Engineered Carbohydrate-Based Materials for Biomedical Applications E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 607

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

This book addresses the need for a comprehensive book on the design, synthesis, and characterization of synthetic carbohydrate-based polymeric materials along with their biological applications. The first two chapters cover the synthesis and self-assembly of glycopolymers and different techniques for creating these synthetic polymers. Subsequent chapters account for the preparation of block copolymers, branched glycopolymers, glycosurfaces, glycodendrimers, cationic glycopolymers, bioconjugates, glyconanoparticles and hydrogels. While these chapters comprehensively review the synthetic and characterization methods of those carbohydrate-based materials, their biological applications are discussed in detail.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Preface

Contributors

Chapter 1: Synthesis of Glycopolymers

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.2 SYNTHESIS OF VINYL-CONTAINING GLYCOMONOMERS

1.3 CONVENTIONAL FREE RADICAL POLYMERIZATION

1.4 CONTROLLED/LIVING RADICAL POLYMERIZATION

1.5 RING-OPENING POLYMERIZATION

1.6 IONIC CHAIN POLYMERIZATION

1.7 RING-OPENING METATHESIS POLYMERIZATION (ROMP)

1.8 POSTFUNCTIONALIZATION OF PREFORMED POLYMERS USING SUGAR MOIETIES

1.9 CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 2: Block Glycopolymers and Their Self-Assembly Properties

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.2 SYNTHESIS OF BLOCK GLYCO-COPOLYMERS

2.3 PH-SENSITIVE GLYCOPOLYMERS

2.4 TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE GLYCOPOLYMERS

2.5 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE TRENDS

2.6 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Chapter 3: Cationic Glycopolymers

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.2 PREPARATION OF CATIONIC POLYMERS

3.3 COMPLEXATION WITH DNA

3.4 BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS

3.5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Chapter 4: Glycopolymer Bioconjugates

4.1 INTRODUCTION

4.2 BIOCONJUGATION TECHNIQUES

4.3 APPLICATIONS

4.4 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Chapter 5: Glycopolymer-Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes

5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.2 CHEMISTRY OF CARBON NANOTUBES

5.3 FUNCTIONALIZATION OF NANOTUBES FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS

5.4 TOXICITY OF NANOTUBES

5.5 APPLICATIONS OF CARBON NANOTUBES

5.6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Chapter 6: Glyconanoparticles: New Nanomaterials for Biological Applications

6.1 INTRODUCTION

6.2 GOLD GLYCONANOPARTICLES

6.3 GOLD GLYCONANOPARTICLES IN CARBOHYDRATE–CARBOHYDRATE INTERACTIONS

6.4 HYBRID GLYCONANOPARTICLES

6.5 HYBRID GLYCONANOPARTICLES IN CARBOHYDRATE–PROTEIN INTERACTIONS

6.6 MAGNETIC GLYCONANOPARTICLES AND GLYCO QUANTUM DOTS

6.7 BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS: THERAPY AND DIAGNOSIS

6.8 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES AND CONCLUSION

6.9 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Chapter 7: Glycodendrimers and Their Biological Applications

7.1 INTRODUCTION

7.2 SYNTHESIS OF GLYCODENDRIMERS

7.3 BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF GLYCODENDRIMERS

7.4 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES

Chapter 8: Glycosurfaces

8.1 INTRODUCTION

8.2 PREPARATION OF GLYCOSURFACES

8.3 CHARACTERIZATION OF GLYCOSURFACES

8.4 BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS

8.5 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE TRENDS

Chapter 9: Carbohydrate-Derived Hydrogels And Microgels

9.1 INTRODUCTION

9.2 SYNTHESIS OF HYDROGELS

9.3 SYNTHESIS OF MICRO- OR NANOGELS

9.4 CHARACTERIZATIONS

9.5 BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS

9.6 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE TRENDS

Chapter 10: Modified Natural Polysaccharides As Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Devices

10.1 INTRODUCTION

10.2 PRINCIPLES OF CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY

10.3 POLYSACCHARIDES AS NANODRUG DELIVERY DEVICES

10.4 MODIFIED POLYSACCHARIDES AS NANODRUG DELIVERY DEVICES

10.5 MODIFIED POLYSACCHARIDES—BLOCK SYSTEMS

10.6 MODE OF DELIVERY OF MODIFIED POLYSACCHARIDE NANOPARTICLES

10.7 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE TRENDS

Color Plate

Index

Copyright © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Engineered carbohydrate-based materials for biomedical applications : polymers, surfaces, dendrimers, nanoparticles, and hydrogels / edited by Ravin Narain. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-47235-4 (cloth) 1. Carbohydrates–Biotechnology. I. Narain, Ravin. [DNLM: 1. Biopolymers–physiology. 2. Biocompatible Materials. 3. Biomedical Engineering–methods. 4. Dendrimers. 5. Hydrogels. 6. Polysaccharides–chemistry. QT 37.5.P7] TP248.65.P64E54 2011 660.6–dc22 2010039787

PREFACE

Carbohydrates are the most abundant, easily accessible and cheap biomolecules in nature. Besides their potential uses as key chemical raw materials and energy production, they have been recognized to play a key role in a wide variety of complex biological processes. They are involved to a large extent in mediating recognition processes through their interactions with proteins and other biological entities. They have been recognized to play a significant role in many important cellular recognition processes including cell growth regulation, differentiation, adhesion, cancer cell metastasis, cellular trafficking, inflammation by bacteria and viruses, and immune response. Individual carbohydrate--protein interactions are generally weak, and multivalent forms of carbohydrate ligands are usually involved in those biological processes.

This book has been conceived in order to provide an up-to-date account of the major developments on the biomedical applications of synthetic carbohydrate-based materials. This book is organized into five main themes such as polymers, nanoparticles, surfaces, dendrimers, and hydrogels.

Synthetic glycopolymers are essential macromolecules that display many structural and functional features. With functions similar to those of natural carbohydrates, synthetic glycopolymers with specific pendant saccharide moieties can play a significant role in pathological and biological processes via multivalent carbohydrate--protein interactions. With recent progress in organic and polymer chemistry, functional glycopolymers have been prepared with remarkable ease. Carbohydrate-based polymers with different properties were also synthesized, including biodegradable, thermosensitive, and acid-degradable core-crosslinked glyconanoparticles, with neuroactivity and with chiroptical properties. Chapter 1 provides a comprehensive review on the synthesis of glycomonomers and their corresponding glycopolymers via a wide range of organic and polymerization synthesis approach. Some biological interaction studies and applications of glycopolymers, such as in antivirus/bacteria and gene delivery, are also described. Chapter 2 discusses the solution properties of block glycopolymers and their biological relevance. The synthesis of smart block glycopolymers using various polymerization techniques has been discussed. The usage of these smart glycopolymers in tissue engineering, drug delivery, and pathogen interactions is discussed. One of the well-studied types of block glycopolymers is cationic glycopolymers. The use of cationic polymers for gene delivery purposes is a facile technique that is extensively studied as a possible source of noninvasive and efficient gene delivery. Chapter 3 discusses the role and importance of cationic glycopolymers for gene delivery purposes. The brief overview of synthesis of cationic glycopolymers by different polymerization techniques is provided. The detailed study of cationic glycopolymer for gene delivery purposes is specifically discussed.

The incorporation of glycopolymers or their corresponding copolymers to macromolecules of choice can further enhance their physiological impact for biological applications. The major challenge in this regard is the synthesis of glycopolymer bioconjugates of controlled dimensions to explore their uses for biomedical applications. Chapter 4 describes the synthetic techniques used in the literature for the production glycopolymer bioconjugates and their importance in biological applications. The facile approaches to synthesize glycopolymer bioconjugates of controlled dimensions are highlighted and their role in biological assays, diagnostics, and in the study of carbohydrate- and protein-based interactions is elaborated.

The synthesis of glycoclusters is an important aspect of synthetic carbohydrate-based materials under study to understand their interactions with macromolecules such as pathogens and several proteins. These interactions of glycoclusters with living organisms or macromolecules make the basics of most biological phenomena, including invasion, metastasis, and infections. Nanotechnology is a rapidly growing field of materials science that has also extensively been explored in biological applications, owing to the facile introduction of functional groups on the surface of nanomaterials. The introduction of glycopolymer-based moieties on the surface of nanomaterials are found to produce glycoclusters with enhanced biological significance compared to glycopolymers alone, due to the multivalent effect of functional groups present on the surface of nanomaterials. These nanomaterials are largely studied in literature as a function of their structure, nature of materials, surface functionalization properties, and morphology-dependent interactions with living organisms. Chapter 5 discusses the various strategies to synthesize glycopolymer-functionalized carbon nanotubes and their interactions in vitro and in vivo. The inherent properties of carbon nanotubes toward cellular uptake and their toxicity issues are discussed. Moreover, the uses of glycopolymer-functionalized nanotubes for biomedical applications, including gene and drug delivery, and tissue engineering is described. Chapter 6 provides a brief overview about the synthesis and surface functionalization of another type of nanomaterial, namely metallic nanoparticles. The synthesis and surface functionalization of gold and magnetic nanoparticles and of quantum dots with biocompatible carbohydrate-based polymers has opened various possibilities for their uses in biotechnology and biomedicines. This chapter describes a review of few biomedical applications of these glyconanoparticles, including their use in pathogen inhibition, fluorescent probes, magnetic resonance imaging, and cancer metastasis. Another approach to obtain multivalency and to enhance the function of glycopolymers is the synthesis of glycodendrimers, which compared to their corresponding polymers are of controlled molecular weight and architecture. Chapter 7 describes the synthesis of glycodendrimers using various strategies and their interactions with proteins are studied. The interactions of glycodendrimers with various proteins at physiological and pathological levels are the discussed.

In addition to the surface functionalization of nanoscaffolds in colloidal form, the synthesis of glycopolymer-coated macroscaffolds are found to be an attractive platform for the tissue engineering purposes. These glycopolymer-modified surfaces provide not only biocompatibility but are also shown to possess the potential to provide the selectivity in cellular growth and proliferation. Chapter 8 provides a detailed overview of the synthetic techniques involved in the functionalization of macroscaffolds with glycopolymers or their corresponding copolymers. Moreover, the characterization of these surfaces and their role in tissue engineering and as nonfouling surfaces for the inhibition of pathogens is discussed. Chapter 9 provides a different synthetic route to produce biomaterials for tissue engineering and gene delivery. The chapter focuses on the synthesis of glycopolymer-functionalized hydrogels by various techniques. The use of these hydrogels in tissue engineering and drug delivery is discussed. Chapter 10 mainly focuses on the modification of natural carbohydrate-based scaffolds for drug delivery purposes via various administration routes. These modifications are thought to increase the efficacy of drug delivery, in addition to eliminating the hypersensitivity reactions associated with various drug treatments.

RAVIN NARAIN

CONTRIBUTORS

MARYA AHMED, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering and Alberta Ingenuity Centre for Carbohydrate Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada

ARCHANA BHAW-LUXIMON, Department of Chemistry, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius

GAOJIAN CHEN, Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

MITSUHIRO EBARA, Smart Biomaterials Group, Biomaterials Center, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan

JUAN GALLO, Laboratory of Glyconanotechnology, Biofunctional Nanomaterials Unit, CIC biomaGUNE/CIBER-BBN, San Sebastian, Spain

ISABEL GARCÍA, Laboratory of Glyconanotechnology, Biofunctional Nanomaterials Unit, CIC biomaGUNE/CIBER-BBN, San Sebastian, Spain

ELIZABETH R. GILLIES, Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada

MARCO MARRADI, Laboratory of Glyconanotechnology, Biofunctional Nanomaterials Unit, CIC biomaGUNE/CIBER-BBN, San Sebastian, Spain

ANCA MATEESCU, Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas Heraklion, Crete, Greece, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece

RAVIN NARAIN, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering and Alberta Ingenuity Centre for Carbohydrate Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada

SAMUEL PEARSON, Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

SOLEDAD PENADÉs, Laboratory of Glyconanotechnology, Biofunctional Nanomaterials Unit, CIC biomaGUNE/CIBER-BBN, San Sebastian, Spain

MARTINA H. STENZEL, Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

MARIA VAMVAKAKI, Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece, Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece

QIAN YANG, Lehrstuhl für Technische Chemie II, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany