Endometriosis E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 2067

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

Written by an internationally well-known editor team, Endometriosis: Science and Practice is a state-of-the-art guide to this surprisingly common disease. While no cause for endometriosis has been determined, information of recent developments are outlined in this text, offering insight to improve management of symptoms medically or surgically. The first of its kind, this major textbook integrates scientific and clinical understanding of this painful disease helping to provide better patient care.

Leseprobe

Contents

List of Contributors

Preface

List of Abbreviations

Part 1 History, Epidemiology, and Economics

1 History of Endometriosis: A 20th-Century Disease

Introduction

Who identified endometriosis?

Clinical issues

Modern therapeutic approaches

In search of the pathogenesis

Conclusion

References

2 Endometriosis: Epidemiology, and Etiological Factors

Introduction

Risk factors

Conclusion

References

3 Economic Perspective on Diagnosis and Treatment of Endometriosis

Introduction

Costs

Cost-effectiveness

Conclusion

References

Part 2 Pathogenesis

4 Pathogenesis: Development of the Female Genital Tract

Introduction

Undifferentiated phase

Differentiation of the gonads

Development of the internal genitals

Development of the external genitals

Sex-determining factor

Embryonic origin of endometriosis

Conclusion

References

5 Theories on the Pathogenesis of Endometriosis

Introduction

The theories

The phenomenon and the disease

Conclusion

References

6 Understanding the Pathogenesis of Endometriosis: Gene Mapping Studies

Introduction

Genetic contributions to endometriosis

Candidate genes

Linkage studies

Genome-wide association studies

Genetic contribution to common disease is largely unexplained

Beyond the top hits

Translation of genome-wide association study results to the clinic

Conclusion

References

7 Pathogenesis: Epigenetics

Introduction

Epigenetics

Epigenetic regulation in endometrium

Epigenetic aberrations in endometriosis

MicroRNA deregulation in endometriosis

Therapeutic implications

Diagnostic and prognostic implications

Conclusion

References

Part 3 Disease Characterization

8 Endometriosis: Disease Classification and Behavior

Introduction

Classification systems of historical interest

American Fertility Society classification

Behavior and symptoms

Potential synergies in the development of an improved classification system

American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists proposed endometriosis tabulation system

ENZIAN classification system

Conclusion

References

9 Peritoneal, Ovarian, and Rectovaginal Endometriosis are Three Different Entities

Introduction

Peritoneal endometriosis

Ovarian endometriosis

The so-called rectovaginal or deep endometriosis

Conclusion

References

10 Extra-abdominal Endometriosis

Introduction

Thoracic endometriosis

Other sites of extragenital endometriosis

Conclusion

References

Part 4 Biological Basis and Pathophysiology of Endometriosis

11 Biology of Eutopic and Ectopic Endometrium in Women with Endometriosis

Introduction

(Patho)biology of eutopic and ectopic endometrium

Peritoneal cavity: role of peritoneal fluid in endometriosis

Cell adhesion molecules in eutopic endometrium and endometriosis: general remarks

Cadherin-mediated cell–cell adhesion and regulatory circuits: impact on the pathogenesis of endometriosis

Extracellular matrix remodelling and integrin expression in endometriotic foci

Reflection on current knowledge and perspectives

References

12 Stem Cells in Endometriosis

Properties of adult stem cells

Endometrial stem/progenitor cells

Endometrial stem/progenitor cells in endometriosis

Conclusion

References

13 Role of Steroid Hormones: Estrogen and Endometriosis

Introduction

What do we know about the impact of estrogen in the pathophysiology of endometriosis?

Estrogen-dependent physiological and molecular changes in endometriosis

Therapeutic approaches based on estrogen action

Conclusion

References

14 Role of Steroid Hormones: Progesterone Signaling

Introduction

Progesterone actions in the female reproductive tract

Progesterone resistance in endometriosis

Genomic and non-genomic progesterone signaling

Progesterone receptor action: the classic model

Progesterone receptor action: a changing paradigm

Mechanisms of progesterone resistance in endometriosis

Conclusion

References

15 Early Origins of Endometriosis: Role of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals

Introduction

Critical and sensitive windows

Developmental origin of endometriosis

Endocrine disrupting chemicals and endometriosis

Life course perspective for endometriosis

References

16 Signaling Pathways in Endometriosis (Eutopic/Ectopic)

Introduction

Endometriosis

Signaling pathways

Conclusion

References

17 MicroRNAs in Endometriosis

Introduction

Studies exploring microRNA expression profiles in endometriosis

The role of microRNAs in endometriotic lesion development: a model

MicroRNAs and risk factors for endometriosis

Diagnostic and therapeutic potential of microRNAs

Conclusion

Referennces

18 HOX Genes and Endometriosis

Introduction

Introduction to HOX genes

HOX gene expression in the endometrium

Roles of HOX genes in endometrium

HOX gene expression in endometriosis

Mechanisms of altered HOX gene expression/epigenetic regulation

Correction of abnormal expression of HOXA10

Conclusion

References

19 Angiogenesis and Endometriosis

Introduction

Angiogenesis in the endometrium

Angiogenesis in the endometriotic lesion

Conclusion

References

20 Uterine Peristalsis and the Development of Endometriosis and Adenomyosis

Introduction

The concept of the archimetra and its structure and function

The role of the uterus in the disease process

Tissue injury and repair – archimetral hyperestrogenism

Mechanism of disease: uterine autotraumatization

Premenarcheal endometriosis

Ectopic lesions

Conclusion

References

21 Pelvic Mechanisms Involved in the Pathophysiology of Pain in Endometriosis

Introduction

Symptoms and signs

Anatomical pathways of pain

Pathophysiological mechanisms relevant to pain within the eutopic endometrium and myometrium

Pathophysiological mechanisms in ectopic lesions

Local mechanisms related to mediation of pain in endometrium and endometriotic lesions

Linkage of peripheral pain signaling with central mechanisms

Implications for clinical management of pelvic pain

Future directions in research into pelvic pain mechanisms

Conclusion

References

22 Neuroendocrine Aspects of Endometriosis-Associated Pain

Introduction

The spectrum of endometriosis-associated pain

Endocrine influences on endometriosis-associated pain

Surgical influences on endometriosis-associated pain

Nervous system mechanisms of endometriosis-associated pain

Rethinking endometriosis-associated chronic pelvic pain: neuroendocrine mechanisms of endometriosis-associated pain

Neuroimmune and neuroendocrine factors

Conclusion

References

23 Pathophysiology of Infertility in Endometriosis

Introduction

Implantation and endometrial receptivity

Endometriosis overview

Diagnosis of endometriosis

Infertility and endometriosis

Mechanisms of infertility in endometriosis

Endometriosis and progesterone resistance

Improving studies on endometriosis on infertility

Conclusion

References

24 Inflammation and Endometriosis

Implantation hypothesis

Complement system and immunoglobulins

Cellular immunity

Cytokines and growth factors

Adhesion molecules

References

Part 5 Models of Endometriosis

25 Models of Endometriosis: In vitro and In vivo Models

Introduction

In vitro models

Chorio-allantoic membrane assay

In vivo models

Conclusion

References

26 Models of Endometriosis: Animal Models I – Rodent-based Chimeric Models

Introduction

Autologous models of experimental endometriosis

Experimental endometriosis in immunocompromised mice

Preclinical therapeutic testing

Experimental endometriosis models and examination of disease mechanism

Conclusion

References

27 Models of Endometriosis: Animal Models II – Non-human Primates

Introduction

Primate models of endometriosis

Development and survival of ectopic lesions

Impact of endometriosis on endometrial development

Conclusion

References

Part 6 Diagnosis of Endometriosis

28 Surgical Historical Overview

Introduction

Laparotomy

Culdoscopy

Laparoscopy

Subtle appearances of endometriosis

Endometrioma

Peritoneal endometriosis

Conclusion

References

29 Diagnosis of Endometriosis: Imaging

Introduction

Peritoneal disease

Ovarian endometriosis

Deep invasive endometriosis

Magnetic resonance imaging technique

Conclusion

References

30 Diagnosis of Endometriosis: Biomarkers

Introduction

What makes a good biomarker?

Characteristics of a biomarker for endometriosis

Need for standardization

Tumor markers (CA-125 and CA-19–9) and soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1

Cytokines

Other protein markers

Other blood-based markers

Peritoneal fluid markers

Endometrial markers

Conclusion

References

31 Diagnosis of Endometriosis: Proteomics

Introduction

Proteomic approaches to provide markers for diagnosis

Issues to be considered

Looking to the future: emerging proteomics technologies

Conclusion

References

32 Diagnosis of Endometriosis: Transcriptomics

Introduction

Transcriptomic platforms

Unique caveats in endometrium and endometriosis

Global gene expression profiling of eutopic endometrium

Diagnostic DNA microarray with disease-relevant biomarkers

Conclusion

References

Part 7 Medical Therapies for Pain

33 Medical Therapies: Randomized Controlled Trials/Traditional Medical Therapies

Introduction

Sources of randomized controlled trial evidence for medical therapies for endometriosis

Randomized controlled trial evidence for interventions

Future clinical trials

References

34 Medical Therapies: Progestins

Introduction

Mode of action

Evidence base for treating endometriosis with progestins

Route of administration

Side-effects of progestins

Conclusion

References

35 Medical Therapies: Aromatase Inhibitors

Introduction

Aromatase enzyme and endometriosis

Pharmacology of aromatase inhibitors

Side-effects of aromatase inhibitors

Aromatase inhibitors in premenopausal women

Aromatase inhibitors and endometriosis

Conclusion

References

36 Medical Therapies: Statins

Introduction

Pathophysiology of endometriosis and mechanisms of action of statins

Other potential benefits of use of statins

Statins: effects in vivo (rodent models of endometriosis)

Future directions

Conclusion

References

Part 8 Surgical Therapies for Pain

37 Surgical Therapies: Principles and Triage in Endometriosis

Introduction

Triage

Principles of surgical therapies

Conclusion

References

38 Surgical Therapies: Peritoneal Endometriosis Surgery

Introduction

Morphological appearance of endometriosis

Diagnostic accuracy

Excision of endometriosis

Ablation of endometriosis

Pathophysiology of endometriosis-associated pain

Endometriosis and peritoneal adhesions

Disease recurrence

Incidental endometriosis

Adjuvant medical therapy

Conclusion

References

39 Surgical Therapies: Pouch of Douglas and Uterovaginal Pouch Resection for Endometriosis

Introduction

Anatomical points of reference

When is deep endometriosis suspected in the pouch of Douglas?

What is the best management of deep endometriosis in the pouch of Douglas?

Endometriosis in the pouch of Douglas affecting the rectum

Surgical tactics for managing the posterior cul-de-sac

Conclusion

References

40 Surgical Therapies: Randomized Controlled Trials in Endometriosis

Introduction

Randomized controlled surgical trials

Mode of surgical treatment

Ovarian endometriomas and pain

Deeply invasive disease

Nerve ablation to treat endometriosis-related pain

Hysterectomy to treat endometriosis-related pain

Combined medical and surgical treatment

Conclusion

References

41 Surgical Therapies: Rectal/Bowel Endometriosis

Introduction

Symptoms of rectal/bowel endometriosis

Definition of bowel endometriosis

Investigations

Indications for bowel surgery

Infertility and bowel endometriosis

Preoperative surgical consent

Surgical procedure

Conclusion

References

42 Surgical Therapies: Ureteric Dissection and Urological Endometriosis

Incidence

Pathogenesis

Clinical presentation

Diagnostics and investigation

Planning of management and general issues

Definitive surgical management of bladder and ureteric endometriosis

References

43 Surgical Therapies: Robotics and Endometriosis

Introduction

Slow adoption into minimally invasive surgery

Diagnostic laparoscopy

Surgical management of endometriosis

Relief of pain

Fertility outcomes after minimally invasive surgery for endometriosis

Conclusion

References

Part 9 Infertility and Endometriosis

44 Medical Therapy of Endometriosis: Subfertility

Introduction

Does endometriosis affect fertility?

Does medical treatment restore fertility?

Estimating the effect of medical treatment: a fallacy

Other medical treatments

Conclusion

References

45 Infertility Therapies: The Role of Surgery

Introduction

Effective gynecological day surgery

Current status of endoscopic endometriosis surgery

Controversies

Audit

Future directions: endometriosis surgical centers

References

46 Infertility Therapies: The Role of Assisted Reproductive Technologies

Introduction

In vitro fertilization outcomes in patients with endometriosis

Medical treatment prior to in vitro fertilization

Surgical treatment prior to in vitro fertilization

In vitro fertilization complications associated with endometriosis

Stimulation protocols

Conclusion

References

47 Ovarian Endometrioma: Surgery and Fertility Preservation

Ontogenesis

Histopathology

Diagnosis and classification

Impact on fertility

Treatment

References

Part 10 Associated Disorders

48 Endometriosis and Autoimmunity

Introduction

Endometriosis: role of defective immunosurveillance

Role of defective immune system

Endometriosis: immune tolerance

Autoimmunity

Genetic polymorphisms associated with autoimmune diseases and endometriosis

Hormonal influences

Common features in endometriosis and autoimmune diseases

Peritoneal and systemic inflammation in endometriosis

Conclusion

References

49 Endometriosis and Cancer: Epidemiology

Introduction

Endometriosis and ovarian cancer

Endometriosis and other cancers

Discussion

References

50 Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Endometriosis and Endometriosis-Related Cancers

Epidemiology

Etiology and pathogenesis

Key genes and pathways associated with the development and propagation of endometriosis

Modeling endometriosis: animal models of disease

Link between endometriosis and cancer

Current surgical and medical therapeutic strategies for endometriosis

References

51 Pregnancy and Obstetric Outcomes in Women with Endometriosis

Introduction

Effects of pregnancy on endometriosis

Effects of endometriosis on pregnancy

Conclusion

References

52 Sexuality in Endometriosis

Introduction

Factors involved in sexual disorders

Endometriosis-related sexual disorders

Diagnosis of sexual disorders

Therapeutic options

Prognosis

Conclusion

References

53 Psychosomatic Aspects

Introduction

Psychosomatic and psychosocial factors in the genesis of endometriosis

Diagnostic delay

Doctor–patient relationship

Psychosomatic and psychosocial consequences of diagnosed endometriosis

Psychosomatic therapeutic options

Future research into psychosomatic/psychosocial aspects of endometriosis

Conclusion

References

54 Endometriosis in the Adolescent Patient

Introduction

Pathophysiology of endometriosis in adolescence

Endometriosis epidemiology

Presentation and diagnosis

Management strategies

Conclusion

References

55 Fertility Preservation in Patients with Endometrioma

Introduction

Endometriomas

Current and emerging treatments for fertility preservation

Fertility preservation for patients with endometriomas (see Box 55.1)

References

56 Eye to the Future: Research, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics

Future directions in endometriosis research

Future directions in diagnosis of endometriosis

Future directions in treatment of endometriosis

References

Plates

Index

This edition first published 2012, © 2012 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell.

Registered officeJohn Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

Editorial offices9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UKThe Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA

For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell

The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting a specific method, diagnosis, or treatment by physicians for any particular patient. The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of fitness for a particular purpose. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. Readers should consult with a specialist where appropriate. The fact that an organization or Website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Endometriosis : science and practice / edited by Linda C. Giudice, Johannes L.H. Evers, David L. Healy. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN-13: 978-1-4443-3213-1 (hardcover : alk. paper)ISBN-10: 1-4443-3213-9 (hardcover : alk. paper)1. Endometriosis. I. Giudice, Linda. II. Evers, Johannes Leonardus Henricus, 1949– III. Healy, D. L. (David Lindsay) [DNLM: 1. Endometriosis. WP 390] RG483.E53E556 2012 618.1′42–dc23

2011027301

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

List of Contributors

Jason Abbott BMed (Hons) MRCOG FRANZCOG PhD

Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology

University of New South Wales

Sydney, Australia

Maurício S. Abrão MD

Associate Professor, Director, Endometriosis Division

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology

University of São Paulo Medical School

São Paulo, Brazil

G. David Adamson MD, FRCSC, FACOG, FACS

Director, Fertility Physicians of Northern California

Adjunct Clinical Professor, Stanford University

Associate Clinical Professor, University of California San Francisco

San Francisco, CA, USA

Marco Alifano MD, PhD

Professor of Thoracic Surgery

Department of Thoracic Surgery

Cochin-Hôtel-Dieu Hospital

Paris V University

Paris, France

Marwa K. Al-Sabbagh

Research Fellow

Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology

Imperial College London

London, UK

Ayman Al-Talib MD

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology

McGill University

Montreal, Canada

Erkut Attar MD, PhD

Professor

Division of Endocrinology and Infertility

Department of Gynecology

Istanbul University

Istanbul Medical School

Istanbul, Turkey

Kurt T. Barnhart MD, MSCE

Professor Obstetrics and Gynecology and Epidemiology

Assistant Dean, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

Director, Women’s Health Clinical Research Center

University of Pennsylvania

Philadelphia, PA, USA

Regina G. H. Beets-Tan

Professor in Radiology

Department of Radiology

Maastricht University Medical Center

Maastricht, The Netherlands

Giuseppe Benagiano

Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics

Sapienza

University of Rome

Rome, Italy

Marina Berbic BMedSc, MScMed (RHHG)

Senior Research Fellow

Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Neonatology

Queen Elizabeth II Research Institute for Mothers and Infants

The University of Sydney

Sydney, Australia

Karen J. Berkley PhD

Professor Emeritus

Program in Neuroscience

Florida State University

Tallahassee, FL USA

Tommaso Bignardi MD

Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology

Nepean Clinical School

University of Sydney

Sydney, Australia

Antonio Bobbio MD, PhD

Senior Surgeon

Department of Thoracic Surgery

Cochin-Hôtel-Dieu Hospital

Paris V University

Paris, France

Ivo Brosens MD PhD FRCOG (ad eundem)

Professor Emeritus

Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology

Catholic University of Leuven

Leuven, Belgium

Jan J. Brosens MD FRCOG PhD

Professor of Reproductive Medicine & Sciences

Honorary Consultant Gynaecologist

Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology

Imperial College London

London, UK

Kaylon L. Bruner-Tran PhD

Assistant Professor

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Women’s Reproductive Health Research Center

Vanderbilt University School of Medicine

Nashville, TN, USA

Germaine M. Buck Louis PhD, MS

Director and Senior Investigator

Division of Epidemiology, Statistics & Prevention Research

Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and

Human Development

National Institutes of Health

Bethesda, MD, USA

Serdar E. Bulun MD

George H. Gardner Professor of Clinical Gynecology

Chief, Division of Reproductive Biology Research

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Northwestern University

Feinberg School of Medicine