Entrepreneurial Ecosystems E-Book

Sophie Boutillier

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 183

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2016

Beschreibung

In today's rapidly changing business landscape, entrepreneurship is growing and actively promoted by policy makers. Several reports explore the influence of entrepreneurship on the economy and put some emphasis on its positive influence GDP per capita, unemployment and exports. However, entrepreneurship does not go per se and it is now broadly admitted that the decision of the entrepreneur is narrowly connected with its environment, the so-called entrepreneurial ecosystem. This book show why policymakers, entrepreneurship supporters, and entrepreneurs themselves should keep in mind the locally structured nature of entrepreneurial networks. Even if the notion of Entrepreneurial Ecosystem has become quite popular, among the international organization, development agencies and public administrations, this concept is often considered as a new one having its origins in very recent publications. This books aims at showing that entrepreneurial ecosystems have their roots in the history of economic thought and that scholars have long been conscious of their importance. Instead of insisting upon the diversity of agents involved in these organizations, it also put some emphasis on the importance of the linkages and sharing between them and suggests some orientations in view of a performing evaluation system.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title

Copyright

Preface

Introduction

In Search of the Entrepreneurial Territory

1 Reputed Authors in the Field of Territorial Economics

1.1. The founding fathers of territorial economics

1.2. Contemporary theories

2 The Key Concepts of Territorial Analysis: from the Actors to the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem

2.1. The actors and components within the entrepreneurial ecosystem

2.2. The operation of the entrepreneurial ecosytem

2.3. Strategies and public policies favoring entrepreneurial ecosystems

3 From Implementation to Evaluations: Trajectories and Coordination

3.1. Territorial performance: from statistical correlations to complex causal mechanisms

3.2. The diversity of local productive ecosystems illustrated by case studies

3.3. From policies to evaluation tools

Conclusion

Bibliography

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

1 Reputed Authors in the Field of Territorial Economics

Table 1.1. The Entrepreneurial City According to the CFEI

3 From Implementation to Evaluations: Trajectories and Coordination

Table 3.1. Stages of the conversion process and their content

Table 3.2. Workforce numbers and the extent of specializations within eight Ile de France communes

List of Illustrations

1 Reputed Authors in the Field of Territorial Economics

Figure 1.1. The infancy of the territorial economy

Figure 1.2. Von Thünen’s model

Figure 1.3. Alfred Weber’s model

Figure 1.4. The foundations of the territorial economy

Figure 1.5. The territorial economy or the end of the century revolution

2 The Key Concepts of Territorial Analysis: from the Actors to the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem

Figure 2.1. The MIT Regional Entrepreneurship Acceleration Program

Figure 2.2. Territorial strategic activation policies

Figure 2.3. The various strata comprising the entrepreneurial ecosystem

Figure 2.4. Different levels of localized business performance determiners

Figure 2.5. Map of competitiveness poles

Figure 2.6. The typology of incentive policies favoring SMEs

3 From Implementation to Evaluations: Trajectories and Coordination

Figure 3.1. Employment density and dynamics between 2000 and 2009

Figure 3.2. Density of employment areas and rates of business creation in 2011

Figure 3.3. Patents and R&D budgets in 2009

Figure 3.4. Research, productivity and employment dynamics resources

Figure 3.5. Economic performance and social links between the French regions

Figure 3.6. Employment growth components in employment areas within the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region

Figure 3.7. Diagram showing the phases of restructuring

Figure 3.8. The dominant sectors of the Valenciennes territory network

Figure 3.9. Socio-economic profiles of Dijon and Tours

Figure 3.10. Growth trajectories in the Centre and Burgundy regions

Figure 3.11. Concentration and specialization of the Tours and Dijon economies

Figure 3.12. The comparative dynamics of the largest urban areas and their respective regions measured by local effect (2000–2009)

Figure 3.13. Specialization and concentration within the communes of Ile de France

Figure 3.14. The typology of economic development initiatives

Figure 3.15. A combination of criteria and corresponding growth models

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Begin Reading

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Smart Innovation Set

coordinated byDimitri Uzunidis

Volume 2

Entrepreneurial Ecosystems

Sophie Boutillier

Denis Carré

Nadine Levratto

First published 2016 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:

ISTE Ltd27-37 St George’s RoadLondon SW19 4EUUK

www.iste.co.uk

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.111 River StreetHoboken, NJ 07030 USA

www.wiley.com

© ISTE Ltd 2016

The rights of Sophie Boutillier, Denis Carré and Nadine Levratto to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016930388

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 978-1-84821-875-8

Preface

After the collapse of the dot-com bubble, just before the financial crisis of 2008, territorial development and economic resilience long confined in academic circles, disseminated into the public sphere. While, for many years, public opinion mainly considered the opposition between monetary control and Keynesian policies without any consideration of local matters, the latter would be brought to the forefront of political agendas. This change has been accompanied, and even encouraged, by institutional changes and especially by the enactment of decentralization laws in France in the 1980s. Thus, it will have taken practically 30 years for the core way of thinking about public policies, departing from a so-called “Colbertis” approach, to adopt a more local perspective, without the negative dimensions associated with this adjective.

Since the start of the 2010s, the debate on territorial disparities has been in full swing, aggravated by the opposition between those supporting large cities and the effects of agglomeration, on the one hand, and those advocating that all territories can be productive on the other. This divide affects all regional and urban economists, often positioned between an academic and advisor’s perspective. The core of the discussion is no longer to determine whether territory is important – no one would think to deny it – but to determine the most efficient or advantageous spatial configurations. Relying on the advantages provided by agglomeration economies, growth policies resting upon the metropolitan model adopt a set of measures to encourage their development. The underlying theoretical principle is that large cities (companies, skills, centers for research and innovation, services, etc.) are essential for growth and efficiency, and that the interactions between these entities have to be strengthened by the creation of means of communication (broadband connections or transport links). This metropolitan model would serve city economies first, but would induce benefits to other territories through spillover effects, and, potentially by the redistribution of wealth, made possible by a proper institutional organization.

While this territorial model is predominant, it is not unanimous. Some experts express different points of view, stating that the advantageous attributes to the urban territories result from some methodological defects. As a consequence, they argue that alternative entrepreneurial ecosystems can be at least as productive as the metropolitan areas. To be settled, the issue of the singularity versus the plurality of organized territorial production processes requires a consideration that allows a discussion on the various ways of introducing local economy into economic policy, and into the analysis of the relationships between economic agents.

Such is the objective of this book, devoted to entrepreneurial ecosystems and the need to rethink the dynamics between territory and businesses. The approach presented here places this idea of the entrepreneurial ecosystem at the core of the analysis. It presents its theoretical origins, the different components at play and how they affect activation policies. Co-written by three members of the Research Network on Innovation (http://2ri.eu), this book is the result of research performed within that network which aims to unify researchers interested in innovation processes at the micro-, meso- and macro-levels. The research on the relationships between enterprises and territorial dynamics received support from the Institut CDC pour la Recherche, an institution which highly prioritizes this topic within its research program, and from the Cité des sciences et de l’industrie, which hosted the seminars that made this collaboration possible. We would like to give them our deepest thanks for their support in this project.

Sophie BOUTILLIERDenis CARRÉNadine LEVRATTOFebruary 2016