Environmental Physiology of Livestock E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 803

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

Environmental stress is one of the most significant factors affecting livestock performance and health, and it is only expected to increase with effects of global warming. Environmental Physiology of Livestock brings together the latest research on environmental physiology, summarizing progress in the field and providing directions for future research. Recent developments in estimating heat stress loads are discussed, as well as key studies in metabolism, reproduction, and genetic expressions. Environmental Physiology of Livestock begins with a survey of current heat indexing tools, highlighting recent discoveries in animal physiology, changes in productivity levels, and new technologies available to better estimate stress response. Using this synopsis as a point of orientation, later chapters hone in on major effects of heat stress, including changing metabolic pathways and nutrient requirements, endocrine regulation of acclimation to environmental stress, and reduced reproductive performance. The text concludes with a thorough discussion of environmental effects on gene expressions, providing important insight for future breeding practices. Environmental Physiology of Livestock is a globally contributed volume and a key resource for animal science researchers, geneticists, and breeders.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

Contributors

Foreword

Chapter 1: From Heat Tolerance to Heat Stress Relief: An Evolution of Notions in Animal Farming

Introduction

Notions on Adaptability to Warm Climate

Elements Affecting Heat Tolerance and Their Prevalence

Breed Productivity in Different Environments

Heat-Stress Relief Means

Socioeconomic Considerations

References

Chapter 2: Physiological Basics of Temperature Regulation in Domestic Animals

Introduction

The Definitions of Heat and Temperature

Stress of the Environment versus Strain on the System

Homeostasis and Maintenance of a Constant State

Control of the Thermoregulatory System

Modes of Heat Exchange and the Thermoregulatory Profile

References

Chapter 3: Heat Stress and Evaporative Cooling

Economic Loss

Biological Optimum Temperature

Animal-Environment Interactions

Thermal Stress Indicators

Air Temperature and Evaporative Cooling

Wetting as Supplemental Cooling

Air Velocity and Evaporative Cooling

Impact of Solar Radiation on Sweating

Effect of Animal Hair-Coat Color on Evaporative Cooling

Hair Coat and Evaporative Cooling

Shade as a Solar Shield

Measuring Evaporative Cooling

Measuring Hair Coat Physical and Optical Properties

Modeling

Conclusions

Future Research Directions

References

Chapter 4: Regulation of Acclimation to Environmental Stress

What Is Acclimation?

Adaptation: Bos indicus versus Bos taurus

What Are the Stages of Acclimation?

Conclusion

References

Chapter 5: Environment and Animal Well-Being

Introduction to Animal Well-Being

Animal Well-Being and Stress

Well-Being Audits Include Measures of Environment

Summary of the Impact of Environmental Stress on Well-Being

References

Chapter 6: Effects of Environment on Metabolism

Introduction

Lactation

Growth

Metabolic Adaptations to Reduced Feed Intake

Post-Absorptive Changes during Heat Stress

Effects of Heat Stress on Aspects of the Endocrine System

Insulin

Coordinated Metabolic Consequences of Heat Stress

Potential Reasons for Heat-Induced Metabolic Shifts

Summary and Conclusion

References

Chapter 7: Impact of Hot Environment on Nutrient Requirements

Introduction

Effects of Hot Environment on Feed Intake and the Efficiency of Nutrient Utilization

Carbohydrates

Fats

Proteins

Minerals and Acid-Base Balance

Vitamins

Water Use and Metabolism

Summary and Conclusion

References

Chapter 8: Effects of Environment on Animal Health: Mechanisms and Regulatory Inputs

Introduction

Understanding the Temporal Determinates of Stress Responses

A Proposed Model of Environment-Health Interactions

Some Aspects of Thermodynamics and the Biology of Adaptation

Intracellular Competition and Physiological Optima

Response Magnitude: The Difference between Coordination, Communication, and Stress

How Does the Cell Sense Its State of Wellness? (And Other Challenges!)

Critical Control Points 1 and 2: Compartmentalization and the Fundamental Gel State of Membrane Lipids

Critical Control Points 3 and 4: Endoplasmic Reticulum and the Unfolded Protein Response

Critical Control Points 5 and 6: A Gradient of Mitochondrial Signals Covering Energy Production through Apoptosis

Critical Control Point 7: Stress, DNA, and Epigenetics: Gene Expression and Genes That Learn from Stress Responses

The Expression of Genes in Response to Environmental Stress

Diverse Regulatory Epigenetic Modifiers

Epigenetic and Transcription Factors: Targeting Gene Responses before and after Stress

Integrated Examples of How Environment Impacts Animal Health

Concluding Thoughts

References

Chapter 9: Effect of Environment on Immune Functions

Introduction

Immune Functions

Environmental Parameters and Their Fffects on Immune Functions

Mechanism of Interactions between Environmental Features and Immune Functions

Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 10: Strategies for Improvement of Thermal and Reproductive Responses under Heat Stress

Introduction

Severity of Heat Stress and Cooling Approaches

Ovarian Follicular Responses in the Summer and the Fall

Progesterone and Fertility in Heat-Stressed Cows

Programmed Reproductive Management to Improve Herd Fertility Associated with Seasonal Heat Stress

Dairy Cows in Confinement

Grazing Dairy Cows

Seasonal Evaluation of Heat Abatement

Heat-Stress Effects during the Periparturient Period

Synopsis

References

Chapter 11: Prospects for Improving Fertility during Heat Stress by Increasing Embryonic Resistance to Elevated Temperature

Introduction

Circumvention of Embryo Susceptibility to Elevated Temperature: Using Embryo Transfer

Prospects for Using Thermoprotective Molecules to Improve Fertility during Heat Stress: The IGF-1 Example

Antioxidants

Genetics

Summary

References

Chapter 12: Environmental Heat Stress Impairs Placental Function, Fetal Growth and Development, and Postnatal Performance in Livestock

Introduction

Postnatal Outcomes in Low Birth-Weight Offspring

Placental Function

Effects of Heat Stress on Placental Development

Heat-Stress Reduced Placental Transport Efficiency

Heat-Stressed Fetal Growth Profile during Gestation

Placental Insufficiency Causes Fetal Adaptations in Metabolism

Prevention of Intrauterine Growth Restriction

Other Forms of Environmental Stress

Summary

References

Chapter 13: Effects of Photoperiod on Domestic Animals

Introduction

Light

Endogenous Rhythms and Light Signal Reception

Endocrine Effects of Photoperiod

Reproductive Responses

Effects on Growth

Impact on Lactation

Other Effects

Summary

References

Chapter 14: Rethinking Heat Index Tools for Livestock

Introduction

Defining Stress

Development of Heat Indices: The Last 70 Years

Predicting the Effect of Heat Stress on Animals

Modifications to THI and New Indices

The Comprehensive Climate Index

Accounting for Intensity × Duration

Early Warning Systems

Conclusions

What Will the Future Hold?

References

Chapter 15: Strategies to Reduce the Impact of Heat and Cold Stress in Dairy Cattle Facilities

Introduction

Water Availability

Importance of Shade

Cooling the Milk Center

Reducing Heat and Cold Stress in Different Types of Housing

Cold Stress and Warming Effect with LPCV Buildings

Monitoring Heat Stress on Commercial Dairies

Summary

References

Chapter 16: Genotype by Environment Interactions in Commercial Populations

Introduction

Genetic Improvements and Environmental Changes in Farm Animals

Effects of Selection across Species

Models to Measure G×E

Genetics of Heat Tolerance in Holsteins: A Case Study

Heat Stress and Days Open

Genetic Selection and Genomics

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 17: Responses of Poultry to Environmental Challenges

Introduction

Hypothermia

Hyperthermia

Acclimatization/Acclimation

Utilization of Ventilation to Control Body Temperature

The Effects of the Interaction of Relative Humidity and Ambient Temperature on Body Temperature

The Effects of Ammonia on Body Temperature Regulation

The Epigenetic Approach: The Broiler Chicken Model

Post-Hatching Thermal Manipulations

Pre-hatching Thermal Manipulations

Summary

References

Index

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Environmental physiology of livestock / edited by R. J. Collier, with J. L. Collier. p. cm. “The concept for this text arose from the 18th Discover Conference on Effect of the Thermal Environment on Nutrient and Management Requirements of Cattle, which was held at the Brown County Inn in Nashville, Indiana November 2-5, 2009”–Pref. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8138-1176-5 (hard cover : alk. paper) 1. Cattle–Ecophysiology. 2. Livestock–Metabolism. I. Collier, R. J. (Robert J.) II. Collier, J. L. SF768.2.C3E68 2012 636.2–dc23 2011036445

A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

This book is dedicated to Dr. Amiel Berman, Professor (Emeritus) of Environmental Animal Physiology of the Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel, for his many contributions to the field of environmental physiology of domestic animals.

Contributors

Lance Baumgard, Iowa State University, Ames, IA

Amiel Berman, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel

Umberto Bernabucci, University della Tuscia Viterbo, Viterbo, Italy

John Brake, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC

Robert Collier, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ

Xiaochuan Chen, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ

Geoffrey Dahl, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL

Susan Eicher, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN

Theodore Elsasser, USDA/ARS Growth Biology Lab, Beltsville, MD

John Gaughan, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

Kifle Gebremedhin, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY

Peter Hansen, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL

Joseph Harner III, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS

Nicola Lacetera, University della Tuscia Viterbo, Viterbo, Italy

Cong-Jun Li, USDA/ARS Growth Biology Lab, Beltsville, MD

Sean Limesand, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ

Terry Mader, University of Nebraska, Concord, NE

Ignacy Misztal, University of Georgia, Athens, GA

Robert Rhoads, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA

Kajal Sankar Roy, NIANP-ICAR, Bangalore, India

Jessica Shaffer, USDA/ARS Growth Biology Lab, Beltsville, MD

John Smith, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS

Donald Spiers, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO

William Thatcher, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL

Izabella Thompson, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL

David Wolfenson, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel

Shlomo Yahav, Institute of Animal Science, Beit Dagan, Israel

Dustin Yates, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ

Foreword

The concept for this text arose from the eighteenth Discover Conference on “Effect of the Thermal Environment on Nutrient and Management Requirements of Cattle,” which was held at the Brown County Inn in Nashville, Indiana November 2 through 5, 2009. The conference was organized to address the various thermal environmental factors that influence the nutrient and management requirements for dairy and beef cattle. It became apparent during this conference that a significant amount of new data had been published in a variety of farm animal species. However, there was currently no text that summarized this information in one location. It was believed that such a text would be very useful to a variety of animal scientists and professionals such as scientists, consultants, and educators who might utilize this information. Among recent developments are: new tools to estimate heat stress loads on domestic animals, new information on environmental impacts on nutrient requirements and animal metabolism, effects of environment on gene expression and transcription, the regulation of the process of acclimation, and the impacts of environment on the various aspects of reproduction in the male and female.

Therefore, the objective of this text is to summarize this information in one location, which will provide both a reference source and a frontier view of the current state of the art on a series of new concepts that have been developed and are currently being tested in domestic animals.