Energy Efficient Buildings E-Book

Zhiqiang John Zhai

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 516

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2022

Beschreibung

Energy Efficient Buildings A complete and authoritative discussion of the fundamentals of designing and engineering energy efficient buildings In Energy Efficient Buildings: Fundamentals of Building Science and Thermal Systems, distinguished engineer and architect Dr. John Zhai delivers a comprehensive exploration of the design and engineering fundamentals of energy efficient buildings. The book introduces the fundamental knowledge, calculations, analyses, and principles used by designers of energy efficient buildings and addresses all essential elements of the discipline. An essential guide for students studying civil, architectural, mechanical, and electrical engineering with a focus on energy, building systems, and building science, the book provides practical in-class materials, examples, and actual design practices, as well as end-of-chapter questions (with solutions) and sample group projects. Readers will find: * A thorough introduction to the cross-disciplinary approach to the design of energy efficient buildings * Comprehensive explorations of all critical elements of energy efficient building design, including standards and codes, psychometrics, microclimate, thermal comfort, indoor air quality, HVAC systems, and more * In-depth discussions of the foundational knowledge, calculations, analysis, and principles needed to design energy efficient buildings * Practical in-class examples and end-of-chapter questions with solutions for students, and design guidance and sample group projects for use in course lectures and actual design practices. Perfect for graduate and advanced undergraduate students studying building environmental systems, building systems in construction, and mechanical and electrical systems in construction, Energy Efficient Buildings: Fundamentals of Building Science and Thermal Systems will also earn a place in the libraries of practicing civil, architectural, and mechanical engineers.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright Page

1 Sustainable Building

1.1 Building Functions

1.2 Building Elements

1.3 Definition of Sustainable Building

1.4 Origin and Significance of Sustainable Building

1.5 Sustainable Principles

1.6 Three‐Layer Design Approach

1.7 Three‐Tier Design Approach

1.8 Two Case Studies

Homework Problems

References

2 Life Cycle Cost Analysis

2.1 Life Phases of a Building

2.2 Design Process of a Building

2.3 Integrated Design Process of a Sustainable Building

2.4 Basics of Cost and Economic Analysis

2.5 Life Cycle Cost Analysis

2.6 Life Cycle Cost Analysis Based Optimization

Homework Problems

3 Building Standards and Codes

3.1 Impacts of Building Codes

3.2 Types of Design Regulations

3.3 Integrative Use of All

Homework Problems

References

4 Air Properties and Psychrometric Chart

4.1 Air Composition

4.2 Moist Air and Its Properties

4.3 Construction of a Psychrometric Chart

Homework Problems

5 Climate and Site Analysis

5.1 Climate Analysis

5.2 Heating and Cooling Design Climatic Data

5.3 Site Analysis

Homework Problems

6 Indoor Thermal Comfort

6.1 Indoor Environment Quality

6.2 Indoor Thermal Comfort

6.3 Comfort Zone

6.4 Approaches to Improving Indoor Thermal Comfort

6.5 Other Thermal Comfort Factors

Homework Problems

References

7 Indoor Air Quality, Ventilation, and Infiltration

7.1 Indoor Air Quality

7.2 Ventilation

7.3 Air Purification

7.4 Infiltration

7.5 Blower Door Test

Homework Problems

References

8 Heat Transfer through Building Envelope

8.1 Latent Heat Transfer

8.2 Sensible Heat Transfer

8.3 Practical Heat Transfer through Building Envelope

8.4 Ground Heat Transfer

Homework Problems

9 Sun and Solar Radiation

9.1 Sun and Solar

9.2 Solar Angles

9.3 Sky Dome and Sun‐Path Diagrams

9.4 Solar Shading

9.5 Solar Radiation on External Walls

9.6 Solar Radiation on Windows

Homework Problems

10 Passive Building Systems

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Overview of Passive Cooling

10.3 Overview of Passive Heating

10.4 Prescreening Feasibility of Passive Cooling and Heating Techniques

10.5 Natural Ventilation

10.6 Night Cooling with Thermal Mass

10.7 Direct/Indirect Evaporative Cooling

10.8 Trombe Wall

10.9 Sunspace

10.10 Double Skin Façade

10.11 Phase Change Material

Homework Problems

References

11 Building Load Calculation

11.1 Residential and Light Commercial Buildings

11.2 Commercial Buildings

Homework Problems

12 Heating, Cooling, and Ventilation Systems

12.1 Basics of Heating and Cooling Systems

12.2 Basics of Heating and Cooling Distribution Systems

12.3 Heating and Cooling on Psychrometric Chart

12.4 Central HVAC Systems on Psychrometric Chart

12.5 Coil Sizing and Selection

Homework Problems

Reference

13 Building Energy Consumption

13.1 Manual Calculation

13.2 Computer Simulation

Homework Problems

References

14 Building Energy Analysis and Optimization

14.1 Overview

14.2 Simulation Tools

14.3 Benchmark Model Development

14.4 Parametric Analysis

14.5 Energy Efficiency Measures

14.6 Initial Optimization

14.7 Sensitivity Analysis

14.8 Second Optimization and Recommendations

14.9 Conclusions

Homework Problems

References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1 Design strategies in three‐tier design approach.

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 Comparison of environmental assessment methods.

Table 3.2 Comparison of environmental assessment phases.

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 Saturation properties for steam – temperature table.

Table 4.2 Saturation properties for steam – pressure table.

Chapter 5

Table 5.1 TMY3 data header (line 1).

Table 5.2 TMY3 data header (line 2).

Table 5.3 TMY3 data field.

Table 5.4 Annual heating and cooling design conditions (in IP unit) for Den...

Table 5.5 Monthly heating and cooling design conditions (in IP unit) for De...

Table 5.6 Annual heating and cooling design conditions (in SI unit) for som...

Chapter 6

Table 6.1 Metabolic rates for typical activities.

Table 6.2 Clothing insulation I

cl

values for typical ensembles.

Table 6.3 Garment insulation I

cl

.

Table 6.4 Coefficients for Equation (6.17).

Table 6.5 Optimal operative temperature and acceptable range for light sede...

Table 6.6 Applicability of methods for determining acceptable thermal envir...

Table 6.7 Allowable radiant temperature asymmetry

Table 6.8 Limits on temperature drifts and ramps.

Chapter 7

Table 7.1 Sources, permitted levels, and health effects of IAQ contaminants...

Table 7.2 Indoor air quality regulations for major indoor air pollutants....

Table 7.3 PM10 and 2.5 standards.

Table 7.4 Ventilation requirements for residential buildings on a floor are...

Table 7.5 Minimum ventilation rate requirements for office buildings.

Table 7.6 Zone air distribution effectiveness E

z

for different air distribu...

Table 7.7 Mechanisms, advantages, and disadvantages of various air cleaning...

Table 7.8 MERV rating and efficiency and filter type and removed particles....

Table 7.9 Applications for air filters with different MERV ratings.

Table 7.10 Terrain parameters for standard terrain classes.

Table 7.11 Generalized shielding coefficients.

Chapter 8

Table 8.1 Density and thermal conductivity of some common building material...

Table 8.2 Empirical correlations for the average Nusselt number for forced ...

Table 8.3 Empirical correlations for the average Nusselt number for forced ...

Table 8.4 Empirical correlations for the average Nusselt number for natural...

Table 8.5 Empirical correlations for the average Nusselt number for natural...

Table 8.6 Range of practical convection coefficients.

Table 8.7 Emissivity of some common building materials at specified tempera...

Table 8.8 Surface conductances and resistances for air.

Table 8.9 Typical thermal properties (design values) of common building and...

Table 8.10 Thermal resistance of plane air spaces (m

2

·K/W).

Table 8.11 Emittance values of various surfaces and effective emittances of...

Table 8.12 Heat loss coefficient F

p

of slab floor construction.

Table 8.13 Average U‐factor for basement walls with uniform insulation.

Table 8.14 Average U‐factor for basement floor.

Chapter 9

Table 9.1 U values for several fenestration products (W/m

2

·K).

Table 9.2 U values of representative fenestration frames in vertical orient...

Table 9.3 SHGC and other property values for several glazings and windows....

Chapter 10

Table 10.1 Heat transfer mechanisms and sources for passive cooling and hea...

Table 10.2 Prescreening checklist for feasibility of using passive strategi...

Table 10.3 Classification and properties of PCMs.

Table 10.4 Illustration of a few passive and active PCMs applications in bu...

Chapter 11

Table 11.1 CLTD values for single‐family detached residences.

a

Table 11.2 Window glass load factors for single‐family detached residences.

Table 11.3 Cooling load factors for people and unhooded equipment (ASHRAE F...

Chapter 12

Table 12.1 Advantages and disadvantages of various heating systems.

Table 12.2 Advantages and disadvantages of various distribution systems.

Chapter 13

Table 13.1 Degree hours for 1 January.

Table 13.2 Comparison of major features and capabilities of three ES progra...

Table 13.3 Bang & Olufsen headquarters information.

Chapter 14

Table 14.1 Office envelope and window construction standards.

Table 14.2

Office building HVAC components and standards.

Table 14.3 Office building loads and set points.

Table 14.4 Annual end‐use energy intensity.

Table 14.5 Recommended energy efficiency measures.

Table 14.6 End‐use energy reduction potential by category.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory (https://www.simplypsychology....

Figure 1.2 Architectural ecosystem.

Figure 1.3 US total energy consumption by end‐use sector (https://www.turbom...

Figure 1.4 US electricity consumption by sector (https://www.epa.gov/energy/...

Figure 1.5 US energy consumption by source and sector (https://www.eia.gov/e...

Figure 1.6 Construction material consumptions (http://www.oecd.org/newsroom/...

Figure 1.7 Estimated productivity‐related benefits by green buildings.

Figure 1.8 Productivity increase by moving into a green building (West Bend,...

Figure 1.9 Typical expenditure categories for a US office business.

Figure 1.10 The principles of sustainability.

Figure 1.11 Three layers in a building system.

Figure 1.12 Three‐tier design approach.

Figure 1.13 Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) headquarter.

Figure 1.14 Fossil Ridge High School.

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Building design process.

Figure 2.2 Design alternative development process.

Figure 2.3 Impact of early design input on building performance.

Figure 2.4 Impact of building life stage on energy, water, material, and was...

Figure 2.5 Sequential design process.

Figure 2.6 Overview of integrated design process.

Figure 2.7 Iterative design process.

Figure 2.8 Example of an iterative design process for energy efficiency.

Figure 2.9 Conceptual path to a net‐zero energy building.

Figure 2.10 Energy efficiency measures to reach the global optimum and break...

Figure 2.11 High‐cost energy efficiency measures and net‐zero energy design....

Figure 2.12 Impacts of utility rates on the path to a net‐zero energy buildi...

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 and the International Energy Conservation Code (...

Figure 3.2 Scopes of LEED rating systems.

Figure 3.3 Cumulative number of LEED registration in the US from 2000 to 201...

Figure 3.4 LEED v4 for BD+C checklist.

Figure 3.5 Integrated design.

Figure 3.6 Five key elements to a successful charrette.

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Terminologies of air pressure.

Figure 4.2 Measurement of air pressure.

Figure 4.3 Temperature measurement and units.

Figure 4.4 Principle of the process to reach saturation of moist air by evap...

Figure 4.5 Use sling psychrometer to measure relative humidity.

Figure 4.6 Construction of air saturation as a function of temperature.

Figure 4.7 Construction of relative humidity lines.

Figure 4.8 Construction of enthalpy lines.

Figure 4.9 Construction of wet‐bulb temperature lines.

Figure 4.10 Different temperatures on a psychrometric chart.

Figure 4.11 Illustration of the final format of a psychrometric chart.

Figure 4.12 Psychrometric chart at the sea level.

Figure 4.13 Psychrometric chart at the 5000 ft elevation (1500 m).

Figure 4.14 Psychrometric chart used in China.

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Onsite measured air temperature vs those from the airport during ...

Figure 5.2 Beijing weather analysis on psychrometric chart.

Figure 5.3 Denver weather analysis using Ecotect. (a) Monthly temperatures a...

Figure 5.4 Washington DC weather analysis using Climate Consultant. (a) The ...

Figure 5.5 Microclimate: elevation impacts.

Figure 5.6 Microclimate: water impacts.

Figure 5.7 Microclimate: neighbor impacts.

Figure 5.8 Microclimate: grass impacts. (a) Grass impact on surface and surr...

Figure 5.9 Microclimate: plant impacts.

Figure 5.10 Microclimate: noise impacts. (a) Noise shadow created by barrier...

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Energy conservation at human body.

Figure 6.2 Proportions of human body heat loss at air temperature of 70 °F....

Figure 6.3 Variation of human body heat loss proportion with surrounding air...

Figure 6.4 The correlations between PMV and PPD.

Figure 6.5 Winter and summer comfort zones for light activities in seasonal ...

Figure 6.6 Combined winter and summer comfort zones using effective temperat...

Figure 6.7 Winter and summer comfort zones using operative temperature.

Figure 6.8 Winter and summer comfort zones using operative temperature.

Figure 6.9 Examples of comfort zones using the Analytical Comfort Zone Metho...

Figure 6.10 Snapshot of the CBE thermal comfort tool.

Figure 6.11 Examples of comfort zones using the Elevated Air Speed Comfort Z...

Figure 6.12 Acceptable indoor operating temperature ranges for naturally con...

Figure 6.13 Influence of increasing air motion to comfort zone.

Figure 6.14 Influence of increasing mean radiant temperature to comfort zone...

Figure 6.15 Local thermal discomfort caused by radiant asymmetry.

Figure 6.16 Local thermal discomfort caused by vertical temperature differen...

Figure 6.17 Local discomfort caused by floor temperature.

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 Performance influence of IAQ.

Figure 7.2 Sum VOC from EPA public buildings study (by age of the building)....

Figure 7.3 Ventilation requirements.

Figure 7.4 Mass conservation of a contaminant in a confined space.

Figure 7.5 Typical cleaning layers in an air purifier (https://cdn.shopify.c...

Figure 7.6 Capture mechanisms and efficiency of particles of different sizes...

Figure 7.7 Factors affecting building air infiltration.

Figure 7.8 Airflow through the building envelope caused by stack, wind, and ...

Figure 7.9 Histogram of infiltration values in US houses (a) new houses; (b)...

Figure 7.10 Photo of a blower door test rig.

Figure 7.11 The power law curve obtained from the blower door test.

Figure 7.12 The power law curve obtained from the blower door test in log fo...

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Specific heat of some common building materials.

Figure 8.2 Density of some common building materials.

Figure 8.3 Heat capacity of some common building materials.

Figure 8.4 Thermal storage in a transient heat transfer through a wall.

Figure 8.5 Steady state one‐dimensional conductive heat transfer.

Figure 8.6 Composite walls.

Figure 8.7 Multiple layered wall.

Figure 8.8 Thermal network in series connection.

Figure 8.9 Parallel composite wall.

Figure 8.10 Thermal network in parallel connection (a) fully separate (b) fu...

Figure 8.11 Heat flow through a composite wall.

Figure 8.12 Thermal networks for heat flow through a composite wall. (a) Ful...

Figure 8.13 Transient one‐dimensional conductive heat transfer.

Figure 8.14 Thermal RC network.

Figure 8.15 Convective heat transfer.

Figure 8.16 Heat transfer through a composite wall including surface convect...

Figure 8.17 Electromagnetic wave spectrum of radiation.

Figure 8.18 Electromagnetic wave energy spectrum of radiation.

Figure 8.19 Surface radiation properties: reflectivity, transmissivity, and ...

Figure 8.20 Emissivity for black body, gray body, and real body. (a) Emissiv...

Figure 8.21 Solar radiation properties of three types of glasses.

Figure 8.22 Variance of glass transmissivity (or transmittance) with differe...

Figure 8.23 Greenhouse effect.

Figure 8.24 Heat transfer through building envelope with combined conduction...

Figure 8.25 Four typical slab‐on‐grade constructions. (a) 8‐in. block wall, ...

Figure 8.26 Two‐dimensional heat transfer processes through basement wall an...

Figure 8.27 Ground temperature amplitude.

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 Rotation of the Earth around the sun with tilted axis that causes...

Figure 9.2 Higher solar intensity (Btu/h·ft

2

) at the Earth’s surface in summ...

Figure 9.3 Solar angles.

Figure 9.4 Sky dome.

Figure 9.5 Derivation of horizonal and vertical sun‐path diagrams.

Figure 9.6 Horizonal sun‐path diagram for 32 °N Latitude.

Figure 9.7 Vertical sun‐path diagram for 40 °N Latitude.

Figure 9.8 Shadow of a building.

Figure 9.9 Shading from surrounding objects.

Figure 9.10 Shadow from a nearby building.

Figure 9.11 Shadow from a nearby building on the horizonal sun‐path diagram....

Figure 9.12 Angles on a tilted surface.

Figure 9.13 Components of solar radiation on a tilted surface.

Figure 9.14 Basic configuration and heat transfer mechanisms of a double‐gla...

Figure 9.15 Variation of solar radiative heat transfer through three differe...

Figure 9.16 Difference in U value between the edge and center of a glass wit...

Figure 9.17 Representative fenestration frame types as used in Table 9.2.

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 Illustration of passive cooling techniques.

Figure 10.2 Illustration of passive heating techniques.

Figure 10.3 Potential savings of passive techniques used in Boulder, CO, est...

Figure 10.4 Comfort zone in naturally ventilated spaces.

Figure 10.5 Rule of thumb for the maximum space depths for cross and single‐...

Figure 10.6 Diagram of wind‐driven ventilation.

Figure 10.7 Climate boundaries for using night cooling technique.

Figure 10.8 Sketch of an indirect–direct evaporative cooling system.

Figure 10.9 The performance charts of direct and indirect evaporative coolin...

Figure 10.10 Trombe wall design and operation.

Figure 10.11 Sunspace design and operation.

Figure 10.12 Vliet test cell cavity details with louvered cavity opening.

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 Building load estimating methods, with different complexity and ...

Figure 11.2 Thermal RC network for a building envelope.

Figure 11.3 A simplified wall thermal network with three wall thermal storag...

Figure 11.4 The heat transfer link between the zone and one building envelop...

Figure 11.5 The thermal network lining the zone with one building envelope....

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 Illustration of a fireplace.

Figure 12.2 Water heating system with a basement boiler.

Figure 12.3 Principle of a boiler for water heating system.

Figure 12.4 Packaged fire‐tube hot water boiler.

Figure 12.5 Hot water distribution terminals.

Figure 12.6 Hot water floor heating system.

Figure 12.7 Principle of a hot‐air furnace (with cooling and humidification)...

Figure 12.8 Actual hot‐air furnace in residential and small commercial build...

Figure 12.9 Air distribution terminals.

Figure 12.10 Electric heating terminals.

Figure 12.11 Typical cycling process of compressive refrigeration (in °F).

Figure 12.12 Theoretic cooling processes on the temperature‐entropy diagram ...

Figure 12.13 Packaged unitary (window) AC.

Figure 12.14 Residential whole house AC.

Figure 12.15 Rooftop AC unit.

Figure 12.16 Packaged central system for midsize buildings.

Figure 12.17 All air systems.

Figure 12.18 All water systems.

Figure 12.19 Air water systems.

Figure 12.20 Fan‐coil unit.

Figure 12.21 Active chilled beam system.

Figure 12.22 Sensible heating and cooling processes on the psychrometric cha...

Figure 12.23 Humidifying and dehumidifying processes on the psychrometric ch...

Figure 12.24 Cooling and dehumidifying processes on the psychrometric chart ...

Figure 12.25 Heating and humidifying processes on the psychrometric chart an...

Figure 12.26 Different humidification processes depending on the used media....

Figure 12.27 Adiabatic humidification and desiccant dehumidification process...

Figure 12.28 The mixing process in the system and on the psychrometric chart...

Figure 12.29 Flow diagram and states for a typical central HVAC system.

Figure 12.30 Corresponding flow processes and air states on the psychrometri...

Figure 12.31 Principles of the bypass model for cooling coil.

Figure 12.32 The mixing process in a cooling coil with the bypass model.

Figure 12.33 The complete psychrometric chart at the sea level.

Figure 12.34 Locate the room supply air condition based on indoor conditions...

Figure 12.35 Locate the apparatus dewpoint temperature.

Figure 12.36 The complete cooling cycle.

Figure 12.37 Determine the coil capacity by measuring the enthalpy differenc...

Chapter 13

Figure 13.1 Overall EnergyPlus structure.

Figure 13.2 Energy balance on the interior surface of a wall, ceiling, floor...

Figure 13.3 Executive streamline of the EnergyPlus program.

Figure 13.4 Bang & Olufsen headquarters (north & south facades).

Figure 13.5 Bang & Olufsen headquarters floorplan.

Figure 13.6 Natural ventilation in the B&O headquarters.

Figure 13.7 Sketchup rendering of B&O headquarters as modeled in EnergyPlus....

Figure 13.8 Modified EnergyPlus model with inlet heater approximation.

Figure 13.9 B&O building model calibration – hourly.

Figure 13.10 B&O building model calibration – linear regression.

Figure 13.11 B&O building – temperature results.

Figure 13.12 B&O building results – thermal comfort criteria.

Figure 13.13 B&O building – effect of heater zone on predicted air change ra...

Figure 13.14 Effect of air change rate on temperature predictions – B&O.

Figure 13.15 Effect of thermal mass on temperature predictions – B&O buildin...

Figure 13.16 Effect of weather file accuracy on predicted thermal comfort – ...

Figure 13.17 Effect of h model on temperature response – B&O building.

Chapter 14

Figure 14.1 Procedure for identifying energy‐saving strategies using a build...

Figure 14.2 Harbin office benchmark model.

Figure 14.3 Parametric analysis results.

Figure 14.4 Initial optimization results.

Figure 14.5 Sensitivity of insulation on energy savings.

Figure 14.6 Potential energy savings.

Guide

Cover Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

Table of Contents

Begin Reading

Index

WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

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Energy Efficient Buildings

Fundamentals of Building Science and Thermal Systems

Zhiqiang (John) Zhai

Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering

University of Colorado at Boulder

Boulder, CO, USA

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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

Names: Zhai, Zhiqiang (John), author.Title: Energy efficient buildings : fundamentals of building science and thermal systems / John Zhai.Description: Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2023.Identifiers: LCCN 2022017503 (print) | LCCN 2022017504 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119881933 (cloth) | ISBN 9781119881957 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119881940 (epub)Subjects: LCSH: Architecture and energy conservation. | Heat engineering.Classification: LCC NA2542.3 .Z42 2023 (print) | LCC NA2542.3 (ebook) | DDC 720/.472--dc23/eng/20220715LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022017503LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022017504

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