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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
Transport systems are facing an impossible dilemma: satisfy an increasing demand for mobility of people and goods, while decreasing their fossil-energy requirements and preserving the environment. Additionally, transport has an opportunity to evolve in a changing world, with new services, technologies but also new requirements (fast delivery, reliability, improved accessibility).
In this book, recent research works are reported around the triptych: "transport, energy and environment", which demonstrates that vehicle technologies and fuels can still improve, but it is necessary to prepare their implementation (e.g. electro-mobility), to think of new services, and to involve all actors, particularly enterprises, who will be the drivers of innovation. Mitigation strategies are studied to promote innovative, multimodal and clean transports and services. Research progress is reported on air pollution, vibrations and noise, their mitigation and assessment methodologies.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2016
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title
Copyright
Acknowledgments
Preface
Introduction: Toward Cleaner, Efficient and Sustainable Transports: Context and Recent Research Works
I.1. Introduction
I.2. Context
I.3. Recent research results of the “transports, energy and environment” triptych: a summary
I.4. Bibliography
PART 1: Electromobility and its Implementation
Introduction to Part 1
1 Toward a Europe-Wide Interoperable Electromobility System
1.1. Background
1.2. The Green eMotion project partnership and objectives
1.3. GeM achievements so far
1.4. Next steps
1.5. Conclusions
1.6. Bibliography
2 Advanced Services for Electromobility: the Integration of the SmartCEM Project Platform for the Reggio Emilia Pilot Site
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Reggio Emilia pilot site
2.3. Research hypotheses
2.4. Technical architecture and data exchange
2.5. Experimental design, dataa and questionnaires
2.6. Connclusions
2.7. Bibliography
3 Cognitive Mapping and Multi-criteria Assessment for the Design of an Electric Car Sharing Service
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Decision-aiding methods and causal maps
3.3. Assessment of the configuration options
3.4. Conclusion
3.5. Bibliography
4 Eco-driving for Clean Vehicles: Optimizing Energy Use for Trams and e-buses
4.1. Background
4.2. Advanced training and education for safe eco-driving of clean vehicles: ACTUATE
4.3. Evaluation of training programmes for safe eco-driving of clean vehicles
4.4. Conclusions
4.5. Bibliography
5 The Role and Activities of SMEs in EU R&D Transport Programmes: the Case of Electric Vehicles
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Innovation in the transport market
5.3. Methodology
5.4. SME involvement in EU R&D programmes
5.5. Strategies employed by SMEs to overcome barriers
5.6. Summary
5.7. Acknowledgments
5.8. Bibliography
Part 2: Vehicle and Engine Technologies Development
Introduction to Part 2
6 HERCULES-1: The Long-Term (2004–2014) R&D Programme on Large Engine Technologies for Ships
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Achievements of Hercules-A and Hercules-B
6.3. Objectives of Hercules-C
6.4. Project HERCULES-C results
6.5. Conclusions
6.7. Bibliography
7 Energy Storage System Studies for Heavy Duty Hybrid Electric Vehicles in the EC HCV Project
7.1. Introduction
7.2. The reference vehicles and the selected energy storage systems (ESS)
7.3. Dedicated testing procedures
7.4. Testing results
7.5. Conclusions
7.6. Acknowledgments
7.7. Bibliography
8 Achievements and Lessons Learnt in the EU Zero Regio Project
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Hydrogen infrastructure
8.3. Fuel-cell vehicles
8.4. Results of demonstration
8.5. Unexpected events and lessons learnt
8.6. Post-project activities and future plans
8.7. Concluding remarks
8.8. Bibliography
9 FEV HiFORS Injector with Continuous Rate Shaping: Influence on Mixture Formation and Combustion Process
9.1. Introduction
9.2. HiFORS injector
9.3. Optical chamber rate shaping investigations
9.4. Single cylinder engine investigations
9.5. Conclusion and outlook
9.6. Acknowledgments
9.7. Bibliography
10 Development of Predictive Vehicle and Drivetrain Operating Strategies Based Upon Advanced Information and Communication Technologies
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Energy potential analysis with offline simulation
10.3. Analysis of ICT measures for the reduction of CO
2
emissions in urban areas
10.4. Development and implementation of predictive energy management systems for real-life application
10.5. Conclusions and outlook
10.6. Acknowledgments
10.7. Bibliography
Part 3: Energies and Fuels for Transports
Introduction to Part 3
11 Measures to Promote the Diffusion of Alternative Fuel Vehicles in EU27
11.1. Introduction
11.2. The integrated assessment model ASTRA
11.3. Diffusion of alternative fuel cars
11.4. Policies and scenarios
11.5. Conclusions
11.6. Acknowledgments
11.7. Bibliography
12 Creating Prospective Value Chains for Renewable Road Transport Energy Sources up to 2050 in Nordic Countries
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Theoretical background
12.3. Method
12.4. Building future contexts for the prospective value chains
12.5. Analysis of value network actors: a biodiesel case study
12.6. Discussion and conclusions
12.7. Acknowledgments
12.8. Bibliography
13 The Consequences of Increasing Fuel Prices on Car Travel and Household Budgets
13.1. A break in trend in car travel: increasing financial constraints and the proximity of saturation
13.2. A lagged reaction to rising fuel prices
13.3. The rise of fuel poverty
13.4. Bibliography
14 The Development of an Innovative On-board CNG Storage System for Methane-Fuelled Cars Conducted Within the FP7 EU Project ‘InGAS’
14.1. Development of innovative, low-cost Type IV CNG vessels
14.2. Development of advanced components for the on-board CNG storage and supply system
14.3. Design of CNG storage mmodule
14.4. Integration of CNG storage module in vehicle
14.5. Performance validation
14.6. Considerations regarding production issues
14.7. Conclusions
14.8. Acknowledgments
15 Sustainability Assessment of Infrastructure Elements with Integrated Energy Harvesting Technologies
15.1. Background
15.2. Highway E39 in Norway
15.3. Identification of environmental and economic lifecycle challenges
15.4. Pareto optimized concepts balancing economic and environmental aspects
15.5. Conclusions
15.6. Bibliography
Part 4: Greenhouse Gas Mitigation
Introduction to Part 4
16 GHG Mitigation Strategy in the European Transport Sector
16.1. Introduction
16.2. Analysis of R&D funding and the innovation systems of the transport modes
16.3. Scoping of GHG reduction measures and technical reduction potentials
16.4. Techno-economic assessment of cost of GHG reduction measures
16.5. Stepwise scenario building and model-based assessment of scenarios and their GHG reduction pathways
16.6. Synthesis on suitable GHG reduction strategy for transport
16.7. Conclusions
16.8. Acknowledgments
16.9. Bibliography
17 Why do CO
2
Emissions from Heavy Road Freight Transport Increase in Spite of Higher Fuel Prices?
17.1. Introduction
17.2. Swedish freight transport market
17.3. Logistic efficiency of road freight transports
17.4.
Consumed fuel per vehicle-km
17.5. CO
2
-intensity of fuel used in the road freight sector
17.6. Modeling policy impacts
17.7. Conclusions
17.8. Acknowledgments
17.9. Bibliography
18 A Study on Super Credits and their Impact on Fleet-Average Real-World CO
2
Emissions
18.1. Introduction
18.2. Methodology
18.3. Simulation
18.4. Results and discussion
18.5. Conclusion
18.6. Bibliography
19 A Study on Co-modality and Eco-driving Mobility
19.1. Introduction
19.2. Analyzing the GPS-based mobility data
19.3. Assessing modal shift potential
19.4. Vehicle choice, technology and automotive service
19.5. Conclusions and recommendations
19.6. Bibliography
20 Harmonizing Carbon Footprint Calculation for Freight Transport Chains
20.1. Introduction
20.2. The basis for standardization
20.3. Working with real-life supply chains
20.4. Outlook: requirements toward a future structure for the harmonized approach
20.5. Conclusions
20.5. Acknowledgments
20.6. Bibliography
21 Carbon Intensity of French Shippers
21.1. Introduction: context and objective
21.2. Data: the 2004 French shipper survey
21.3. Estimating shipper yearly emissions from a typology of shippers
21.4. Estimating yearly shipper emissions with a model of carbon intensity per tonne shipped
21.5. Comparison of carbon intensity per shipper estimated by the two methods
21.6. Carbon intensity, carbon efficiency and the impact of a carbon tax on shipper competitiveness
21.7. Conclusion
21.8. Acknowledgments
21.9. Bibliography
Part 5: Air Pollution
Introduction to Part 5
22 Impact of FAME Content on Regeneration Frequency of Diesel Particulate Filters (DPFs)
22.1. Introduction
22.2. Experimental setup
22.3. Test procedure
22.4. Results
22.5. Conclusions
22.6. Acknowledgments
22.7. Bibliography
23 Exhaust Aftertreatment Potential of Advanced Coupled NSC-SCR System
23.1. Introduction
23.2. Description of investigated exhaust system and fuel reformer performance
23.3. Discussion of results and aftertreatment potentials of investigated exhaust system
23.4. Summary
23.5. Acknowledgments
23.6. Bibliography
24 Power Controlled Microwave Reactor for the Removal of NOx and SOx from the Exhaust of Marine Diesel Engines
24.1. Introduction
24.2. Non-thermal plasma experimental set-up using diesel car engine
24.3. MW power control
24.4. Non-thermal plasma experimental set-up using 40 kW marine engine
24.5. Practical implementation
24.6. Conclusions
24.7. Bibliography
25 Quantification of Non-Exhaust Particulate Matter Emissions from Road Transport
25.1. Introduction
25.2. Methodology
25.3. Database of road non-exhaust EFs
25.4. Conclusions
25.5. Acknowledgments
25.6. Bibliography
26 COPERT Micro: a Tool to Calculate Vehicle Emissions in Urban Areas
26.1. Introduction
26.2. Methodology
26.3. Software application
26.4. Results and applications
26.5. Conclusions
26.6. Bibliography
27 Traffic and Vehicle Fleet Statistics for the Calculation of Air Pollutant Emissions from Road Transport in France
27.1. Introduction
27.2. Data needed for estimating pollutant emissions from road transports
27.3. A typical approach for determining fleet composition
27.4. Detailed assumptions and data for France
27.5. Comparing different estimations for France
27.6. The French vehicle fleet composition: some highlights
27.7. Local observations and vehicle fleet variability
27.8. Other data required for emission calculation
27.9. Discussion and conclusions
27.10. Acknowledgments
27.11. Bibliography
Part 6: Noise and Vibration
Introduction to Part 6
28 AQUO European Collaborative Project – Development of Methods and Indicators for the Assessment of Shipping Noise Footprint on Underwater Environment and Impact on Marine Life
28.1. Introduction
28.2. Overview of AQUO project
28.3. Needs and policies
28.4. Noise footprint characterization
28.5. Methodology for the derivation of noise mitigation guidelines
28.6. Conclusions and ongoing actions
28.7. Acknowledgments
28.8. Bibliography
29 Reduction of the Underwater Radiated Noise by Ships: New Shipbuilding Challenge. The Vessels “Ramón Margalef” and “Ángeles Alvariño” as Technological References of How to Build Silent Vessels
29.1. Introduction
29.2. Case study: “Ramón Margalef” and “Ángeles Alvariño”
29.3. Conclusions
29.4. Acknowledgments
29.5. Bibliography
30 Mitigation of Ground Vibrations from Freight Trains
30.1. Introduction
30.2. Vibrations from freight trains
30.3. Decomposing the vibration problem
30.4. Numerical modeling
30.5. Mitigation measure at the source
30.6. Mitigation measure in propagation path
30.7. Conclusions
30.8. Acknowledgements
30.9. Bibliography
31 ACOUTRAIN: Virtual Certification of Acoustic Performance for Freight and Passenger Trains
31.1. Introduction
31.2. Acoutrain: a European research project
31.3. Conclusion
31.4. Acknowledgments
31.5. Bibliography
32 Additional Efficient Warning Sounds for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
32.1. Introduction
32.2. Detectability
32.3. Sound meaning
32.4. Unpleasantness
32.5. Conclusion
32.6. Acknowledgments
32.7. Bibliography
List of Authors
Index
End User License Agreement
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
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Research for Innovative Transports Set
coordinated byBernard Jacob
Volume 1
Energy and Environment
Edited by
Michel André
Zissis Samaras
First published 2016 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:
ISTE Ltd
27-37 St George’s Road
London SW19 4EU
UK
www.iste.co.uk
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
111 River Street
Hoboken, NJ 07030
USA
www.wiley.com
© ISTE Ltd 2016
The rights of Michel André and Zissis Samaras to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016936175
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-78630-026-3
Acknowledgments
The European Commission (DG-MOVE and DG-RTD), the Conference of European Road Directors (CEDR), the European Road Transport Research Advisory Council (ERTRAC), the European Rail Research Advisory Council (ERRAC) and the European Technology Platform WATERBORNE-TP are acknowledged for their support and active contribution to the Programme Committee of TRA2014, in charge of reviewing and selecting the papers presented at the conference, which forms the main input of this volume.
The French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Development and Networks (IFSTTAR) is acknowledged for having organized the TRA2014, in which 600 high-quality papers were presented successfully.
Yves Amsler, Gianfranco Burzio, Panos Papaioannou and Mark Robinson, the coordinators of the topics on Mobility and Safety, all the other members of the Programme Committee, the reviewers who actively contributed to the review and selection of the papers, and the authors who wrote them are acknowledged for their great job that produced the material for this volume.
Joëlle Labarrère, Secretary of the Programme Committee of TRA2014, is acknowledged for her valuable help to the editors and for her support to this volume production.
Preface
The transport sector is very much concerned about environmental adaptation and mitigation issues. Most of these are related to the objective of curbing GHG emission by 20% by 2020, alternative energy and energy savings, sustainable mobility and infrastructures, safety and security, etc. These objectives require the implementation of advanced research work to develop new policies, and to adjust education and industrial innovations.
The theme and slogan of the Transport Research Arena held in Paris (TRA2014) were respectively: “Transport Solutions: From Research to Deployment” and “Innovate Mobility, Mobilise Innovation”. Top researchers and engineers, as well as private and public policy and decision-makers, were mobilized to identify and take the relevant steps to implement innovative solutions in transport. All surface modes were included, including walking and cycling, as well as cross modal aspects.
Policies, technologies and behaviors must be continually adapted to new constraints, such as climate change, the diminishing supply of fossil fuels, the economic crisis, the increased demand for mobility, safety and security, i.e. all the societal issues of the 21st Century. Transport infrastructures and materials, modal share, co-modality, urban planning, public transportation and mobility, safety and security, freight, logistics, ITS, energy and environment issues are the subject of extensive studies, research work and industrial innovations that are reported in this series of books.
This book is a part of a set of six volumes called the Research for Innovative Transports set. This collection presents an update of the latest academic and applied research, case studies, best practices and user perspectives on transport carried out in Europe and worldwide. The presentations made during TRA2014 reflect on them. The TRAs are supported by the European Commission (DG-MOVE and DG-RTD), the Conference of European Road Directors (CEDR) and the modal European platforms, ERRAC (rail), ERTRAC (road), WATERBORNE, and ALICE (freight), and also by the European Construction Technology Platform (ECTP) and the European Transport Research Alliance (ETRA).
The volumes are made up of a selection of the best papers presented at the TRA2014. All papers were peer reviewed before being accepted at the conference, and they were then selected by the editors for the purpose of the present collection. Each volume contains complementary academic and applied inputs provided by highly qualified researchers, experts and professionals from all around the world.
Each volume of the series covers a strategic theme of TRA2014.
Volume 1, Energy and Environment, presents recent research work around the triptych “transports, energy and environment” that demonstrate that vehicle technologies and fuels can still improve, but it is necessary to prepare their implementation (electromobility), think about new services and involve enterprises. Mitigation strategies and policies are examined under different prospective scenarios, to develop and promote alternative fuels and technologies, multi-modality and services, and optimized transport chains while preserving climate and the environment. Evaluation and certification methodologies are key elements for assessing air pollution, noise and vibration from road, rail and maritime transports, and their impacts on the environment. Different depollution technologies and mitigation strategies are also presented.
Volume 2, Towards Innovative Freight and Logistics, analyzes how to optimize freight movements and logistics; it introduces new vehicle concepts, points out the governance and organization issues, and proposes an assessment framework.
Volumes 3 and 4 are complementary books covering the topic of traffic management and safety.
Volume 3, Traffic Management, starts with a survey of data collection processes and policies and then shows how traffic modeling and simulation may resolve major problems. Traffic management, monitoring and routing tools and experience are reported and the role of traffic information is highlighted. Impact assessments are presented.
Volume 4, Traffic Safety, describes the main road safety policies, accident analysis and modeling. Special focus is placed on the safety of vulnerable road users. The roles of infrastructure and ITS in safety are analyzed. Finally railway safety is focused upon.
Volume 5, Materials and Infrastructures, is split into two sub-volumes, investigating geotechnical issues and pavement materials’ characterization, innovative materials, technologies and processes and introducing new techniques and approaches for auscultation and monitoring. Solutions to increase the durability of infrastructures and to improve maintenance and repair are presented, for recycling as well as for ensuring the sustainability of the infrastructures. Specific railways and inland navigation issues are addressed. A focus is put on climate resilient roads.
Volume 6, Urban Mobility and Public Transport, highlights possible innovations in order to improve transports and the quality of life in urban areas. Buses and two-wheelers could be a viable alternative in cities if they are safe and reliable. New methodologies are needed to assess urban mobility through new survey protocols, a better knowledge of user behavior or taking into account the value of travel for public transport. The interactions between urban transport and land planning are a key issue. However, these interactions have to be better assessed in order to propose scenarios for new policies.
Bernard JACOB, Chair of the TRA2014 Programme Committee
Jean-Bernard KOVARIK, Chair of the TRA2014 Management Committee
March 2016
IntroductionToward Cleaner, Efficient and Sustainable Transports: Context and Recent Research Works
I.1. Introduction
Transport systems are facing an impossible dilemma today: on one hand they must satisfy an increasing demand of mobility for a growing world population and an intensification of the goods exchanges, while on the other hand, they are also supposed to decrease their energy requirements and shift to non-fossil fuels (rarefaction and climatic impacts), while preserving or even improving the environment, decreasing the impacts of noise and air pollution on living beings, fauna and flora, to be precise. Besides that, transports have a unique opportunity to evolve in a changing world, with new services (vehicle sharing or in self-service), technologies like intelligent transportation systems (ITS), communication, etc., and also requirements including fast delivery, reliability, improved accessibility, etc.
In this book, recent research and application works – that were presented during the 5th Conference of Transport Research Arena, Paris, France, held on 14–17 April 2014 – are reported around the triptych: “transports, energy and environment”.
Successively, works will be reported on the progress and potential of electromobility and the conditions of its implementation (Part 1), the recent developments of vehicle and engine technologies for optimizing their operation while decreasing their energy needs and their environmental impacts (Part 2). Renewable and alternative energies are studied from both their technological and implementation points of view in Part 3.
The next three parts adopt rather an environmental perspective, with respect to climate change and of the mitigation of transportation-related greenhouse gases (Part 4) and the issues of air and noise pollution due to transports in Parts 5 and 6.
As a prelude to this scientific and technical reporting, we propose a brief contextual overview, regarding the energy, environment and transport sectors, and their connections taking into account appropriate and coherent policies, towards the development of sustainable transport systems. This overview will be followed by a brief summary of the research works reported in the following chapters.
