Energy Geostructures E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 392

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

Energy geostructures are a tremendous innovation in the field offoundation engineering and are spreading rapidly throughout theworld. They allow the procurement of a renewable and clean sourceof energy which can be used for heating and cooling buildings. Thistechnology couples the structural role of geostructures with theenergy supply, using the principle of shallow geothermal energy.This book provides a sound basis in the challenging area of energygeostructures. The objective of this book is to supply the reader with anexhaustive overview on the most up-to-date and available knowledgeof these structures. It details the procedures that are currentlybeing applied in the regions where geostructures are beingimplemented. The book is divided into three parts, each of which isdivided into chapters, and is written by the brightest engineersand researchers in the field. After an introduction to thetechnology as well as to the main effects induced by temperaturevariation on the geostructures, Part 1 is devoted to the physicalmodeling of energy geostructures, including in situ investigations,centrifuge testing and small-scale experiments. The second partincludes numerical simulation results of energy piles, tunnels andbridge foundations, while also considering the implementation ofsuch structures in different climatic areas. The final partconcerns practical engineering aspects, from the delivery of energygeostructures through the development of design tools for theirgeotechnical dimensioning. The book concludes with a real casestudy. Contents Part 1. Physical Modeling of Energy Piles at DifferentScales 1. Soil Response under Thermomechanical Conditions Imposed byEnergy Geostructures, Alice Di Donna and Lyesse Laloui. 2. Full-scale In Situ Testing of Energy Piles, Thomas Mimouni andLyesse Laloui. 3. Observed Response of Energy Geostructures, PeterBourne-Webb. 4. Behavior of Heat-Exchanger Piles from Physical Modeling, AnhMinh Tang, Jean-Michel Pereira, Ghazi Hassen and Neda Yavari. 5. Centrifuge Modeling of Energy Foundations, John S.McCartney. Part 2. Numerical Modeling of Energy Geostructures 6. Alternative Uses of Heat-Exchanger Geostructures, FabriceDupray, Thomas Mimouni and Lyesse Laloui. 7. Numerical Analysis of the Bearing Capacity of Thermoactive PilesUnder Cyclic Axial Loading, Maria E. Suryatriyastuti, HusseinMroueh , Sébastien Burlon and Julien Habert. 8. Energy Geostructures in Unsaturated Soils, John S. McCartney,Charles J.R. Coccia , Nahed Alsherif and Melissa A. Stewart. 9. Energy Geostructures in Cooling-Dominated Climates, Ghassan AnisAkrouch, Marcelo Sanchez and Jean-Louis Briaud. 10. Impact of Transient Heat Diffusion of a Thermoactive Pile onthe Surrounding Soil, Maria E. Suryatriyastuti, Hussein Mroueh andSébastien Burlon. 11. Ground-Source Bridge Deck De-icing Systems Using EnergyFoundations, C. Guney Olgun and G. Allen Bowers. Part 3. Engineering Practice 12. Delivery of Energy Geostructures, Peter Bourne-Webb withcontributions from Tony Amis, Jean-Baptiste Bernard, Wolf Friedemann, Nico Von Der Hude, NorbertPralle, Veli Matti Uotinen and Bernhard Widerin. 13. Thermo-Pile: A Numerical Tool for the Design of Energy Piles,Thomas Mimouni and Lyesse Laloui. 14. A Case Study: The Dock Midfield of Zurich Airport, DanielPahud. About the Authors Lyesse Laloui is Chair Professor, Head of the Soil Mechanics,Geoengineering and CO2 storage Laboratory and Director of CivilEngineering at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) inLausanne, Switzerland. Alice Di Donna is a researcher at the Laboratory of Soil Mechanicsat the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) in Lausanne,Switzerland.

Leseprobe

Contents

Preface

PART 1. PHYSICAL MODELING OF ENERGY PILES AT DIFFERENT SCALES

Chapter 1. Soil Response under Thermomechanical Conditions Imposed by Energy Geostructures

1.1. Introduction

1.2. Thermomechanical behavior of soils

1.3. Constitutive modeling of the thermomechanical behavior of soils

1.4. Acknowledgments

1.5. Bibliography

Chapter 2. Full-scale In Situ Testing of Energy Piles

2.1. Monitoring the thermomechanical response of energy piles

2.2. Description of the two full-scale in situ experimental sites

2.3. Thermomechanical behavior of energy piles

2.4. Conclusions

2.5. Bibliography

Chapter 3. Observed Response of Energy Geostructures

3.1. Overview of published observational data sources

3.2. Thermal storage and harvesting

3.3. Thermomechanical effects

3.4. Summary

3.5. Acknowledgments

3.6. Bibliography

Chapter 4. Behavior of Heat-Exchanger Piles from Physical Modeling

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Physical modeling of pile foundations

4.3. Physical modeling of a heat-exchanger pile

4.4. Conclusions

4.5. Acknowledgments

4.6. Bibliography

Chapter 5. Centrifuge Modeling of Energy Foundations

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Background on thermomechanical soil–structure interaction

5.3. Centrifuge modeling concepts

5.4. Centrifuge modeling components

5.5. Centrifuge modeling tests for semi-floating foundations

5.6. Conclusions

5.7. Acknowledgments

5.8. Bibliography

PART 2. NUMERICAL MODELING OF ENERGY GEOSTRUCTURES

Chapter 6. Alternative Uses of Heat-Exchanger Geostructures

6.1. Small, dispersed foundations for deck de-icing

6.2. Heat-exchanger anchors

6.3. Conclusions

6.4. Acknowledgments

6.5. Bibliography

Chapter 7. Numerical Analysis of the Bearing Capacity of Thermoactive Piles Under Cyclic Axial Loading

7.1. Introduction

7.2. Bearing capacity of a pile under an additional thermal load

7.3. A constitutive law of soil-pile interface under cyclic loading: the Modjoin law

7.4. Numerical analysis of a thermoactive pile under thermal cyclic loading

7.5. Recommendation for real-scale thermoactive piles

7.6. Conclusions

7.7. Acknowledgments

7.8. Bibliography

Chapter 8. Energy Geostructures in Unsaturated Soils

8.1. Introduction

8.2. Thermally induced water flow

8.3. Thermal volume change in unsaturated soils

8.4. Thermal effects on soil strength and stiffness

8.5. Thermal effects on hydraulic properties of unsaturated soils

8.6. Thermal effects on soil–geosynthetic interaction

8.7. Conclusions

8.8. Acknowledgments

8.9. Bibliography

Chapter 9. Energy Geostructures in Cooling-Dominated Climates

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Climatic factors and their effects on soil conditions and properties

9.3. Saturated and unsaturated soil thermal properties and heat transfer

9.4. Impact of soil conditions on energy geostructures performance

9.5. Full scale tests on energy piles

9.6. Conclusions

9.7 Acknowledgments

9.8 Bibliography

Chapter 10. Impact of Transient Heat Diffusion of a Thermoactive Pile on the Surrounding Soil

10.1. Introduction

10.2. Heat transfer phenomenon

10.3. Numerical modeling of thermal diffusion in a thermoactive pile

10.4. Impact of the long-term thermal operation

10.5. Conclusions

10.6. Acknowledgments

10.7. Bibliography

Chapter 11. Ground-Source Bridge Deck De-icing Systems Using Energy Foundations

11.1. Introduction

11.2. Ground-source heating of bridge decks

11.3. Thermal processes and evaluation of energy demand for ground-source de-icing systems

11.4. Numerical modeling and analysis results

11.5. Summary and conclusions

11.6. Acknowledgments

11.7. Bibliography

PART 3. ENGINEERING PRACTICE

Chapter 12. Delivery of Energy Geostructures

12.1. Introduction

12.2. Planning and design

12.3. Construction

12.4. System integration and commissioning

12.5. Summary

12.6. Acknowledgments

12.7. Bibliography

Chapter 13. Thermo-Pile: A Numerical Tool for the Design of Energy Piles

13.1. Basic assumptions

13.2. Mathematical formulation and numerical implementation

13.3. Validation of the method

13.4. Piled-beams with energy piles

13.5. Conclusions

13.6. Acknowledgments

13.7. Bibliography

Chapter 14. A Case Study: The Dock Midfield of Zurich Airport

14.1. The Dock Midfield

14.2. Design process of the energy pile system

14.3. The PILESIM program

14.4. System design and measurement points

14.5. Measured thermal performances of the system

14.6. System optimization and integration

14.7. Conclusions

14.8. Acknowledgments

14.9. Bibliography

List of Authors

Index

First published 2013 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:

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© ISTE Ltd 2013

The rights of Lyesse Laloui and Alice Di Donna to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2013941765

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-84821-572-6

Preface

Energy geostructures are spreading rapidly all around the world. They represent a renewable and clean source of energy that can be used for the heating and cooling of buildings, infrastructures and all kinds of environments. This technology links the structural role of geostructures with the energy supply, using the principle of shallow geothermal energy. On the one hand, heat is extracted from the ground during winter in order to satisfy heating needs and, on the other hand, heat is injected into the ground during summer to satisfy cooling needs.

The dual role of these structures makes their design challenging and more complex with respect to conventional projects. Besides the known procedures that are currently applied for the delivery of a geostructure, a number of additional issues arise when also deciding to exploit it from the energy supply point of view. These include the design and dimensioning of the geothermal equipment, study of the energy demand and the consequent optimization of the system, consideration of additional effects induced by the temperature variation on the structure itself in terms of stresses and displacements and the definition of the responsibilities of different professionals involved in the project. As energy geostructures are a new engineering technology, there is a need for improved scientific knowledge and defined design procedures.

The objective of this book is to provide the readers with an exhaustive overview of the up-to-date knowledge available on these structures as well as the procedures currently applied in the regions where they are implemented. The book is divided into four parts, each of them divided into chapters written by the brightest engineers and researchers in the field. Part 1 deals with the physical modeling of energy geostructures, including laboratory investigation of the thermomechanical behavior of soils, in situ analyses, centrifuge testing and small-scale experiments. Part 2 includes numerical simulation results of energy piles, tunnels and bridge foundations, while also considering the implementation of such structures in different climatic areas. Part 3 discusses the practical engineering aspects, from the delivery of energy geostructures to the development of design tools for their geotechnical dimensioning. Finally, the book concludes with a real case study.

The editors would like to thank all the authors for their innovative contributions.

Lyesse LALOUI and Alice DI DONNA

July 2013

PART 1

Physical Modeling of Energy Piles at Different Scales

Chapter 1

Soil Response under Thermomechanical Conditions Imposed by Energy Geostructures

Chapter written by Alice DI DONNA and Lyesse LALOUI.

The foundation of a building represents a connection between the structure and the supporting soil. The mechanical loads coming from the structure are transferred to the soil through it. A number of requirements must be fulfilled to ensure the stability and comfort of the over-structure, the most important of which are (1) the admissible displacements, (2) the acceptable (concrete) stresses and (3) the safety margins with respect to failure [BSI 95]. These aspects are related to the types and properties of the surrounding soils. Data concerning the soil’s response must be collected through a geotechnical survey and represent the basis for the design of the required foundations. Therefore, the behavior of the soil plays a primary role in the design of every geostructure, i.e. every structure that transfers a load to the ground. In the case of energy geostructures, an energy supply role is added to the conventional role of the foundation as a structural support. The foundation is thus subjected to both mechanical and thermal loads transmitted from the piles to the ground. This is the main motivation for understanding and modeling the soil’s response when subjected to a thermomechanical solicitation. In this chapter, the state of knowledge on the thermomechanical behavior of soils is revised within the framework of energy geostructures. A constitutive model capable of reproducing the described behavior is presented and used to study the response of soils subjected to thermal-stress paths typical of the areas around energy piles.

1.1. Introduction

Deep foundations are usually used to limit the settlements of buildings, increase capacity with respect to shallow foundations or reach a more resistant layer of soil when the quality of the surface soil is low. Two stages of the geotechnical design of such foundations are related to the behavior of the surrounding soil: the evaluation of the geotechnical bearing capacity and the prediction of displacements. Starting from the equilibrium of a pile (Figure 1.1), the maximum load QLIM that a pile can support is calculated as:

[1.1]

where QS is the portion of bearing capacity provided by the friction between the pile and the soil, QP is the portion of the bearing capacity provided by the soil below the pile tip and WP is the pile weight [LAN 99]. A general formula for the calculation of the lateral and base components is:

[1.2]

[1.3]

where H is the pile height, is the horizontal effective stress normal to the pile–soil interface, is the friction angle at the interface, is the pile radius, Cu is the undrained shear strength, is the vertical stress at the pile tip and and are the radial, circumferential and vertical cylindrical coordinates, respectively. From these equations, it appears that the lateral resistance depends, apart from the friction angle at the interface, on the stress state at the pile–soil interface, while the tip resistance is directly related to the resistance of the soil below the pile.