Energy Security E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 590

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

Security of Energy supply is a major concern for all modern societies, intensified by skyrocketing demand in India and China and increasing international competition over fossil fuel deposits. Energy Security: An Interdisciplinary Approach gives A comparative analysis from both consumers' and producers' perspectives. It uniquely combines economics, geology, international relations, business, history, public management and political science, in one comprehensive volume, highlighting the vulnerabilities and need to move to more sustainable energy sources.

The author provides a number of useful case studies to demonstrate the theory, including perspectives from consuming regions such as the United States, the European Union, and China, and from exporting regions; the Middle East, Africa, Russia and the Caspian Sea.

Key features include:

• coverage on theoretical and empirical frameworks so readers are able to analyse concepts relevant to new laws and policies in energy security
• up-to-date coverage on ‘green energy', outlining research on the balance between meeting energy needs and avoiding polluting the environment
• an examination of the three most prominent international energy organizations; International Energy Agency, International Energy Forum, and Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
• a full Glossary listing all important terms used in the energy field

This study holds important information for policymakers, politicians, energy specialists, scientists and post-graduate and final year students of energy and international relations. With its clear written style, it will also engage other professionals who are interested in international political economy and the future of global energy.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

About the Author

Preface

Acknowledgements

List of abbreviations

Glossary

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Energy Security

1.2 Diversification of Energy Mix

1.3 Conclusion

Chapter 2: United States

2.1 Oil

2.2 Natural Gas

2.3 Coal

2.4 Nuclear Power

2.5 Ethanol

2.6 The Quest for an Energy Strategy

2.7 Conclusion: The Way Forward

Chapter 3: European Union

3.1 The EU Energy Outlook

3.2 Russia

3.3 Central Asia/Caspian Sea Region

3.4 Mediterranean Sea

3.5 The Gulf Cooperation Council

3.6 Turkey

3.7 Conclusion: The Way Ahead

Chapter 4: China

4.1 Regulatory Authority

4.2 Oil

4.3 Coal

4.4 Natural Gas

4.5 Nuclear Power

4.6 Renewable Energy

4.7 Overseas Exploration and Production

4.8 Conclusion

Chapter 5: Persian Gulf

5.1 Socio-economic and Political Challenges

5.2 Saudi Arabia

5.3 Iran

5.4 Iraq

5.5 Conclusion: The Way Forward

Chapter 6: Africa

6.1 Algeria

6.2 Libya

6.3 Egypt

6.4 Sudan

6.5 Angola

6.6 Nigeria

6.7 United States and Africa

6.8 Europe and Africa

6.9 Conclusion: The Way Ahead

Chapter 7: Caspian Sea

7.1 Hydrocarbon Resources – An Assessment

7.2 The Legal Status of the Caspian Sea

7.3 Geopolitical Rivalry and Pipeline Diplomacy

7.4 Conclusion: The Way Forward

Chapter 8: Russia

8.1 Oil Sector

8.2 Natural Gas

8.3 The Energy Strategy-2030

8.4 The Arctic Hydrocarbons

8.5 Russia–EU Energy Partnership

8.6 Russia, the Middle East, and OPEC

8.7 Energy Sector Organization

8.8 Conclusion: The Way Forward

Chapter 9: OPEC and Gas OPEC

9.1 OPEC: History and Evolution

9.2 OPEC: Objectives, Membership, and Organization [10]

9.3 OPEC Summits [14]

9.4 OPEC: Long-Term Strategy [15]

9.5 Gas OPEC

9.6 GECF and OPEC

9.7 Oil vs. Gas

9.8 Conclusion

Chapter 10: International Energy Agency

10.1 The Founding of the IEA

10.2 The International Energy Program

10.3 Structure of the IEA

10.4 Energy Security

10.5 How Did the System Work?

10.6 Conclusion

Chapter 11: Conclusion

11.1 Energy Security

11.2 The International Energy Forum (IEF)

11.3 Joint Oil Data Initiative

11.4 Conclusion: The Way Forward

Index

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Bahgat, Gawdat. Energy security : an interdisciplinary approach / Gawdat Bahgat. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-68904-2 (hardback) 1. Energy policy. 2. Energy development. 3. Power resources. I. Bahgat, Gawdat. II. Title. HD9502.A2B335 2011 333.79–dc22 2010046393

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Print ISBN: 9780470689042 ePDF ISBN: 9780470980187 oBook ISBN: 9780470980170 ePub ISBN: 9780470980163

About the Author

Dr. Gawdat Bahgat is a professor at the Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies, National Defense University, in Washington, DC, United States of America. Dr. Bahgat has taught political science and international relations at several universities. His areas of expertise include energy security, counter-terrorism, proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, international political economy, the Middle East, the Caspian Sea and Central Asia, and US foreign policy.

Dr. Bahgat is the author of seven books and about 200 scholarly articles. His work has been translated into several foreign languages. He has been invited to and presented papers at conferences in Australia, Europe, and the Middle East, and is a frequent contributor to several media outlets. He holds a PhD in political science from Florida State University, an MA in Middle Eastern Studies from American University in Cairo, and a BA in political science from Cairo University.

Preface

Energy is the lifeblood of civilization. Both as individuals and nation states we depend heavily on energy. In almost everything we do, we rely on one or several sources of energy. Many people and governments used to take the availability of energy sources for granted. Our deepening reliance on energy and the rise of a combination of geopolitical, geological, and environmental challenges have cast doubt on this assumption that energy will always be there. Little wonder that energy security has become a major concern to almost all countries in the world.

In recent years policy-makers and scholars have examined different aspects of energy security. These include production, consumption, reserves, refining, shipping, and investment among others. Indeed, the last few decades have witnessed a proliferation of political and academic conferences, industry journals, and books on energy security. Each side has sought to promote its interests with little ground for neutrality and objectiveness.

I have been working on energy for more than two decades. The policy of energy, at national and international levels, and the growing literature are immensely stimulating. For a long time, consumers and producers perceived their interests as mutually exclusive. Since the early 1990s, a consensus has emerged that there is common ground. Long-term stability of energy markets and prices is generally seen as more favorable than short-term gains by one side or the other. These shared interests are the main theme of the analysis in this volume. In all the following chapters I argue that interdependence is the underlying characteristic of today's energy markets.

This book reflects what I learned in my teaching, research, and consulting in more than 20 years. The first chapter introduces readers to some of the major themes and concepts used in this study. This is followed by a close examination of energy outlooks in the major producing and consuming regions. In the last part the analysis focuses on the two most important international energy organizations – the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries and the International Energy Agency. The concluding chapter summarizes the main findings and discusses the International Energy Forum as an embodiment of the emerging cooperation between producers and consumers. In this volume the concept of energy security is addressed from both consumers' and producers' perspectives.

In my decades-long journey of learning, teaching, researching, and writing about energy I have accumulated a huge debt to many colleagues, friends, and students. In writing this book I had the privilege of working with the most professional editorial team at John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. In particular I would like to thank Clarissa Lim, Neville Hankins, and Shalini Sharma. Nicky Skinner gave me unlimited support at crucial stages while writing the book and Simone Taylor's encouragement inspired me to transform my abstract thoughts into a book proposal.

Writing a book is a huge adventure, with so many ups and downs. Professional and personal support from family and close friends is crucial in this undertaking. I would like to thank Helen Hooker, Sandra Dickson, Beth Sims, Theresa McDevitt, Helen Wedlake, and Patrizia Bassani. Finally, I would like to thank my friends and colleagues at the Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies, the National Defense University. Despite all the assistance I have received in the course of writing this book, all errors of facts or judgment are mine alone.

Acknowledgements

To Sandra Dickson, Beth Sims, and Theresa McDevitt: thank you for your love and support all these years.

List of abbreviations

3-D Three-dimensional

ACG Azeri, Chirag, and deep-water Guneshli

ACOTA Africa Contingency Operations Training and Assistance

AEC Atomic Energy Commission

AFRICOM US–Africa Command

AIOC Azerbaijan International Operating Company

ANILCA Alaska National Interest Lands Conservative Act

ANWR Arctic National Wildlife Refuge

AOC Arabian Oil Company

APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

Aramco Arabian–American Oil Company

Bcf Billion cubic feet

Bcm Billion cubic meters

B/d Barrels per day

BG British Gas

BI Baku Initiative

BP British Petroleum

BPS Baltic Pipeline System

BTC Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan

BTE Baku–Tbilisi–Erzurum

CABC China–Africa Business Council

CADfund China–Africa Development Fund

CASOC California–Arabian Standard Oil Company

CCP Caspian Coastal Pipeline

CCS Carbon Capture and Storage

CEO Chief Executive Officer

CERM Coordinated Emergency Response Measures

CERT Committee on Energy Research and Technology

CNOOC China National Offshore Oil Corporation

CNPC China National Petroleum Corporation

CPC Caspian Pipeline Consortium

CTL Coal-to-liquids

DOE Department of Energy

DST Daylight Saving Time

EC European Commission

ECG Energy Cooperation Group

ECO Economic Cooperation Organization

ECT Energy Charter Treaty

EGAS Egyptian Natural Gas Holding Company

EGPC Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation

EIA Energy Information Administration

EISA Energy Independence and Security Act

ELG Energy Leading Group

ENEF European Nuclear Energy Forum

EO Executive Order

EPA Environmental Protection Agency

EPCA Energy Policy and Conservative Act

EPSA Exploration and Production-Sharing Agreement

ESPO East Siberia Pacific Ocean

ESSAP Energy Security and Solidarity Action Plan

ETS Emission Trading Scheme

EU European Union

EURATOM European Atomic Energy Community

FOCAC Forum on China–Africa Cooperation

FSR Former Soviet Republics

F–T Fischer–Tropsch

GCA Gaffney, Cline and Associates

GCC Gulf Cooperation Council

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GECF Gas Exporting Countries Forum

GIF Generation IV International Forum

GNEP Global Nuclear Energy Partnership

GNP Gross National Product

GoM Gulf of Mexico

IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency

ICT Industrialized and Other High-Income Countries and Territories

IEA International Energy Agency

IEF International Energy Forum

IEP International Energy Program

ILSA Iran–Libya Sanctions Act

INOC Iraq National Oil Company

INOGATE Interstate Oil and Gas Transport to Europe

IOCs International Oil Companies

IPC Iraqi Petroleum Company

JODI Joint Oil Data Initiative

JV Joint Venture

KMG KazMunaiGaz

KRG Kurdistan Regional Government

LNG Liquefied Natural Gas

LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas

Mcf Million cubic feet

MEND Movement for the Emancipation of Niger Delta

MEPI Middle East Partnership Initiative

MGS Master Gas System

MMS Minerals Management Service

Mmt Million metric tons

MOU Memorandum of Understanding

MPLA Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization

NDRC National Development and Reform Commission

NEA National Energy Administration

NGO Non-Governmental Organization

NGVs Natural Gas Vehicles

NIOC National Iranian Oil Company

NIORPDC National Iranian Oil Refining, Production, and Distribution Company

NNPC Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation

NOC National Oil Corporation (Libya)

NOCs National Oil Companies

NPC National Petroleum Commission

NPT Non-Proliferation Treaty

NRC Nuclear Regulatory Commission

NSCSA National Shipping Company of Saudi Arabia

OCS Outer Continental Shelf

OECC Organization for European Economic Cooperation

OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

OFID OPEC Fund for International Development

OLADE Latin American Organization for Energy Cooperation

OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

PEZ Pipeline Exclusion Zone

PSA Production-Sharing Agreement

PSI Pan-Sahel Initiative

Sabic Saudi Basic Industries Corporation

SCO Shanghai Cooperation Organization

SEQ Standing Group on Emergency Questions

SGD Standing Group for Global Energy Dialogue

Sinopec China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation

SLT Standing Group on Long-Term Cooperation

SOCAR State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic

SOM Standing Group on the Oil Market

SPR Strategic Petroleum Reserve

TAP Trans-Adriatic Pipeline

Tapline Trans-Arabian Pipeline

Tcf Trillion cubic feet

TGI Turkey–Greece Interconnector

TOE Ton Oil Equivalent

ToP Take-or-Pay

TPC Turkish Petroleum Company

TSB Technical Service Basis

TSC Technical Services Contract

TSCTI Trans-Sahara Counter-Terrorism Initiative

UAE United Arab Emirates

UK United Kingdom

ULCCs Ultra Large Crude Carriers

UN United Nations

UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

UNITA National Union for the Total Independence of Angola

UNSC United Nations Security Council

US United States

USAID United States Agency for International Development

USGS United States Geological Survey

VLCCs Very Large Crude Carriers

WTI West Texas Intermediate

WTO World Trade Organization

Glossary

This glossary explains some of the technical terms that are used in this book or that readers are likely to encounter. It does not purport to be at all comprehensive.

Acquisition (foreign crude oil):

All transfers of ownership of foreign crude oil to a firm, irrespective of the terms of that transfer. Acquisitions thus include all purchases and exchange receipts as well as any and all foreign crude acquired under reciprocal buy–sell agreements or acquired as a result of a buy-back or other preferential agreement with a host government.

Alternative-fuel vehicle:

A vehicle designed to operate on an alternative fuel (e.g., compressed natural gas, methane blend, electricity). The vehicle could be either a dedicated vehicle designed to operate exclusively on alternative fuel or a non-dedicated vehicle designed to operate on alternative fuel and/or a traditional fuel.

Barrel of oil:

Standard oil industry measure of volume: 1 barrel is equivalent to 42 US gallons (159 liters).

Biofuels:

Liquid fuels and blending components produced from biomass feedstocks, used primarily for transportation.

Biomass:

Organic non-fossil material of biological origin constituting a renewable energy source.

Brent blend:

The principal grade of UK North Sea crude oil in international oil trading. Used as the “marker” for other North Sea grades which trade at differentials to it, reflecting quality and location.

British thermal unit:

The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 lb of liquid water by 1°F at the temperature at which water has its greatest density (approximately 39°F).

Buy-back oil:

Crude oil acquired from a host government whereby a portion of the government's ownership interest in the crude oil produced in that country may or should be purchased by the producing firm.

Carbon dioxide (CO2):

A colorless, odorless, non-poisonous gas that is a normal part of the earth's atmosphere. It is a product of fossil-fuel combustion as well as other processes. It is considered a greenhouse gas as it traps heat radiated by the earth into the atmosphere and thereby contributes to the potential for global warming.

Climate change:

A term used to refer to all forms of climatic inconsistency, but especially to a significant change from one prevailing climatic condition to another.

Coal:

A readily combustible black or brownish-black rock whose composition consists of more than 50% by weight and more than 70% by volume of carbonaceous material. It is formed from plant remains that have been compacted, hardened, chemically altered, and metamorphosed by heat and pressure over geological time.

Coal gasification:

The process of converting coal into gas. The basic process involves crushing coal to a powder, which is then heated in the presence of steam and oxygen to produce a gas. The gas is then refined to reduce sulfur and other impurities.

Concession:

The operating right to explore for and develop petroleum fields in consideration for a share of production in kind (equity oil).

Conventional oil:

Crude oil that, at a particular time, can be technically and economically produced through a well, using normal production practice and without altering the natural viscous state of the oil. Non-conventional oil is more expensive to explore and develop, although there have been major cost reductions in the past few years.

Crude oil:

A mixture of hydrocarbons that exists in liquid phase in natural underground reservoirs and remains liquid at atmospheric pressure after passing through surface separating facilities.