Equine Laminitis E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1694

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2016

Beschreibung

The first book dedicated to this common, serious, and complex equine disease, Equine Laminitis is the gold-standard reference to the latest information on every aspect of the disease and its treatment. * Provides the first book devoted specifically to equine laminitis * Discusses the current state of knowledge on all aspects of the disease, including its history, relevant anatomical considerations, pathophysiology, the diagnostic workup, and clinical treatment * Presents 50 chapters written by leading international experts, under the editorship of the foremost authority on equine laminitis * Offers a thorough understanding of this common affliction, grounded in the scientific literature * Describes effective prevention and treatment plans

Leseprobe

Equine Laminitis

Editor

James K. Belknap

Professor of Equine Surgery Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine The Ohio State University Columbus, OH

Associate Editor

Raymond Geor

Professor Pro Vice-Chancellor College of Sciences College of Sciences Massey University Palmerstone North New Zealand

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Cover image: mfto/Gettyimages

Contents

Contributors

Foreword

Abbreviations

Part 1 Overview: From Basic Research to Caring for the Laminitis Patient

Chapter 1 Historical Perspective on Equine Laminitis

Equine Laminitis Treatments from the 1800s to the Present Day

Changes in Pasture from 1920 to the Present Day

Modern Advances in Equine Laminitis Research: Development of Experimental Models

Models of Sepsis-Related Laminitis

Models of Endocrinopathic Laminitis

Supporting Limb Laminitis

Pathophysiology Elucidated Through Study of Experimental Models: Shifting Hypotheses

Equine Laminitis Farriery from 1800 to the Present Day

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 2 Laminitis: An Overview

Chapter 3 Anatomy and Function of the Equine Digit

Introduction

Anatomy

Function

References

Chapter 4 Lamellar Function at the Cellular Level

Cellular Events Important in the Normal Function of the Equine Digit

Desmosomes and Keratin IFs

Adherens Junctions and Actin

Hemidesmosomes

Lamellar Metabolism

Conclusions

References

Chapter 5 Digital Biomechanics Relevant to Laminitis

Introduction

Loads Acting on the Hoof

Loads Acting on the Lamellar Junction

Loads Acting on the Standing and Moving Hoof

Models of the Hoof

Mechanical Tearing of the Lamellae

References

Part 2 Pathophysiology of Laminitis

Chapter 6 Overview

Chapter 7 Experimental Models of Laminitis: Starch Overload

Introduction

Animal Protocol

Clinical Signs

Clinical Relevance of the Model

Hematologic Alterations

Changes in Cecal and Colonic Environment and Function

Cardiovascular Alterations

Histology

References

Chapter 8 Experimental Models of Laminitis: Oligofructose Overload

Introduction

Laminitis Induction Models

The Fructan Laminitis Induction Model

Possible Problems with the Oligofructose Model

Microbial Events in the Hindgut

The DNA Fingerprint of Events in the Hindgut

Conclusion

References

Chapter 9 Experimental Models of Laminitis: Black Walnut Extract

Introduction

Protocol

Justification of the Black Walnut Extract Model

Systemic Changes

Lamellar Changes

BWE Versus CHO Models of Laminitis

References

Chapter 10 Experimental Models of Laminitis: Hyperinsulinemia

Introduction

The Hyperinsulinemic Model of Laminitis

Conclusions and Further Study

References

Chapter 11 Hemodynamic Events in Laminitis

Introduction

Vascular Physiology

The Study of Digital and Lamellar Blood Flow

Lamellar Hemodynamics

Impact of Hemodynamic Events in Laminitis

References

Chapter 12 The Role of Thrombosis and Coagulation in Equine Laminitis

Introduction

Overview of Thrombosis, Platelets, and Coagulation

Platelet Activation and Aggregation in Laminitis

Interaction Between Platelets and Neutrophils

Thrombosis in Laminitis

Coagulation Abnormalities in Laminitis

Thrombosis and Coagulation in Supporting Limb Laminitis

Thrombosis and Coagulation in Pasture-Associated and Endocrinopathic Laminitis

Antiplatelet Therapies

Conclusions

References

Chapter 13 Leukocytes and Inflammatory Signaling in Laminitis: Leukocytes

Introduction

Historical Perspective of Leukocyte Evidences in Equine Laminitis

Resident Leukocyte-Derived Cells in Equine Normal Lamellae

Black Walnut Extract Model

CHO Models (Corn Starch and Oligofructose)

Hyperinsulinemia Model

Potential Role of Leukocytes in the Pathophysiology of Onset Clinical Signs

Potential Role of Recruited Leukocytes in Lamellar Structural Failure

References

Chapter 14 Leukocytes and Inflammatory Signaling in Laminitis: Inflammatory Signaling

Introduction

Inflammatory Signaling in Horses with Sepsis or SIRS

Inflammatory Signaling Pathways

Inflammatory Signaling Within the Equine Keratinocyte

Inflammatory Signaling in Horses with Insulin Resistance

Anti-Inflammatory Therapies for Prophylaxis and Treatment of Laminitis

References

Chapter 15 Role of Proteases in Laminitis

Metalloproteinases and the Extracellular Matrix

Structural Elements of the Digital Lamellar Extracellular Matrix

Destabilization of the Lamellar Epidermal–Dermal Junction in Laminitic Horses

Lamellar Dermal Pathology in Laminitic Horses

Lamellar Basement Membrane/Dermal Matrix injury and the Role of Proteases in Laminitis: An Overview

The Contribution of Metalloproteinases to the Molecular Pathology of Laminitis

Future Perspectives

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 16 Endocrine and Metabolic Dysregulation in Laminitis: Role of Pituitary Dysfunction

Introduction

Endocrinological Factors and the Risk of Laminitis

Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction (PPID)

References

Chapter 17 Endocrine and Metabolic Dysregulation in Laminitis: Role of Corticosteroids

Introduction

Corticosteroids as a Cause of Endocrinopathic Laminitis

Linking Corticosteroid Action to Laminitis Risk

References

Chapter 18 Metabolic Syndrome in Humans and Horses: The Relationship Between Obesity and Insulin Resistance

Introduction

Equine Metabolic Syndrome

Summary of Physiology and Pathophysiology of Events Important in EMSAL

Epidemiology of Obesity: Humans and Horses

The Physiology of Energy Absorption and Storage

Dietary Components and Insulin Sensitivity

Development of IR with Increased Adiposity: The Role of Adipokines

The Endocrine Pancreas and IR

Other Factors Influencing Energy Dynamics in the Horse

The Effects of IR/Dysregulation on the Digital Lamellae

The Role of Systemic Inflammation in EMSAL

The Role of Liver and Skeletal Muscle in Metabolic Syndrome

References

Chapter 19 Dysregulation of the Lamellar Basal Epithelial Cell in Laminitis: Role of the Cytoskeleton and Cell Junctions

Introduction

The Dysregulated Lamellar Basal Epithelial Cell

Conclusions

References

Chapter 20 Structural Dynamics of Displacement of the Distal Phalanx

Introduction

References

Part 3 Clinical Presentation of Equine Laminitis

Chapter 21 General Clinical Aspects of the Laminitis Case

Introduction

Important Considerations in the Animal's History

Clinical Presentation of Laminitis

Lameness

References

Chapter 22 Sepsis-Related Laminitis

Introduction

Clinical Signs

Clinical Pathology

Other Diagnostic Tests

References

Chapter 23 Laminitis in Equine Metabolic Syndrome

What is Equine Metabolic Syndrome?

Identification of Animals at Risk or Exhibiting Signs of Laminitis in Association with EMS

Signalment Characteristics of EMS Cases

Clinical Characteristics of EMS Cases

Further Exogenous Factors Commonly Identified in EMS Cases

Summary

References

Chapter 24 Laminitis in Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction

Introduction

Overview of the Pathophysiology of Endocrinopathic Laminitis

Laminitis

Clinical Recognition of Laminitis

Clinical Recognition of Laminitis in PPID

History and Clinical Signs of PPID

References

Chapter 25 Supporting Limb Laminitis

Clinical Presentation

Clinical Risk Factors

Clinical Signs

Radiographic Diagnosis of SLL

Summary

References

Part 4 Diagnostic Evaluation of Equine Laminitis

Chapter 26 Detailed Physical Examination for Laminitis

Introduction

Pre-Emptive Physical Examination and Preventive Treatment in Potential Acute Bouts of Laminitis

Pre-Emptive Physical Examination and Preventive Strategies in Subclinical Laminitis

How Might Subclinical or Asymptomatic Laminitis Occur?

References

Chapter 27 Diagnostic Imaging

Introduction

Preparation and Positioning of the Foot

General Evaluation of the Radiographs

Information Obtained from Lateral Radiographs

Observations from Dorsopalmar Radiographs

Observations from 45° Dorsopalmar Oblique Radiographs

Radiographic Changes with Different Patterns of Displacement of the Distal Phalanx

The Value of Radiographs in Determining the Prognosis

Radiography as a Guide to Therapeutic Trimming and Shoeing

Summary

References

Chapter 28 The Digital Venogram

Introduction

Procedure

Technique Error

Interpretation

Categorization of Severity of Disease Using Venograms

Summary

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 29 Endocrine and Metabolic Evaluation in Horses with Laminitis

Introduction

Testing for Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction (Equine Cushing's Syndrome)

Testing for Equine Metabolic Syndrome

Testing for Thyroid Function

Notes

References

Part 5 Medical Treatment of the Laminitic Patient

Chapter 30 General Supportive Care for the Laminitis Case

Introduction

The Intensive Care Stall and Supportive Apparatus

Nutrition and Hydration

Monitoring Physical Wellbeing

Pharmacological Management

References

Chapter 31 Common Therapies: Anti-Inflammatory Therapy

Introduction

Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Treatments for Laminitis

Enzyme Inhibition and Decreasing Inflammation

Inhibiting Neutrophil and Platelet Margination and Preventing or Treating Laminitis

Anti-Oxidant Treatments

Cryotherapy

References

Chapter 32 Vasoactive Drug Therapy

Introduction

Vasoactive Drugs

Experimental Drugs: Endothelin and 5-HT Receptor Antagonists, and Calcium Channel Blockers

Drugs with Indirect Vasoactive Properties: NSAIDs

References

Chapter 33 Analgesia

Introduction

Mechanisms of Pain in Laminitis

Concept of Multimodal Pain Therapy in Laminitis

Conventional Systemic Analgesics

Antihyperalgesic Pain Therapeutics

Anti-Neuropathic Pain Therapeutics

Loco-Regional Anesthesia and Analgesia

References

Chapter 34 Digital Hypothermia

Introduction

Therapeutic Mechanisms of Hypothermia

Rationale and Evidence for Use of Digital Hypothermia in Laminitis

Digital Hypothermia in Clinical Cases

References

Chapter 35 Equine Sepsis

Introduction

Sepsis versus Endotoxemia and its Role in Laminitis

Epidemiology of the Septic Horse At-Risk for Laminitis

Treatment

Anti-Endotoxin Therapy

Anti-Inflammatory Therapy

Local Treatment of the Digit

Pain Control

Thromboprophylaxis

Outcomes and Expectations

References

Chapter 36 Equine Metabolic Syndrome

Pharmacologic Treatment of the Equine Metabolic Syndrome

L-Thyroxine (Levothyroxine)

Metformin Hydrochloride

Thiazolodinediones

References

Chapter 37 Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction

Introduction

Early Recognition of Patients At-Risk for PPID and Endocrinopathic Laminitis

Prevention of Laminitis in PPID-Affected Equids

Nutritional Management

Value of Exercise

Pharmacological Management of PPID

Pharmacological Management of Insulin Dysregulation

References

Part 6 Treatment of Laminitis: Digital Support and Stabilization of the Distal Phalanx

Chapter 38 Therapeutic Shoes: Application of Principles

Introduction

Therapeutic Shoes

Radiology

Therapeutic Farriery

Shoes

Follow-Up Farriery

Asymmetrical Distal Displacement/Mediolateral Rotation of the Distal Phalanx

Symmetrical Distal Displacement/‘Sinking’ of the Distal Phalanx

Treatment Failure

Note

References

Chapter 39 Solear Support Techniques

History

Current Understandings

Sole Support Material

References

Chapter 40 Approaching Digital Management Prior to Displacement of the Distal Phalanx

Introduction

Reducing the Overall Stress on the Entire Foot

References

Chapter 41 Hoof Care Management of Horses with Displacement of the Distal Phalanx

Introduction

The Nature of Lamellar Injury and the Balance of Forces that Create Types of Displacement

Goals of Treatment

Treatment and the Healing Process

Only So Many Biomechanical Objectives

Many Ways to Accomplish Biomechanical Objectives

Methods of Shoe Attachment

Radiographic Control of Shoe Placement

Treatment Decisions

Conclusions

Notes

References

Part 7 Treatment of the Laminitis Case

Chapter 42 The Use of Casts in Equine Laminitis

Introduction

Foot Cast

References

Chapter 43 Deep Digital Flexor Tenotomy

Introduction

Mid-Metacarpal DDF Tenotomy

Mid-Pastern DDFT Tenotomy

Postoperative Care

Prognosis

References

Chapter 44 Dorsal Hoof Wall Techniques

Historical

Growth of the Foot

Chronic Laminitis

Procedure

Unsuccessful Outcome

Partially Successful Outcome

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

Notes

References

Chapter 45 Complications of Laminitis

Introduction

Events Leading to Complications

Direct Complications of Laminitis

Complications of Other Body Systems and Treatment

Complications of Diagnostic Procedures

Complications of Hoof Care

Complications of Cryotherapy

Complications of Surgery

Summary

References

Part 8 Management of Chronic Laminitis Equine Laminitis

Chapter 46 Management Changes in the Laminitis Case

Introduction

Client Communications in Treatment Decisions

Judging the Need for Adjustments of Medical Therapy

Judging the Timing and Need for a Change in Foot Care

Management of Chronic Laminitis: Determining when Further Treatment is No Longer Humane

References

Part 9 Prevention of Laminitis

Chapter 47 Overview of Laminitis Prevention

Endocrinopathic Laminitis

Sepsis-Related Laminitis (SRL)

Supporting Limb Laminitis (SLL)

References

Chapter 48 Prevention of Supporting Limb Laminitis

Introduction

Musculoskeletal and Neuropathic Analgesia

Maintain Vascular Perfusion

Axial and External Foot Support

Reduce the Distal Interphalangeal (DIP) Joint Extensor Moment Arm

Reduction of Effective Body Weight

Conclusions

References

Chapter 49 Prevention of Sepsis-Related Laminitis

Introduction

Reducing Inflammation

Other Therapies

Footing and Bedding for the At-Risk Patient

Conclusions

References

Chapter 50 Nutritional Management for Avoidance of Pasture-Associated Laminitis

Introduction

Nutritional Management After an Episode of PAL

Nutritional Recommendations to Reduce the Risk of PAL

Conclusions

References

Glossary

Index

EULA

List of Tables

Chapter 14

Table 14.1

Chapter 15

Table 15.1

Table 15.2

Chapter 21

Table 21.1

Chapter 23

Table 23.1

Table 23.2

Table 23.3

Table 23.4

Chapter 27

Table 27.1

Chapter 30

Table 30.1

Chapter 31

Table 31.1

Chapter 33

Table 33.1

Table 33.2

Table 33.3

Chapter 35

Table 35.1

Table 35.2

Table 35.3

Chapter 46

Table 46.1

Chapter 48

Table 48.1

Table 48.2

Chapter 50

Table 50.1