root Canal, and Periradicular Conditions?
4.3 The Development and Progression of Pulp and Root Canal Conditions
4.4 The Development and Progression of Periradicular Conditions
4.5 Classifications of Conditions and/or Diseases
4.6 Classification and Description of Pulp and Root Canal Conditions
4.7 Classification and Description of Periradicular Conditions
4.8 Summary
References
5 Root Resorption
Summary
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Histopathology of Root Resorption
5.3 Internal Root Resorption
5.3.1 Internal Inflammatory Root Resorption
5.3.2 Internal Replacement Resorption
5.4 External Root Resorption
5.4.1 External Inflammatory Resorption
5.4.2 External Replacement Resorption
5.4.3 External Surface Resorption
5.4.4 External Cervical Resorption
References
6 Minimally Invasive Endodontics
Summary
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Embracing the Concept of Minimally Invasive Endodontics
6.2.1 The Need for Patient-focused Approaches
6.2.2 Technological Advancements in Endodontics that Has Made Minimally Invasive Strategies Possible
6.2.3 What Does Minimum Intervention Root Canal Treatment Encompass?
6.3 Rationale for Minimally Invasive Root Canal Treatment
6.3.1 Failure of Root Canal Treatment: Microbial Causes
6.3.2 Failure of Root Canal Treatment: Structural Causes
6.4 Minimum Intervention in Endodontics: Prevention Is Better than Cure?
6.5 Minimally Invasive Management of the Deep Carious Lesion
6.6 Minimally Invasive Root Canal Treatment Procedures
6.7 Access Cavity Terminology
6.8 Minimally Invasive Root Canal Preparation
6.8.1 Goals of Root Canal Preparation
6.8.2 So, What Happens to These Untouched Walls?
6.8.3 Apical Preparation Sizes and Root Canal Preparation Tapers – How Much Is Enough?
6.8.4 Supplementary Irrigation Strategies in Minimally Prepared Root Canals
6.8.5 Is It Possible to Clean Root Canals with No Instrumentation at All?
6.9 Minimally Invasive Surgical Endodontics
6.10 Conclusion
References
7 Systemic Health and Endodontics
Summary
7.1 From Focal Infection Theory to Endodontic Medicine
7.1.1 The Discredited Focal Infection Theory
7.1.2 Endodontic Medicine: Interrelation Between Systemic and Endodontic Pathosis
7.2 Pathways Linking Periapical Inflammatory Lesions to Systemic Health Status
7.2.1 The Spread of Endodontic Bacteria to Adjacent Tissues and Organs
7.2.2 Local Production of Soluble Regulatory Molecules that May Initiate or Sustain Inflammatory Events in Remote Tissues and Organs
7.2.3 Extrinsic or Intrinsic Pathological Mechanisms Resulting or Contributing to Both Local and Systemic Inflammation
7.3 Endodontic Implications of Systemic Diseases – Systemic Factors Affecting Periapical Repair
7.4 Diabetes and Endodontics
7.4.1 Scientific Evidence on the Association Between Diabetes and Endodontics
7.4.2 Biological Mechanisms Involved in the Association Between Diabetes and Endodontics
7.4.3 Endodontic Management of Diabetic Patients
7.5 Cardiovascular Disease and Endodontics
7.5.1 Scientific Evidence on the Association Between Cardiovascular Diseases and Endodontics
7.5.2 Mechanisms Involved in the Association Between Cardiovascular Diseases and Endodontics
7.5.3 Endodontic Management of Cardiovascular Patients
7.6 Relationship Amongst Other Systemic States and Endodontics
7.6.1 Smoking Habits
7.6.2 Digestive Diseases and Other Systemic Diseases
References
8 Technology Enhanced Education
Summary
8.1 Introduction
8.2 E-learning in Dentistry
8.3 Contemporary E-learning Models
8.4 E-learning During the COVID-19 Pandemic
8.5 Limitations of E-learning in Dental Education
8.6 Advances in Endodontology Education
8.6.1 3D Technology for Pre-clinical Training
8.6.2 Augmented and Virtual Reality
8.7 Digital Dentistry and Clinical Endodontics
8.7.1 Guided Endodontics
8.7.2 Surgical Endodontics
8.8 Conclusion
References
Part II: Advances in Materials and Technology
9 Computed Tomography Imaging Devices and Techniques
Summary
9.1 Digital Dentistry and Impact on Clinical Training and Education
9.1.1 3D Endodontic Rendering
9.1.2 3D Endodontic Software
9.1.3 Dynamic Navigation Systems (Software and Devices)
9.2 Advances in Micro-CT and Nano-CT Technologies and Their Impact on Clinical Training and Education
9.2.1 Fundamentals of Micro-CT and Nano-CT Imaging
9.2.2 Micro-CT Versus Nano-CT Technology
9.2.3 CT Technology in Dental Education and Training
9.2.4 Advances in Micro-CT and Nano-CT Applications
9.5 Conclusion
References
10 Advances in Working Length Determination
Summary
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Morphology of the Root Canal Terminus
10.3 Determining the Root Canal Terminus
10.4 An Overview of Basic Electronics
10.4.1 Atom Structure
10.4.2 Ions and Electrolytes
10.4.3 Electrical Charge, Voltage, and Current
10.4.4 Resistance
10.4.5 Electric Circuits and the Human Body
10.4.6 Ohm’s Law
10.4.7 Direct Current and Alternating Current
10.4.8 Capacitor
10.4.9 Impedance and its Measurement
10.5 Electrical Features of Tooth Structure
10.6 Electronic Root Canal Length Measurement Devices (ERCLMDs)
10.6.1 Fundamental Assumption
10.6.2 Background
10.6.3 Resistance-based ERCLMDs
10.6.4 Low-frequency Oscillation ERCLMDs
10.6.5 High-frequency Devices (Capacitance-based Devices; ERCLMDs)
10.6.6 Capacitance and Resistance ERCLMDs (Look-up Tables)
10.6.7 Voltage Gradient ERCLMDs (Difference in Impedance with Three Nodes)
10.6.8 Two Frequencies: Impedance and Difference ERCLMDs
10.6.9 Two Frequencies: Impedance Ratio (Quotient) ERCLMDs
10.6.10 Multifrequency ERCLMDs
10.6.11 Root Canal Length Measurement Devices Integrated Into Rotary Endodontic Motors
10.6.12 Effect of ERCLMDs on Cardiac Devices
10.6.13 Application of ERCLMDs in the Primary Dentition
References
11 Advances in Materials and Techniques for Microbial Control
Summary
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Biofilms
11.3 Sodium Hypochlorite
11.4 Detoxification of the Root Canal System by Endodontic Procedures
11.5 Inactivation of Root Canal Irrigants
11.6 Etidronic Acid and the Continuous Chelation Concept
11.7 Cetrimide and Surfactants
11.8 Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation
11.9 Negative Apical Pressure
11.10 Photodynamic Antimicrobial Therapy
11.11 Laser-activated Irrigation
11.12 Multisonic Technique
11.13 Conclusion
References
12 Nickel-Titanium Metallurgy
Summary
12.1 Introduction and Classification of Current NiTi Alloy Phases
12.2 Properties of Each Phase (Austenitic, Martinsitic, R-phase)
12.3 Surface Treatment of NiTi Alloys
12.4 Post-machining Heat Treatment of NiTi Alloys
12.5 Effects of Irrigants and Sterilisation Procedures on NiTi Alloys
12.6 Relevance of Current Studies
12.7 Conclusion
References
13 Rotary and Reciprocating Motions During Canal Preparation
Summary
13.1 Goals and Limitations of Engine-driven Root Canal Preparation
13.2 Current Instrument Designs, Movements, and Manufacturing Methods
13.3 Clinical Recommendations for Rotary and Reciprocating Canal Preparation
13.3.1 Preparation for Treatment
13.3.2 Early Coronal Modification
13.3.3 Working Length and Patency
13.3.4 Glide Path Preparation
13.3.5 Canal Preparation
13.4 Physical Properties of Engine-driven Root Canal Instruments
13.4.1 Cutting Efficiency
13.4.2 Cyclic Fatigue Resistance
13.4.3 Torsional Performance
13.5 Surrogate and Clinical Parameters Affecting Outcomes
13.5.1 Geometry of Root Canals After Preparation
13.5.2 Induction of Dentinal Micro-crack Formation
13.5.3 Debris Extrusion and Postoperative Pain
13.5.4 Functionality in Retreatment
13.6 Clinical Experiences with Rotary and Reciprocating Root Canal Instruments
References
14 Hydraulic Calcium Silicate-based Endodontic Cements
Summary
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Material Properties
14.2.1 Cement Characteristics
14.2.2 Radiopacifier Characteristics
14.2.3 Admixtures, Additives, and Vehicles
14.3 Classification of Hydraulic Cements
14.4 Specific Uses and Material Properties
14.4.1 Application on the Coronal Pulp
14.4.2 Intraradicular Use
14.4.3 Extraradicular Use
14.5 Current Challenges and Conclusions
References
15 Nanomaterials in Endodontics
Summary
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Applications and Challenges
15.3 Nanomaterials in Endodontics
15.3.1 Application of nanomaterials for Endodontic Disinfection
15.3.2 Nanomaterials in Root Canal Fillings
15.3.3 Nanomaterials in Restorative Materials
15.3.4 Nanomaterials in Regenerative Endodontic Procedures
15.3.5 Nanomaterials as Bioactive Molecule Delivery Systems
15.3.6 Nanomaterials in Scaffolds
References
Part III: Advances in Clinical Management
16 Vital Pulp Treatment
Summary
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Caries: Current Thinking and Radiographic Classification
16.3 Role of Pulp and Dentine in Repair
16.4 What Does Vital Pulp Treatment Encompass?
16.5 How Do We Classify and Diagnose Pulpal Disease?
16.6 How Do We Treat Pulpal Disease? Techniques to Avoid Pulpal Exposure
16.6.1 Indirect Pulp Capping
16.6.2 Selective Carious-tissue Removal in One Visit
16.6.3 Stepwise Excavation
16.6.4 When Should Pulp Exposure Be Avoided?
16.6.5 Follow-up
16.6.6 Outcome Analysis
16.7 How Do We Treat Pulpal Disease? Techniques When the Pulp Is Exposed
16.7.1 When Should We Expose the Pulp and How Much Tissue Should We Remove?
16.7.2 Direct Pulp Capping
16.7.3 Pulpotomy
16.7.4 Pulpectomy
16.7.5 Assessing Success
16.7.6 Future Opportunities and Therapies
16.7 Conclusion
References
17 Detection of Canal Orifices, Negotiation, and Management of Calcified and Curved Canals
Summary
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Detection of Canal Orifices
17.2.1 The Significance of Missed Anatomy on the Prognosis of Root Filled Teeth
17.2.2 Anatomical Landmarks for Detection of Root Canals
17.2.3 Clinical Detection of Canal Orifices
17.2.4 Magnification and Ultrasonics: The Perfect Tools for Detection of Canal Orifices
17.2.5 Radiographic Techniques for Detection of Root Canals
17.2.6 Guided Endodontics for Detection of Root Canals
17.3 Negotiation of Calcified and Curved Canals
17.3.1 Background
17.3.2 Negotiation, Glide Path, and Preflaring
17.3.3 Clinical Strategies for the Negotiation of Easily Scoutable Canals
17.3.4 Clinical Strategies for the Negotiation of Complex Canals
17.4 Shaping of Calcified and Curved Canals
17.4.1 Basic Principles
17.4.2 The Ideal Instruments for Shaping Calcified and Curved Canals
17.5 Conclusion
References
18 Management of Fractured Instruments
Summary
18.1 Aetiology of Instrument Fracture
18.1.1 Factors Affecting Instrument Fracture
18.1.2 Incidence of Instrument Fracture
18.1.3 Mechanisms for Instrument Fracture
18.2 Diagnosis and Treatment Planning of Fractured Instruments
18.2.1 Factors Affecting the Success of Instrument Retrieval
18.2.2 Diagnostic Examination Using CBCT for Instrument Retrieval
18.2.3 Treatment Planning for Instrument Retrieval
18.3 Root Canal Preparation Techniques
18.3.1 Potential Accidents in Ultrasonic Activation
18.3.2 Refinement of the Damaged Ultrasonic Tip
18.3.3 Root Canal Preparation Techniques for Visible Instrument Retrieval
18.3.4 Root Canal Preparation for Nonvisible Instrument Retrieval
18.4 Instrument Retrieval Techniques
18.4.1 Type of fluid used in instrument removal attempts
18.4.2 Use of Ultrasonic Activation
18.4.3 Use of the Loop
18.4.4 Use of the XP-endo Shaper
18.4.5 Mechanical Techniques Other than Ultrasonics
18.4.6 Non-mechanical Techniques
18.5 Prognosis
References
19 Repair of Pulp Chamber and Root Perforations
Summary
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Occurrence and Diagnosis of Perforations During Root Canal Treatment
19.3 Diagnosis of Perforations
19.4 Classification of Perforations and Factors Affecting Prognosis
19.4.1 Time of Repair
19.4.2 Size of Perforation
19.4.3 Location of Perforation
19.4.4 MTA as a Perforation Repair Material
19.4.5 Alternative Materials for Perforation Repair in Specific Indications
19.5 Techniques and Considerations to Clinically Repair Perforations
19.5.1 Appropriate Material Selection
19.5.2 Use of a Matrix
19.6 Nonsurgical Management of Perforations
19.6.1 Crown, Pulpal Floor, and Furcation Areas
19.6.2 Middle One Third of the Root Canal
19.6.3 Apical One Third of the Root Canal
19.7 Surgical Management of Perforations
19.8 Clinical Outcomes
19.9 Conclusion
References
20 Removal of Root Canal Filling Materials
Summary
20.1 Indications for Root Canal Retreatment
20.2 Objectives of Root Canal Retreatment Procedures
20.3 Removal of Crowns and Posts
20.3.1 Indications
20.3.2 Post Removal Techniques
20.3.3 Complications of Post Placement and Removal
20.3.4 Custom Cast Core Posts
20.3.5 Ceramic Posts
20.3.6 Removal of Fibre Posts (Tooth 26 Case with Video 3)
20.3.7 Prognostic Assessment of Post Removal
20.4 Methods for Removal of Gutta-percha
20.4.1 Hand Instruments
20.4.2 Softening of Gutta-percha
20.4.3 Engine-driven NiTi Instruments
20.4.4 Adjunctive Instruments and Techniques
20.5 Removal of Carrier-based Root Canal Filling Materials
20.6 Retrieval of Silver Cones
20.6.1 Need for Removal
20.6.2 Methods of Retrieval
20.6.3 Success of Silver Point Removal and Outcome
20.7 Removal of Calcium Silicate-based Cements
20.8 Removal of Calcium Silicate-based Sealers
20.9 Removal of Resorcinol-formaldehyde Resin Paste (Russian Red)
References
21 Restoration of Root-filled Teeth
Summary
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Examination of Root-filled Teeth Before Selection of a Treatment Approach
21.2.1 Ferrule
21.2.2 Remaining Coronal Walls
21.2.3 Marginal Ridges
21.3 Evidence from Clinical Studies Regarding Factors Affecting the Prognosis of Root filled Teeth
21.3.1 Outcome Measures and Clinical Questions Addressed by Clinical Studiess
21.4 Decision-making for Restoration of Root filled Teeth
21.4.1 Root filled Teeth with Minimal Loss of Coronal Structure
21.4.2 Root filled Teeth with Significant Loss of Coronal Structure
21.5 Clinical Considerations for the Management of Root filled Teeth Using Posts
21.5.1 Relevance of Tooth Anatomy
21.5.2 Classification of Posts
21.5.3 Effect of Post Space Preparation and Post Placement on the Fracture Resistance of Root filled Teeth
21.5.4 Clinical Steps to Cement a Post
21.6 Importance of the Final Restoration
21.7 Conclusion
References
22 Classifications and Management of Endodontic-periodontal Lesions
Summary
22.1 Communication Pathways Between the Pulp and Periodontal Tissues
22.1.1 Endo-perio Lesions: A Terminological Controversy
22.1.2 Classifications of Endo-perio Lesions
22.1.3 Foce Classification System for Endo-perio Lesions
22.1.4 Ahmed Classification System for Endo-perio Lesions
22.2 Management and Prognosis of Endo-perio Lesions
22.2.1 Crown-down Plaque-induced Periodontal Lesions Without Pulpal Involvement
22.2.2 Crown-down Plaque-induced Periodontal Lesions With Pulpal Involvement
22.2.3 Down-crown Periodontal Lesions of Endodontic Origin
22.2.4 Combined Endo-perio Lesions
22.3 Conclusion
References
23 Management of Coronal Discolouration
Summary
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Aetiology
23.3 Prevention of Coronal Discolouration Related to Endodontic Procedures
23.4 Management Guidelines
23.4.1 History
23.4.2 Evaluation and Preparation
23.4.3 Selection of the Appropriate Treatment Approach
23.4.4 Types of Intracoronal Bleaching
23.5 Bleaching of Teeth with Calcified Pulp Chambers and Root Canals
23.6 Prognosis of Intracoronal Bleaching
23.6.1 Initial Results of Intracoronal Bleaching
23.6.2 Colour Stability
23.7 Complications After Intracoronal Bleaching
23.8 Other Treatment Options
23.8.1 Restoration of Teeth After Bleaching
23.9 Tooth Discolouration Following Regenerative Endodontic Procedures
23.10 Management of Tooth Discolouration Following Regenerative Endodontic Procedures
References
24 Surgical Endodontics
Summary
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Historical Perspective
24.3 Indications for Surgical Endodontics with Root-end Resection and Treatment Alternatives
24.4 Endodontic Microsurgery (EMS) Technique
24.4.1 Diagnosis
24.4.2 Anaesthesia
24.4.3 Mucoperiosteal Flap
24.4.4 Bone Access
24.4.5 Root-end Management
24.4.6 Root-end Filling Materials, Types, and Current Advances
24.4.7 Management of the Bone Cavity
24.5 Prognosis and Outcome Evaluation
24.6 Case Difficulty Classification for Surgical Endodontics
24.6.1 Patient Level
24.6.2 Tooth Level
24.7 Other Surgical Endodontics Procedures
24.7.1 Incision and Drainage
24.7.2 Exploratory Surgery
24.7.3 Periradicular Curettage and Biopsy
24.7.4 Root Resection
24.7.5 Tooth Resection
24.7.6 Extraction with Replantation
References
25 Alternatives to Root Canal Treatment: Tooth Autotransplantation
Summary
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Indications for Autotransplantation
25.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Tooth Autotransplantation
25.4 The Role of Interdisciplinary Team Planning
25.5 Pretransplantation Bone Management
25.6 Case Selection
25.6.1 Availability of a Donor Tooth
25.6.2 Donor Tooth Assessment
25.6.3 Recipient Site Characteristics
25.7 Success and Survival of Tooth Autotransplantation
25.7.1 Factors Affecting Prognosis of Autotransplanted Teeth
25.8 Presurgical Preparations
25.9 Tooth Autotransplantation Surgical Technique and Considerations
25.10 Socket Assessment
25.11 Antibiotic Prophylaxis
25.12 Postoperative Instructions
25.12.1 Post-transplantation Pulpal and Periodontal Management
25.13 Interim Restorative Camouflage
25.14 Pulpal Management
25.15 Orthodontic Tooth Movement
25.16 Definitive Restoration
25.17 Conclusion
References
Part IV: Evidence-based Clinical Guidelines
26 Endodontic Diagnosis
Summary
26.1 Introduction
26.2 History Taking
26.2.1 Presenting Problem
26.2.2 Dental History
26.2.3 Medical History
26.2.4 Antibiotic Cover
26.2.5 Social History
26.3 Clinical Examination
26.3.1 Extraoral assessment
26.3.2 Intraoral assessment
26.3.3 Routine Tests
26.3.4 Special Tests
26.3.5 Radiography
26.4 Classification of Pulp and Periradicular Diseases
26.4.1 American Association of Endodontists Classification System
26.4.2 Limitations of the American Association of Endodontists Classification System
26.4.3 Endolight Classification
26.5 Referred Pain
References
27 The Use of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography in Endodontics
Summary
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Detection of Apical Periodontitis
27.3 Root Canal Anatomy
27.4 Root Canal Retreatment
27.5 Endodontic Surgery
27.6 Dental Trauma
27.7 Diagnosis and Management of Root Resorption
27.8 Vertical Root Fractures
27.9 Limitations
27.10 Conclusion
References
28 Endodontic Emergencies and Systemic Antibiotics in Endodontics
Summary
28.1 Endodontic Emergencies
28.1.1 Diagnosis and Treatment Planning in Endodontic Emergencies
28.1.2 Emergency Treatment of Symptomatic Reversible Pulpitis
28.1.3 Emergency Treatment of Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis
28.1.4 Emergency Treatment of Acute Periapical Abscess
28.1.5 Cracked Tooth
28.1.6 Traumatic Injuries of the Teeth
28.2 Systemic Antibiotics in Endodontics
28.2.1 Antibiotics as Antimicrobial Medicaments in Endodontic Infections
28.2.2 Indications for Systemic Antibiotics as Adjuvants in the Treatment of Endodontic Infections: European Society of Endodontology Position Statement
28.2.3 Indications for Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Endodontics: European Society of Endodontology Position Statement
28.2.4 Systemic Antibiotics for the Treatment of Traumatic Injuries of the Teeth
28.3 Conclusion
References
29 Revitalization Procedures
Summary
29.1 Regeneration and Repair Processes in the Dental Pulp
29.2 Revitalization – Terminological Aspects
29.3 Position Statements of the ESE and AAE
29.4 Case Selection, Indications, and Contra-indications
29.5 Clinical Procedure
29.5.1 Disinfection
29.5.2 Provocation of Bleeding
29.6 Outcome
29.7 Future Perspectives
References
30 Management of Traumatic Dental Injuries in the Permanent Dentition
Summary
30.1 Introduction and Epidemiological Data
30.2 Classification of Traumatic Dental Injuries
30.3 Diagnosis of Traumatic Dental Injuries
30.4 Enamel Cracks and Crown Fractures
30.4.1 Vital Pulp Treatment
30.4.2 Materials for Vital Pulp Treatment
30.4.3 Success Rates of Vital Pulp Treatment in Traumatised Teeth
30.4.4 Reattachment Restoration
30.4.5 Direct Resin Composite Restoration
30.4.6 Indirect Ceramic Restoration
30.5 Crown-root Fractures
30.5.1 Adhesive Fragment Reattachment
30.5.2 Two-step Direct Composite Restoration
30.5.3 Restorative Treatment of the Accessible Regions
30.5.4 Surgical Crown Lengthening
30.5.5 Extrusion
30.6 Splinting of Traumatised Teeth (Root Fractures and Luxation Injuries)
30.7 Root Fractures
30.8 Luxation Injuries (Concussion, Subluxation, Extrusion, Lateral Luxation)
30.9 Luxation Injuries (Intrusion)
30.10 Luxation Injuries (Avulsion)
30.10.1 Avulsed Teeth with Favourable Storage Conditions
30.10.2 Avulsed Teeth with Unfavourable Storage Conditions
30.11 Systemic Doxycycline Administration
30.12 Tetanus Prophylaxis
30.13 Conclusion
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
CHAPTER 01
Table 1.1 2D and 3D...
Table 1.2 Hsu and Kim...
Table 1.3 Root canal isthmus...
Table 1.4 Terminology of accessory...
Table 1.5 Root and root...
Table 1.6 Prevalence of second...
Table 1.7 Prevalence of lingual...
Table 1.8 Prevalence of C...
CHAPTER 04
Table 4.1 Classification of the...
Table 4.2 The typical symptoms...
Table 4.3 The typical symptoms...
Table 4.4 The typical symptoms...
Table 4.5 The typical symptoms...
Table 4.6 The typical symptoms...
Table 4.7 The typical symptoms...
Table 4.8 The typical symptoms...
Table 4.9 The typical symptoms...
Table 4.10 Classification of the...
Table 4.11 The typical symptoms...
Table 4.12 The typical symptoms...
Table 4.13 The typical symptoms...
Table 4.14 The typical symptoms...
Table 4.15 The typical symptoms...
Table 4.16 The typical symptoms...
CHAPTER 05
Table 5.1 Characteristic key...
Table 5.2 Aetiological factors of...
CHAPTER 07
Table 7.1 Bradford Hill causation...
Table 7.2 Pathways associating endodontic...
Table 7.3 Strength of the...
Table 7.4 Consistency of the...
Table 7.5 Epidemiological studies analysing...
Table 7.6 Studies investigating the...
CHAPTER 09
Table 9.1 Advantages of the dynamic...
Table 9.2 Technical characteristics...
Table 9.3 Average scan times...
CHAPTER 10
Table 10.1 Categorization of electronic...
CHAPTER 12
Table 12.1 Overview of thermomechanically...
CHAPTER 14
Table 14.1 Classification of hydraulic...
CHAPTER 15
Table 15.1 Root canal disinfection...
CHAPTER 19
Table 19.1 Requirements for an...
CHAPTER 21
Table 21.1 Characteristics of included...
Table 21.2 Characteristics of included...
Table 21.3 Characteristics of included...
CHAPTER 22
Table 22.1 Classifications for endo...
CHAPTER 23
Table 23.1 Summary of various...
Table 23.2 Summary of tooth...
Table 23.3 Summary of tooth...
Table 23.4 Comparison of advantages...
Table 23.5 Studies assessing the...
Table 23.6 Preventive measures to...
Table 23.7 A summary for...
CHAPTER 24
Table 24.1 Summary of flap...
Table 24.2 Score healing range...
Table 24.3 Case assessment form...
CHAPTER 26
Table 26.1 History of pain...
Table 26.2 Extra- and intraoral...
Table 26.3 Classification of clinical...
Table 26.4 False positives and...
Table 26.6 The 2009 classification...
Table 26.7 Signs and symptoms...
Table 26.8 Characteristics of referred...
CHAPTER 28
Table 28.1 Clinical situations...
Table 28.2 Recommended types...
Table 28.3 Indications for...
Table 28.4 Recommended antibiotic...
CHAPTER 30
Table 30.1 Classification of traumatic...
Table 30.2 Treatment options...
Table 30.3 Posttraumatic healing of...
List of Illustrations
CHAPTER 01
Figure 1.1 Common methods...
Figure 1.2 Common methods for the study...
Figure 1.3 Common classifications...
Figure 1.4 Application of the Vertucci...
Figure 1.5 Micro-CT reconstruction...
Figure 1.6 Types of accessory...
Figure 1.7 Application of the...
Figure 1.8 Application of the...
Figure 1.9 Application of the...
Figure 1.10 Application of the...
Figure 1.11 Application of the...
Figure 1.12 Application of the...
Figure 1.13 Application of the...
Figure 1.14 Application of the...
Figure 1.15 A bar chart showing...
Figure 1.16 Application of the...
Figure 1.17 Application of the...
Figure 1.18 Examples of the morphological...
Figure 1.19 The apical constriction...
Figure 1.20 In longitudinal sectioning...
Figure 1.21 The white lines show...
Figure 1.22 Micro-CT view of the...
Figure 1.23 2D measurements...
Figure 1.24 Micro-CT view...
Figure 1.25 Mean values...
Figure 1.26 The apical canal...
Figure 1.27 Two-dimensional...
Figure 1.28 Micro-CT shows...
Figure 1.29 Micro-CT view...
Figure 1.30 Micro-CT view...
Figure 1.31 Root and canal...
Figure 1.32 Root and canal...
Figure 1.34 CBCT axial...
Figure 1.33 CBCT axial...
Figure 1.35 Root and canal...
Figure 1.36 Root and canal...
Figure 1.37 CBCT images...
CHAPTER 02
Figure 2.1 Representation of...
Figure 2.2 A schematic representation...
Figure 2.3 (A) Open-apex maxillary...
Figure 2.4 Schematic of potential...
Figure 2.5 Schematic drawing...
Figure 2.6 Schematic diagram...
CHAPTER 03
Figure 3.1 Depiction of the....
Figure 3.2 Depiction of the phenotypic...
Figure 3.3 Different effects in biofilm...
CHAPTER 04
Figure 4.1 Typical pathways through...
Figure 4.2 Schematic comparison...
Figure 4.3 The stages of disease...
Figure 4.4 The stages of disease...
Figure 4.5 Schematic representation...
Figure 4.6 The progression of the...
Figure 4.7 Schematic diagram showing...
Figure 4.8 Schematic representation...
Figure 4.9 Schematic representation...
Figure 4.10 Schematic representation...
Figure 4.11 The interaction between...
CHAPTER 05
Figure 5.1 The classification...
Figure 5.2 Internal replacement...
Figure 5.3 (a) Pre-operative...
Figure 5.4 (a) Periapical...
Figure 5.5 Three-dimensional...
Figure 5.6 A case presenting...
CHAPTER 06
Figure 6.1 (a) Preoperative periapical radiograph...
Figure 6.2 (a) Preoperative periapical radiograph...
Figure 6.3 (a) Preoperative...
Figure 6.4 Truss endodontic...
Figure 6.5 (a) Preoperative...
Figure 6.6 Histological analysis...
Figure 6.7 Representative sections...
Figure 6.8 Representative sections...
Figure 6.9 Representative sections...
Figure 6.10 Representative sections...
CHAPTER 07
Figure 7.1 Immuno-pathologic origin of apical...
Figure 7.2 Biological mechanisms...
Figure 7.3 Detailed biological...
Figure 7.4 Mechanisms by...
Figure 7.5 Risk factors...
Figure 7.6 Mechanisms by...
CHAPTER 08
Figure 8.1 Different models...
Figure 8.2 VR-based...
Figure 8.3 Student interacting...
Figure 8.4 Using open...
CHAPTER 09
Figure 9.1 3D rendering...
Figure 9.2 CBCT images...
Figure 9.3 CBCT images...
Figure 9.4 3D Endo...
Figure 9.5 3D Endo...
Figure 9.6 3D Endo...
Figure 9.7 3D Endo...
Figure 9.8 3D Endo...
Figure 9.9 3D Endo...
Figure 9.10 Images provided...
Figure 9.11 Differences between...
Figure 9.12 Differences between...
Figure 9.13 Dynamic navigation...
Figure 9.14 Principles of...
Figure 9.15 DNS: plan...
Figure 9.16 DNS: trace...
Figure 9.17 DNS: trace...
Figure 9.18 DNS: calibration...
Figure 9.19 DNS: place...
Figure 9.20 Accuracy of...
Figure 9.21 DNS: place...
Figure 9.22 DNS in...
Figure 9.23 Replicas of...
CHAPTER 10
igure 10.1 Idealized anatomy of a root apex:...
Figure 10.2 Micro-CT...
Figure 10.3 Topography of...
Figure 10.4 Major apical...
Figure 10.5 A sine...
Figure 10.6 A simple...
Figure 10.7 Schematic proposed...
Figure 10.8 A simple...
Figure 10.9 Inoue’...
CHAPTER 11
Figure 11.1 (A) Biofilm...
Figure 11.2 Inhibitory effect...
Figure 11.3 Etidronic acid...
Figure 11.4 (A) EndoUltra...
Figure 11.5 (A) Fotona...
Figure 11.6 GentleWave multisonic...
CHAPTER 12
Figure 12.1 Scanning electron...
Figure 12.2 Controlled memory...
Figure 12.3 Differential scanning...
Figure 12.4 (a) Longitudinal...
Figure 12.5 A photomicrograph...
Figure 12.6 Number of...
Figure 12.7 Differential scanning...
CHAPTER 13
Figure 13.1 Examples of...
Figure 13.2 Example of...
Figure 13.3 Suggested instrumentation...
Figure 13.4 Torsional behaviour...
Figure 13.5 Micro–...
Figure 13.6 Three-dimensional...
CHAPTER 14
Figure 14.1 Diagrammatic representation...
Figure 14.2a Representative fluorescence...
Figure 14.2b SEM micrographs...
Figure 14.3a Confocal micrographs...
Figure 14.3b Scanning electron...
Figure 14.4 A schematic...
Figure 14.5 Clinical case...
Figure 14.6 Clinical case...
Figure 14.7 Revitalisation procedure...
Figure 14.8 Clinical case...
Figure 14.9 Apexification procedure...
Figure 14.10 Nonsurgical repair...
Figure 14.11 Root-end...
Figure 14.12 Surgical repair...
CHAPTER 15
Figure 15.1 Schematic showing...
Figure 15.2 Transmission electron...
Figure 15.3 Transmission electron...
Figure 15.4 (A) Schematic...
CHAPTER 16
Figure 16.1 Epidemiological data...
Figure 16.2 Top –...
Figure 16.3 Survival curves...
Figure 16.4 Flowchart summarising...
Figure 16.5 (A) An...
CHAPTER 17
Figure 17.1 (a) Preoperative...
Figure 17.2 (a) Preoperative...
Figure 17.3 (a) Clinical...
Figure 17.4 (a) Preoperative...
Figure 17.5 (a) Preoperative...
Figure 17.6 Krasner and...
Figure 17.7 Micro-CT...
Figure 17.8 Clinical image...
Figure 17.9 Micro-CT...
Figure 17.10 Clinical image...
Figure 17.11 (a) Preoperative...
Figure 17.12 (a) Preoperative...
Figure 17.13 (a) Preoperative...
Figure 17.14 Three-dimensional...
Figure 17.15 (a) Preoperative...
Figure 17.16 (a) Preoperative...
Figure 17.17 (a) Clinical...
Figure 17.18 (a) Three...
Figure 17.19 (a) Postoperative...
Figure 17.20 Three-dimensional...
Figure 17.21 Clinical images...
Figure 17.22 (a) Clinical...
Figure 17.23 (a) The...
Figure 17.24 Different clinical...
Figure 17.25 (A) Case...
Figure 17.26 (A) Clinical...
Figure 17.27 (a) Preoperative...
Figure 17.28 (a) Preoperative...
Figure 17.29 (a) Intraoperative...
Figure 17.30 (a) Preoperative...
Figure 17.31 Radiographic images...
Figure 17.32 NiTi instrument...
Figure 17.33 A reciprocating...
Figure 17.34 (a–...
Figure 17.35 (A–...
Figure 17.43 (a) Preoperative...
Figure 17.36 (a) Preoperative...
Figure 17.37 (a) Preoperative...
Figure 17.38 (a) Preoperative...
Figure 17.39 Preoperative radiograph...
Figure 17.40 (a) Intraoperative...
Figure 17.41 (a) Three...
Figure 17.42 A micro...
Figure 17.44 (a) Preoperative...
Figure 17.45 (a) Preoperative...
Figure 17.46 (a–...
Figure 17.47 Clinical image...
Figure 17.48 (a–...
Figure 17.49 (A) Preoperative...
Figure 17.50 Postoperative radiograph...
CHAPTER 18
Figure 18.1 Fractured (separated...
Figure 18.2 (A) Preoperative...
Figure 18.3 Fractured instrument...
Figure 18.4 CBCT showed...
Figure 18.8 (A) Periapical...
Figure 18.2 (A) Preoperative...
Figure 18.7 Tooth 24...
Figure 18.9 Movement of...
Figure 18.5 Treatment planning...
Figure 18.6 Typical clinical...
Figure 18.11 The longer...
Figure 18.12 Expansion and...
Figure 18.13 Continuous ultrasonic...
Figure 18.18 Stress distribution...
Figure 18.23 Comparison of...
Figure 18.16 Canal enlargement...
Figure 18.19 Canal preparation...
Figure 18.17 Axial view...
Figure 18.20 DG16 is...
Figure 18.21 The difference...
Figure 18.22 90-degree...
Figure 18.24 90-degree...
Figure 18.25 Fractured instrument...
Figure 18.26 Removal of...
Figure 18.28 Ultrasonic instrument...
Figure 18.27 Fractured instrument...
Figure 18.30 Loop adjustment...
Figure 18.31 Loop bent...
Figure 18.34 XP-Endo...
Figure 18.32 Instrument retrieval...
Figure 18.14 Sharpening of...
Figure 18.15 Creation of...
Figure 18.29 Removal of...
Figure 18.35 Removal of...
Figure 18.10 Removal of...
Figure 18.33 Instrument retrieval...
Figure 18.37 Fractured instruments...
Figure 18.36 Minimally invasive...
CHAPTER 19
Figure 19.1 A periapical...
Figure 19.2 A periapical...
Figure 19.3 A periapical...
Figure 19.4 A periapical...
Figure 19.5 A periapical...
Figure 19.6 The surgical...
Figure 19.7 A periapical...
Figure 19.8 A periapical...
Figure 19.9 Tooth 17...
Figure 19.10 Tooth 16...
Figure 19.11 The clinical...
Figure 19.12 After removal...
Figure 19.13 A CT...
Figure 19.14 Multiple perforations...
Figure 19.15 Panoramic radiograph...
Figure 19.16 Two-dimensional...
Figure 19.17 (a, b...
Figure 19.18 ProRoot MTA...
Figure 19.19 Case of...
Figure 19.20 CBCT shows...
Figure 19.21 A maxillary...
Figure 19.22 Surgical access...
Figure 19.23 Adequate haemostasis...
Figure 19.24 After 6...
Figure 19.25 A 3...
Figure 19.26 MAP system...
Figure 19.27 MAP system...
Figure 19.28 The periapical...
Figure 19.29 Repair of...
Figure 19.30 After thermoplastic...
Figure 19.31 A 4...
Figure 19.32 The radiograph...
Figure 19.33 Repair of...
Figure 19.34 One year...
Figure 19.36 Repair of...
Figure 19.35 Seven years...
Figure 19.37 Repair of...
Figure 19.38 Clinical view...
Figure 19.39 Repair of...
Figure 19.40 Filling of...
Figure 19.41 A glass...
Figure 19.42 Six years...
Figure 19.43 The two...
Figure 19.44 A 6...
Figure 19.45 Due to...
Figure 19.46 Eight years...
Figure 19.47 Eight years...
Figure 19.48 15 years...
Figure 19.49 Incorrect angulation...
Figure 19.50 Six years...
Figure 19.51 Six years...
Figure 19.52 Incorrect angulation...
Figure 19.53 Six years...
Figure 19.54 Six years...
Figure 19.55 Strip perforation...
Figure 19.56 Strip perforation...
Figure 19.57 Two years...
Figure 19.58 In this...
Figure 19.59 Because the...
Figure 19.60 The overextension...
Figure 19.61 A 1...
Figure 19.62 The radiograph...
Figure 19.63 After surgical...
Figure 19.64 Overview of...
Figure 19.65 After careful...
Figure 19.66 The postoperative...
Figure 19.67 Six years...
Figure 19.68 The radiograph...
Figure 19.69 The CBCT...
Figure 19.70 After retreatment...
Figure 19.71 One year...
Figure 19.72 Tooth 31...
Figure 19.73 In this...
Figure 19.74 The CBCT...
Figure 19.75 In this...
Figure 19.76 After cleaning...
Figure 19.77 The resorption...
Figure 19.78 After the...
Figure 19.79 A 3...
Figure 19.80 In this...
Figure 19.81 The CBCT...
Figure 19.82 In this...
Figure 19.83 A 2...
CHAPTER 20
Figures 20.1 Radiographs indicating presence...
Figure 20.2 Despite removal...
Figure 20.3 During the...
Figure 20.4 With a...
Figure 20.5 Periapical radiographic...
Figure 20.6 Removal of...
Figure 20.7 Apical radiolucency...
Figure 20.8 (a) After...
Figure 20.9 A periapical...
Figure 20.10 A retreatment...
Figure 20.11 (a) To...
Figure 20.12 After removing...
Figure 20.13 (a) Complete...
Figure 20.14 In tooth...
Figure 20.15 (a–...
Figure 20.16 (a) The...
Figure 20.17 Tooth 25...
Figure 20.18 The rubber...
Figure 20.19 (a) The...
Figure 20.20 After the...
Figure 20.21 Teeth 43...
Figure 20.22 (a) Periapical...
Figure 20.23 Periapical radiolucency...
Figure 20.24 CBCT image...
Figure 20.25 After preparing...
Figure 20.26 (a) A...
Figure 20.27 (a) After...
Figure 20.28 (a) Tooth...
Figure 20.29 CBCT before...
Figure 20.30 (a) Tooth...
Figure 20.31 (a) Tooth...
Figure 20.32 Probing of...
Figure 20.33 Radiographic appearance...
Figure 20.34 Mandibular first...
Figure 20.35 A periapical...
Figure 20.36 Insufficient root...
Figure 20.37 Maxillary first...
Figure 20.38 Many years...
Figure 20.39 Coronal CBCT...
Figure 20.40 CBCT demonstrating...
Figure 20.41 Periapical radiograph...
Figure 20.42 Axial CBCT...
Figure 20.43 A clinical...
Figure 20.44 After probing...
Figure 20.45 The overextended...
Figure 20.46 Maxillary second...
Figure 20.47 After removal...
Figure 20.48 (a) Coronal...
Figure 20.49 A second...
Figure 20.50 During gutta...
Figure 20.51 Access cavity...
Figures 20.52 A root canal treated...
Figures 20.53 During removal of the...
Figure 20.54 The ProTaper...
Figure 20.55 Micro-CT...
Figure 20.56 Preoperative radiograph...
Figure 20.57 Excessive access...
Figure 20.58 A mandibular...
Figures 20.59 Gutta-percha remnants...
Figures 20.60 Activation of the...
Figures 20.61 Removal of plastic...
Figures 20.62 Retreatment of a plastic...
Figure 20.63 From left...
Figure 20.64 Discolouration after...
Figure 20.65 Retreatment of...
Figure 20.66 Retrieval of...
Figure 20.67 Loop technique...
Figure 20.68 Re-evaluation...
Figure 20.69 Symptomatic apical...
Figure 20.70 (a) Six...
Figure 20.71 Re-evaluation...
Figure 20.72 (a) Discolouration...
Figure 20.73 Discolouration of...
Figure 20.74 (a) Access...
Figure 20.75 (a) Radiographic...
CHAPTER 21
Figure 21.1 Periodontal damage...
Figure 21.2 Root concavities...
Figure 21.3 Microcomputed tomography...
Figure 21.4 Adapting the...
Figure 21.5 Backscattered scanning...
Figure 21.6 Periapical radiograph...
Figure 21.7 Relining technique...
Figure 21.8 (a) Diagnostic...
CHAPTER 22
Figure 22.1 Micro-CT...
Figure 22.2 Examples for...
Figure 22.3 Periapical radiographic...
Figure 22.4 Radiographic images...
Figure 22.5 Illustrative diagram...
Figure 22.6 Illustrative diagram...
Figure 22.7 Illustrative diagram...
Figure 22.8 Illustrative diagram...
Figure 22.9 Illustrative diagram...
Figure 22.10 Illustrative diagram...
Figure 22.11 Illustrative diagram...
Figure 22.12 Illustrative diagram...
Figure 22.13 Illustrative diagram...
Figure 22.14 Periodontal examination...
Figure 22.15 Sinus tracking...
Figure 22.16 Illustrative diagram...
Figure 22.17 A 64...
Figure 22.18 Follow-up...
Figure 22.19 A 68...
Figure 22.20 A 69...
Figure 22.21 After one...
Figure 22.22 (a) A...
Figure 22.23 A 67...
Figure 22.24 A 70...
Figure 22.25 A 64...
CHAPTER 23
Figure 23.1 Discolouration potential...
Figure 23.2 Causes and...
Figure 23.3 (a) A...
Figure 23.4 Clinical steps...
Figure 23.6 Intracoronal bleaching...
Figure 23.5 Intracoronal bleaching...
Figure 23.7 Extracoronal bleaching...
Figure 23.8 (a) A...
CHAPTER 24
Figure 24.1 Illustrative drawings...
Figure 24.2 Illustrative drawing...
Figure 24.3 a) Photographic...
Figure 24.4 Clinical and...
Figure 24.5 a) Perforation...
Figure 24.6 a) The...
Figure 24.7 a) A...
Figure 24.8 a) A...
Figure 24.9 a) Preoperative...
Figure 24.10 a, b...
Figure 24.11 a) Preoperative...
CHAPTER 25
Figure 25.1 Clinical photographs...
Figure 25.2 Clinical photographs...
Figure 25.3 Clinical presentation...
Figure 25.4 (A, B...
Figure 25.5 This case...
Figure 25.6 (A) Two...
Figure 25.7 Photographs showing...
CHAPTER 26
Figure 26.1 Illustrative roles...
Figure 26.2 Extraoral swelling...
Figure 26.3 A fluctuant...
Figure 26.4 Maxillary left...
Figure 26.5 Tooth discolouration...
Figure 26.6 Palpation testing...
Figure 26.7 Percussion testing...
Figure 26.8 Grade 3...
Figure 26.9 Grade 2...
Figure 26.10 Cervical defect...
Figure 26.11 A propane...
Figure 26.12 Demonstrating the...
Figure 26.13 Demonstrating the...
Figure 26.14 FracfinderTM (Denbur...
Figure 26.15 Use of...
Figure 26.16 Cracked maxillary...
Figure 26.17 Multiple sinus...
Figure 26.18 Mandibular left...
Figure 26.19 Maxillary right...
Figure 26.20 A periapical...
Figure 26.21 Mandibular left...
Figure 26.22 OPG showing...
Figure 26.23 Periradicular radiograph...
Figure 26.24 Mandibular left...
Figure 26.25 Mandibular left...
Figure 26.26 Maxillary right...
Figure 26.27 Mandibular right...
Figure 26.28 Condensing osteitis...
CHAPTER 27
Figure 27.1 Plain film...
Figure 27.2 a) Plain...
Figure 27.3 a) Plain...
Figure 27.4 a) PR...
Figure 27.5 a) Plain...
Figure 27.6 a) Plain...
Figure 27.7 a) Plain...
Figure 27.8 a) Plain...
CHAPTER 28
Figure 28.1 Emergency treatment...
Figure 28.2 Crack in...
CHAPTER 29
Figure 29.1 Critical steps...
Figure 29.2 Revitalization of...
CHAPTER 30
Figure 30.1 Distribution of...
Figure 30.2 Multiple enamel...
Figure 30.3 (a) Maxillary...
Figure 30.4 (a) Crown...
Figure 30.5 (a) Enamel...
Figure 30.6 (a) Seven...
Figure 30.7 (a) Crown...
Figure 30.8 Recommended splinting...
Figure 30.9 (a) Seven...
Figure 30.10 (a) Endodontic...
Figure 30.11 (a) Dental...
Figure 30.12 (a) Avulsed...
Guide
Cover
Title page
Copyright
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Editors’ Biography
List of Contributors
About the Companion Website
Begin Reading
Index
End User License Agreement
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Preface
Over the last few decades, there has been a substantial increase in the body of knowledge within the field of endodontology. This has been accompanied by a global increase in the awareness of clinicians, scientists, and the general public to the benefits of endodontic therapies and the ability of the dental profession to save teeth that in the past may have been extracted. We are delighted and honoured to contribute to the ever-increasing pool of knowledge in endodontology by presenting the first edition of our new book, Endodontic Advances and Evidence-Based Clinical Guidelines.
The book is divided into four sections:
Advances in knowledge: This section focuses on the characterisation of root and canal anatomy using advanced diagnostic techniques, the bioactive properties of dentine and molecular advances in pulp regeneration, microbial biofilms in the root canal system, pulp and periodontal diseases, root resorption, minimally invasive endodontics, and technology-enhanced education.
Advances in materials and technology: This section covers advances in computed tomography imaging devices and techniques, working length determination, advances in materials and techniques for microbial control, and nickel titanium metallurgy together with recent automated motions and advances in calcium silicate-based cements.
Advances in clinical management: This section includes current trends for vital pulp therapies, an update for the detection, negotiation, and management of calcified and curved root canals, management of fractured instruments, repair of perforation defects, removal of root canal filling materials, restoration of root filled teeth, management of coronal discolouration, surgical endodontics, management of endo-perio lesions, and alternatives to root canal treatment.
Evidence-based clinical guidelines: This section includes guidelines for the use of cone-beam computed tomography in endodontics, endodontic emergencies and use of systemic antibiotics, regenerative endodontic procedures, and management of endodontic complications associated with traumatic injuries.
Recent advances in knowledge in the key areas of the specialty and their links to evidence-based clinical guidelines have allowed the latest scientific evidence to be integrated with treatment guidelines to address the needs of patients. This new and innovative format will enable undergraduate and postgraduate students, general dental practitioners, specialists, and clinical and non-clinical scientists to update their knowledge and engage with advanced treatment modalities that will have a significant, positive impact on patient management and treatment outcomes. Each chapter is accompanied by a large number of high-quality illustrations and clinical cases that will allow the reader to immediately understand current directions in research, the underlying concepts and new trends in education, and clinical techniques. The book is provided in print and eBook formats, and there is a companion website to enable the reader to access and browse the illustrations in a convenient manner.
Hany M. A. Ahmed
Paul M. H. Dummer
Acknowledgements
The editors would like to thank Wiley for supporting the concept of this new book and overseeing its production. Special thanks to Loan Nguyen, Susan Engelken, Erica Judisch, Tanya McMullin, Christy Michael and Amy Kopperude.
The editors gratefully acknowledge the contributing authors for sharing their valuable knowledge and experience.
We are also grateful to Muhammad Fairos Bin Jenal, Artist, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, for the drawings included in several chapters.
We would like to acknowledge and thank our families for their encouragement and continuous support along the way!
Editors’ Biography
Dr. Hany M. A. Ahmed, BDS, HDD, PhD, FICD, MDTFEd (RCSEd), FPFA, FADI
Dr. Ahmed graduated with a BDS (2002) from the Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Egypt. In 2006, he obtained a Higher Dental Diploma degree in endodontics, followed by a PhD from the School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia. He was awarded for his research including the IADR (SE Asian division) for the best laboratory research, in addition to the best publication award (2020), with a research group in Turkey, from the Journal of Endodontics.
Dr. Ahmed has had work published in over 100 publications. In 2012, he introduced a new classification for endo-perio lesions, and in 2017, with experts in the field, he introduced a new system for classifying root and canal morphology, accessory canals, and dental anomalies, in addition to the PROUD-2020 reporting guidelines. He is an international consultant for research projects in several countries, and a key opinion leader for dental companies.
Currently, Dr. Ahmed is a senior lecturer in endodontics at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya (UM). He leads a number of grants related to root canal anatomy and endodontic bio-materials. In 2019, he was awarded the excellent service certificate from UM. Dr. Ahmed is also a registered specialist in endodontics with the Egyptian Dental Syndicate (2012-up to date).
Recently, Dr. Ahmed was awarded membership from the Faculty of Dental Trainers, Royal College of Surgeons (Edinburgh). He is a fellow of the International College of Dentists, Academy of Dentistry International, and Pierre Fauchard Academy.
Dr. Ahmed is a scientific reviewer and editorial board member for several journals. He is also the Deputy Editor-in-Chief of the European Endodontic Journal.
Emeritus Professor Paul M. H. Dummer BDS, MScD, PhD, DDSc, FDS (RCSEd)
Professor Dummer graduated from the School of Dentistry, Welsh National School of Medicine, UK in 1973 with a bachelor’s degree in dental surgery and completed his MScD in 1980 and PhD in 1987 by research. He was awarded a senior doctorate in dental science (DDSc) in 2002 on the basis of his research record in endodontology. He has published over 300 original scientific articles in high-impact peer-reviewed journals and written several chapters in textbooks.
