Energy Materials E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 492

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

In an age of global industrialisation and population growth, the area of energy is one that is very much in the public consciousness. Fundamental scientific research is recognised as being crucial to delivering solutions to these issues, particularly to yield novel means of providing efficient, ideally recyclable, ways of converting, transporting and delivering energy.

This volume considers a selection of the state-of-the-art materials that are being designed to meet some of the energy challenges we face today. Topics are carefully chosen that show how the skill of the synthetic chemist can be applied to allow the targeted preparation of inorganic materials with properties optimised for a specific application.

Four chapters explore the key areas of:

• Polymer Electrolytes
• Advanced Inorganic Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
• Solar Energy Materials
• Hydrogen Adsorption on Metal Organic Framework Materials for Storage Applications

Energy Materials provides both a summary of the current status of research, and an eye to how future research may develop materials properties further.

Additional volumes in the Inorganic Materials Series:
Molecular Materials
Functional Oxides
Porous Materials
Low-Dimensional Solids

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Half Title page

Series page

Title page

Copyright page

Inorganic Materials Series Preface

Preface

List of Contributors

Chapter 1: Polymer Electrolytes

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Nanocomposite Polymer Electrolytes

1.3 Ionic Liquid Based Polymer Electrolytes

1.4 Crystalline Polymer Electrolytes

References

Chapter 2: Advanced Inorganic Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Next Generation SOFC Materials

2.3 Materials Developments Through Processing

2.4 Proton Conducting Ceramic Fuel Cells

2.5 Summary

References

Chapter 3: Solar Energy Materials

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Development of PV Technology

3.3 Summary

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 4: Hydrogen Adsorption on Metal Organic Framework Materials for Storage Applications

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Hydrogen Adsorption Experimental Methods

4.3 Activation of MOFs

4.4 Hydrogen Adsorption on MOFs

4.5 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Index

Energy Materials

Inorganic Materials Series

Editors:

Professor Duncan W. BruceDepartment of Chemistry, University of York, UK

Professor Dermot O’HareChemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, UK

Dr Richard I. WaltonDepartment of Chemistry, University of Warwick, UK

Series Titles

Functional OxidesMolecular MaterialsPorous MaterialsLow-Dimensional SolidsEnergy Materials

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Energy materials/[edited by] Duncan W. Bruce, Dermot O’Hare, Richard I. Walton.p. cm. — (Inorganic materials series; 4)ISBN 978-0-470-99752-9 (hardback)1.   Energy storage—Materials.   2. Electric batteries—Materials.   3. Power electronics—Materials.I. Bruce, Duncan W.   II. Walton, Richard I.   III. O’Hare, Dermot.TK2896.E524 2011620.1′1297—dc222010042192

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Print ISBN: 978-0-470-99752-9 (Cloth)e-book ISBN: 978-0-470-97778-1o-book ISBN: 978-0-470-97779-8e-pub ISBN: 978-0-470-97806-1

Inorganic Materials Series Preface

Back in 1992, two of us (DWB and DO’H) edited the first edition of Inorganic Materials in response the growing emphasis and interest in materials chemistry. The second edition, which contained updated chapters, appeared in 1996 and was reprinted in paperback. The aim had always been to provide the reader with chapters that while not necessarily comprehensive, nonetheless gave a first-rate and well-referenced introduction to the subject for the first-time reader. As such, the target audience was from first-year postgraduate student upwards. Authors were carefully selected who were experts in their field and actively researching their topic, so were able to provide an up-to-date review of key aspects of a particular subject, whilst providing some historical perspective. In these two editions, we believe our authors achieved this admirably.

In the intervening years, materials chemistry has grown hugely and now finds itself central to many of the major challenges that face global society. We felt, therefore, that there was a need for more extensive coverage of the area and so Richard Walton joined the team and, with Wiley, we set about a new and larger project. The Inorganic Materials Series is the result and our aim is to provide chapters with a similar pedagogical flavour but now with much wider subject coverage. As such, the work will be contained in several themed volumes. Many of the early volumes concentrate on materials derived from continuous inorganic solids, but later volumes will also emphasise molecular and soft matter systems as we aim for a much more comprehensive coverage of the area than was possible with Inorganic Materials.

We approached a completely new set of authors for the new project with the same philiosophy in choosing actively researching experts, but also with the aim of providing an international perspective, so to reflect the diversity and interdisciplinarity of the now very broad area of inorganic materials chemistry. We are delighted with the calibre of authors who have agreed to write for us and we thank them all for their efforts and cooperation. We believe they have done a splendid job and that their work will make these volumes a valuable reference and teaching resource.

DWB, YorkDO’H, OxfordRIW, WarwickJanuary 2010

Preface

In an age of global industrialisation and population growth, and with concerns about current consumption of dwindling traditional fuels by a society that has high demands, the area of energy is one that is very much in the public consciousness. Fundamental scientific research is recognised as being crucial to delivering solutions to these issues, particularly to yield novel means of providing efficient, ideally recyclable, ways of converting, transporting and delivering energy. Although, the area of inorganic materials has long been associated with the topic of energy (consider the now ubiquitous rechargeable lithium batteries based on layered, transition-metal oxides), with the current challenges faced in energy, it is now particularly timely to publish a volume of reviews that considers some of the state-of-the-art materials that are being designed to meet some of the very specific challenges.

As with earlier volumes in this series, we approached authors who are at the forefront of research in their field. The topic of energy is tremendously broad and spans synthetic chemistry, solid-state physics and device fabrication, but we have chosen topics carefully that show how the skill of the synthetic chemist can be applied to allow the targeted preparation of inorganic materials with properties optimised for a specific application. We feel that the authors have risen to this challenge and in so doing have produced clearly written chapters that summarise the current status of research, but with an eye to how future research may develop materials’ properties further. These chapters cover several important aspects of energy, from efficient conversion of natural resources (solar cells and solid-oxide fuel cells), through recyclability (electrolytes for batteries) to transport of fuels (hydrogen storage). We hope that this will give the reader a taste for the high level of activity and excitement in this topical field.

DWB, YorkDO’H, OxfordRIW, WarwickDecember 2010

List of Contributors

Michel B. Armand LRCS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France

Peter G. Bruce EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, Fife, Scotland

Maria Forsyth Institute of Technology and Research Innovation (ITRI), Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia

Elizabeth A. Gibson School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK

Anders Hagfeldt Centre for Molecular Devices, Department for Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

Miguel A. Laguna-Bercero Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, UK

Bruno Scrosati Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Italy

Stephen J. Skinner Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, UK

K. Mark Thomas Sir Joseph Swan Institute for Energy Research and School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

Władysław Wieczorek Polymer Ionics Research Group, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland

Chapter 1

Polymer Electrolytes

Michel B. Armand1, Peter G. Bruce2, Maria Forsyth3, Bruno Scrosati4 and Władysław Wieczorek5

1LRCS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne Amiens France

2EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry University of St Andrews Fife Scotland

3Institute of Technology and Research Innovation (ITRI) Deakin University Burwood Victoria Australia

4Dipartimento di Chimica Università di Roma La Sapienza Italy

5Polymer Ionics Research Group Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology Warsaw, Poland

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.1.1 Context

The discovery of polymer electrolytes (ionically conducting polymers) in the 1970s by Peter Wright and Michel Armand introduced the first new class of solid ionic conductors since the phenomenon of ionic conductivity in the solid state was first identified by Michael Faraday in the 1800s.[1-3] Faraday’s materials were solids such as the F− ionic conductor PbF2. Polymer electrolytes are distinguished from such materials in that they combine ionic conductivity in the solid state with mechanical flexibility, making them ideal replacements for liquid electrolytes in electrochemical cells because of their ability to form good interfaces with solid electrodes. All solid state electrochemical devices, such as lithium batteries, electrochromic displays and smart windows are much sought after.[4-5] Although the major focus of attention remains on Li+ conducting polymer electrolytes, because of their potential applications, salts of almost every element in the periodic table have been incorporated into polymers to form electrolytes (Figure 1.1).

Figure 1.1 Complex formation between poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and various metal salts. +, Complex formed; −, no evidence of complex. Reprinted from High Conductivity Solid Ionic Conductors. Recent Trends and Applications, T. Takahashi (Ed.), World Scientific, Singapore, 1989, p. 117. With permission from World Scientific

Today, the field embraces high molecular weight amorphous polymers, gels, hybrid composite materials and crystalline polymers. The work carried out over the last thirty years is too extensive to be described in detail within the constraints of space available here. Instead we shall begin by summarising the key developments in the early years, then focusing, for the rest of the chapter, on only three key areas of recent development, nanofillers, ionic liquids and crystalline polymer electrolytes. The choice of topics reflects the expertise of the authors and the desire to concentrate on a few areas rather than all in a very superficial manner. As a result we have not been able to include recent results on new amorphous polymer and gels, or the elegant work on polymer electrolytes as solid solvents and in medical applications.[6-8]

1.1.2 Polymer Electrolytes – The Early Years

The earliest polymer electrolytes, which remain one of the most important classes of polymer electrolytes to this day, consist of a salt dissolved in a high molecular weight polymer. The latter must contain donor atoms capable of acting as ligands coordinating the cations of the salt and hence providing the key solvation enthalpy to promote formation of the polymer electrolyte.[9,10] In a classic example of LiCF3SO3 in poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) the polymer wraps around the cation in a fashion that is reminiscent of crown ether or cryptand based coordination compounds, so familiar in molecular inorganic chemistry (Figure 1.2).[11,12] The anion is invariably singly charged and often polyatomic, and is barely solvated. Although strong cation solvation is important for promoting complex formation in polymer electrolytes, if it is too strong it inhibits ion transport which, unlike motion in liquid electrolytes cannot occur by the transport of an ion along with its solvation sheath. In polymer electrolytes the cation must dissociate, at least in part, from its coordination site in order to move. Therefore, the cation–polymer interaction must be sufficiently strong to promote dissolution but not so strong as to inhibit ion exchange. If the interaction is too strong to permit cation transport, the resulting material will be an anion conductor. The cation–polymer interactions may be classified according to the hard-soft acid-base theory of Pearson, where polymers such as the ubiquitous PEO [(CH2-CH2-O)n] which contains ether oxygens, a hard base, will complex strongly to hard cations such as Mg, hence PEO:Mg(ClO) exhibits immobile cations, whereas soft bases such as (CHCH-S) will complex strongly soft cations such as Ag. Although the mobility can be related to the hard-soft acid-base principle it has also be correlated to the Eigen values for the kinetics of exchange of a ligand such as HO, where fast HO exchange accords with mobility and slow exchange with cation immobilisation. More extensive discussion of the thermodynamics of complex formation and the mobility/immobility of the cations is given in the literature.