Equine Nutrition and Feeding E-Book

David Frape

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1566

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

Since the first edition of Equine Nutrition and Feeding was published in 1986, it has become the seminal work on the subject. It covers all the key topics that you need to know for your equine nutrition degree course. This comprehensive and clearly evidenced textbook covers how food is digested and nutrients are used in growing, working and breeding horses. It also explains the scientific basis for calculating nutrient and dietary requirements in an understandable manner, and shows you how to do these calculations. Special attention is also given to grassland and pasture, and to housing and diet-related diseases.

Additional, student-friendly features include:

• References to the most up-to-date information, including “Nutrient Requirements of Horses”, from the National Research Council (2007).
• Case histories to provide practical examples.
• Study questions at the end of each chapter to help you to revise.
• A comprehensive glossary of terms and abbreviations.

Changes to this fourth edition:

• Evidence base has been expanded, with 646 new research reports and papers being incorporated.
• Extensively revised to make navigation easier.
• A new section is dedicated to the weaning and growth of the foal.

This book is the essential text for any undergraduate and postgraduate student of equine nutrition, equine veterinary medicine, equine veterinary nursing or agricultural science. It is also used by equine nutritionists and horse owners.

Leseprobe

Contents

Foreword

Introduction to the Fourth Edition

Acknowledgements

List of Abbreviations

1 The Digestive System

THE MOUTH

THE STOMACH AND SMALL INTESTINE

THE LARGE INTESTINE

STUDY QUESTIONS

FURTHER READING

2 Utilization of the Products of Dietary Energy and Protein

CARBOHYDRATE, FAT AND PROTEIN AS SOURCES OF ENERGY, AND THE HORMONAL REGULATION OF ENERGY

ENERGY METABOLISM

DIETARY PROTEIN

PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS FOR MAINTENANCE

AMINO ACIDS

NON-PROTEIN NITROGEN

LAMINITIS AND ENERGY INTAKE

STUDY QUESTIONS

FURTHER READING

3 The Roles of Major Minerals and Trace Elements

MAJOR MINERALS

TRACE ELEMENTS

STUDY QUESTIONS

FURTHER READING

4 Vitamin and Water Requirements

VITAMIN REQUIREMENTS

WATER REQUIREMENTS AND FLUID LOSSES

STUDY QUESTIONS

FURTHER READING

5 Ingredients of Horse Feeds

ROUGHAGE

‘PROCESSED’ FEEDS

FUNCTIONS OF HAY AND USE OF OTHER BULKY FEEDS

COMPOUNDED NUTS

COARSE MIXES

CEREALS

OTHER LESSER INGREDIENTS AND BY-PRODUCTS

FAT SUPPLEMENTS

PROTEIN CONCENTRATES

PRE- AND PRO-BIOTICS

DIETARY VITAMIN AND MINERAL SUPPLEMENTS

FEED STORAGE

NATURAL AND CONTAMINANT TOXICANTS IN FEEDS

FEED ADDITIVES

PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES

STUDY QUESTIONS

FURTHER READING

6 Estimating Nutrient Requirements

RELATIONSHIP OF CAPACITY FOR FEED TO BODY WEIGHT

CONCENTRATES AND ROUGHAGES

FEED ENERGY

DIGESTIBLE ENERGY, PROTEIN AND MINERAL REQUIREMENTS BASED ON NRC (2007) RECOMMENDATIONS

RATION FORMULATION USING THE DE AND NE SYSTEMS

ENERGY AND PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS BASED ON INRA FEED UNITS

ENERGY, PROTEIN, MINERAL AND MICRONUTRIENT FEED VALUES AS DETERMINED BY THE INRA SYSTEM

SIMPLE RATION FORMULATION

FEED TYPE, RATE OF INTAKE, APPETITE, FREQUENCY AND PROCESSING

SHELF-LIFE OF FEEDS, FEED CONTAMINANTS AND GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS

STUDY QUESTIONS

FURTHER READING

7 Feeding the Breeding Mare, Foal and Stallion

THE OESTROUS CYCLE AND FERTILITY

GESTATION

PARTURITION

LACTATION

WEANING PROCEDURE

FEEDING THE ORPHAN FOAL

THE STALLION

STUDY QUESTIONS

FURTHER READING

8 Growth

IDEAL CONFORMATION

BIRTH WEIGHT AND EARLY GROWTH

EFFECTS OF DIETARY COMPOSITION

DEVELOPMENTAL ORTHOPAEDIC DISEASE

STUDY QUESTIONS

FURTHER READING

9 Feeding for Performance and the Metabolism of Nutrients During Exercise

WORK AND ENERGY EXPENDITURE

ENERGY SUBSTRATES AND THEIR EXPENDITURE

TRAINING METHODS

MUSCLE ENERGY RESERVES AND FEEDING BEFORE EXERCISE

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

THE VASCULAR AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS

RESULTS OF EXERCISE

BLOOD ACID–BASE BALANCE

DIETARY BASE EXCESS AND ‘FIXED’ DIETARY CATION-ANION BALANCE

DIETARY PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS AND EXERCISE

FEEDING METHODS

STUDY QUESTIONS

FURTHER READING

10 Grassland and Pasture Management

GRASSLAND TYPES

PASTURE AS AN EXERCISE AREA

NUTRITIONAL PRODUCTIVITY OF PASTURE

NUTRIENTS REQUIRED FOR PASTURE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

SWARD HEIGHT

INTENSITY OF STOCKING WITH HORSES AND RUMINANTS

GRAZING BEHAVIOUR

SUPPLEMENTS ON PASTURE

SAFETY OF GRAZING AREAS

WATER SUPPLIES

SILAGE AND HAYLAGE AND THEIR SAFETY

GRASSLAND IMPROVEMENT

TROPICAL GRASSLAND AND FORAGES

POISONOUS PLANTS

HOMEOPATHY

STUDY QUESTIONS

FURTHER READING

11 Pests and Ailments Related to Grazing Area, Diet and Housing

ARTHROPOD PARASITES

WORM INFESTATIONS

PROTOZOAN PARASITES

AILMENTS RELATED TO DIET

PASTURE AILMENTS

LIVER DISEASE

CHRONIC WEIGHT LOSS

THE MATURE SICK OR GERIATRIC HORSE

MUSCLE AILMENTS

HOUSING

STUDY QUESTIONS

FURTHER READING

12 Laboratory Methods for Assessing Nutritional Status and Some Dietary Options

METABOLIC TESTS

DIETS FOR LIVER DISEASE

DIETS FOR KIDNEY DISEASE

BONE METABOLISM

OTHER TESTS

PROCEDURES FOR DETERMINING CAUSES OF SUSPECTED NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS

STUDY QUESTIONS

FURTHER READING

Appendix A: Example Calculation of Dietary Composition Required for a 400 kg Mare in the Fourth Month of Lactation

Appendix B: Appendix B Common Dietary Errors in Studs and Racing Stables

Appendix C: Chemical Composition of Feedstuffs Used for Horses

Appendix D: Estimates of Base Excess of a Diet and of Blood Plasma

ESTIMATE OF BE OF A DIET FROM ITS POTENTIAL FIXED ION CONTENT

ESTIMATE OF BE OF BLOOD PLASMA FROM ITS BICARBONATE CONCENTRATION

Glossary

References and Further Reading

Conclusion

Index

This edition first published 2010

© 1986 by Longman Group UK Ltd

© 1998, 2004 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd

© 2010 David Frape

Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing programme has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell.

First published 1986 by Longman Group UK Ltd Second edition published 1998 by Blackwell Science Third edition published 2004 by Blackwell Publishing Fourth edition published 2010 by Wiley-Blackwell

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Frape, David, 1929—

Equine nutrition and feeding / David Frape. – 4th ed.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-4051-9546-1 (pbk.: alk. paper) 1. Horses–Feeding and feeds. 2. Horses–Nutrition. I. Title.

SF285.5.F73 2010

636.1’085–dc22

2010005811

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Foreword

This is the fourth edition of Equine Nutrition and Feeding and represents a tremendous achievement of scholarship, containing an enormous amount of clearly presented detail, fully referenced and brought up-to-date with all the relevant research published in the last six years – a huge task.

Yet it remains very readable and will be of interest to all horse keepers across the world, for it covers all types of horse, all ages and conditions, in sickness and in health, kept for whatever purpose, sport, work, show or companionship.

David Frape has managed to combine details of all the relevant science with practical advice on the prevention and treatment of disease, the control of pests and parasites, and even the design of facilities, including horse boxes!

The book is well titled ‘Nutrition and Feeding’ because these are not the same thing and there are important practical issues in translating the one into the other. Thus it is designed to inform and help the whole range of those concerned, from the student to the most practical, from the rider to the breeder and all those involved in the care of the horse.

Such a comprehensive treatment would be a challenge for any author and it is a remarkable achievement to have kept a standard text easily assimilable and up-to-date over some 24 years, during which the science has advanced and the horse world has changed greatly.

The book can be used for easy reference or read as a narrative, helped by clear diagrams and tables.

Above all, the author recognises the individuality of horses: they, like the readers, are all different.

Professor Sir Colin SpeddingChairman of the UK National Equine Forum

Introduction to the Fourth Edition

During the past six years there has been a surprising amount of work on the dietary requirements and husbandry needs of the horse. This will undoubtedly lead to improvements in equine management in an increasingly competitive world where resources of raw materials, from land space to spices, become scarcer. The mass of work has encouraged me to revise the Third Edition in order to bring the evidence up to date as of September 2009. All chapters and sections of the book have been revised, with, in particular, clarification of the causes and control of several metabolic diseases. In addition, I trust that the principles of equine nutrition, which evolve gradually with time, and are based upon the best experimental evidence, are adequately covered.

The horse plays many roles throughout the world making difficult the determination of improvements in performance by experimental treatment. As Ralston (2007) states: “one of the most difficult problems in equine nutrition research is often the lack of objective and clinically relevant end points”. However, adequately controlled experiments are much easier to conduct in equine than in human areas, where the factors and effects to be measured in population studies are confounded by uncontrollable, or only partially controllable, factors.

There have been two major objectives in preparing the Fourth Edition:

(1) to summarize, collate and integrate 647 new research reports and papers not previously reviewed in order to: (a) replace previous speculative evidence by more secure conclusions in several areas of equine husbandry, (b) indicate areas needing further investigation, and (c) inquire about issues not previously investigated by experiment.

(2) to integrate with this text the evidence, conclusions and recommendations published by the NRC in their excellent and comprehensive Sixth Revised Edition, “Nutrient Requirements of Horses” (NRC 2007) and, in particular, to compare their estimates for protein and energy with those of INRA (1984, 1990) at the feed level, where two dissimilar systems of measurement have been used.

David Frape

Acknowledgements

I should like to thank my wife, Margery, for her support and Professor Sir Colin Spedding CBE, for his encouragement and for writing the Foreword.

List of Abbreviations

acetyl-CoA

acetyl coenzyme A

ACTH

adrenocorticotropic hormone

ADAS

Agricultural Development and Advisory Service

ADF

acid detergent fibre

ADG

average daily liveweight gain

ADH

alcohol dehydrogenase

ADP

adenosine diphosphate

a.i.

active ingredient

ALP

alkaline phosphatase

ALT

alanine aminotransferase

AMP

adenosine monophosphate

ANP

atrial natriuretic peptide

AST

aspartate aminotransferase

ATP

adenosine triphosphate

BAL

bronchoalveolar lavage

BCAA

branched chain amino acids

BCS

body condition score (1 extremely emaciated – 9 extremely fat)

BE

base excess

BFGF

basic fibroblast growth factor

BHA

butylated hydroxyanisole

BHT

butylated hydroxytoluene

BMD

bone mineral density

BMR

basal metabolic rate

Bpm

beats per minute

BSE

bovine spongiform encephalopathy

BSP

bromsulphalein™ (sulphobromophthalein)

BV

biological value

BW

body weight

CAFO

Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations

CCO

cytochrome c oxidase

CHO-FR

rapidly fermentable carbohydrate

CF

crude fibre

CFU

colony-forming unit

CK

creatine kinase

COPD

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

COX-2

cyclo-oxygenase-2

CP

crude protein

CRH

corticotropin-releasing hormone

CT

computed tomography

CTX-1

Type I collagen carboxy-terminal telopeptide

DCAB

dietary cation–anion balance

DCAD

dietary cation–anion difference

DCP

digestible crude protein

DDS

distiller’s dark grains

DE

digestible energy

DHA

docosahexanoic acid

DM

dry matter

DMG

N,N

-dimethylglycine

DMSO

2

dimethylsulphone

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid

DOD

developmental orthopaedic disease

ECF

extracellular fluid

ED

energy digestibility

EDM

equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy

EE

ether extract

EG

ethylene glycol

EIPH

exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage

ELF

epithelial lining fluid

ELISA

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

EMND

equine motor neuron disease

EPA

Environmental Protection Agency (US)

EPA

eicosapentaenoic acid

EPM

equine protozoal myeloencephalitis

ER

exertional rhabdomyolysis

EU

European Union

EVH-1/4

equine herpesvirus

FAD

flavin adenine dinucleotide

FDA

Food and Drug Agency

FE

fractional electrolyte excretion

FFA

free fatty acid

FMN

flavin mononucleotide

FOS

fructo-oligosaccharide

FSH

follicle-stimulating hormone

FTH

fast twitch, high oxidative

FT

fast twitch, low oxidative

GAG

glycosaminoglycan

GE

gross energy

GGT

gamma-glutamyltransferase

GI

gastrointestinal

Gla

γ-carboxyglutamic acid

GLC

gas-liquid chromatography

GLUT

glucose transporter

GnRH

gonadotropin-releasing hormone

GRAS

generally recognized as safe

GSH-Px

glutathione peroxidase

GSH

glutathione

GSSG

oxidised glutathione

HA

hyaluronic acid

Hb

haemoglobin

HCl

hydrochloric acid

HCN

hydrocyanic acid

HDS

hay dust suspension

HI

heat increment

HP

heat production

HPA

hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal

HPLC

high performance liquid chromatography

HPP

hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis

HR

heart rate

5-HT

5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin)

ICF

intracellular fluid

ICTP

telopeptide of type I collagen

IGER

Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research

IGF-1

insulin-like growth factor 1

IL-1

interleukin-1

IL-6

interleukin-6

IMP

inosine monophosphate

INRA

Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique

IR

insulin resistance

Iu

international unit

i.v.

intravenous(ly)

LEM

leukoencephalomalacia

LTB

5

leukotriene B

5

LBS

Lactobacillus

selection

LCT

lower critical temperature

LDH

lactic dehydrogenase

LH

luteinizing hormone

LPL

lipoprotein lipase

LPO

lipid hydroperoxide

LPS

lipopolysaccharide

MAD

modified acid detergent fibre

MADC

matières azotées digestibles corrigées (

or

cheval)

MCV

mean cell volume

MDA

malonyldialdehyde

ME

metabolizable energy

MRT

mean retention time

MRSA

methicillin-resistant

Staphylococcus aureus

MSG

monosodium glutamate

MSM

methyl sulphonyl methane

NAD

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NADP

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

NDF

neutral detergent fibre

NE

net energy

NEFA

nonesterified fatty acid

NFE

nitrogen-free extractive

NIAB

National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Cambridge

NIS

nutritionally improved straw

NO

nitric oxide

NPN

non-protein nitrogen

NRC

National Research Council

NSAID

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

NSC

non-structural carbohydrate

NSP

non-starch polysaccharides

NSHP

nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism

OC

osteochondrosis

OCD

osteochondritis dissecans

OM

organic matter

OMD

organic matter digestibility

P

osm

plasma osmolality

PABA

p

-aminobenzoic acid

PAF

platelet-activating factor

PCV

packed cell volume

PCr

phosphocreatine

PDH

pyruvate dehydrogenase

PGE

2

prostaglandin E

2

PICP

propeptide of type I procollagen

PN

parenteral nutrition

PSSM

polysaccharide storage myopathy

PTH

parathyroid hormone

PTH-rP

parathyroid hormone-related protein

PUFA

polyunsaturated fatty acid

PV

plasma volume

RAO

recurrent airway obstruction

RBC

red blood cell

RCHV

red cell hypervolaemia

RDR

relative dose response

RER

respiratory exchange ratio

RH

relative humidity

RNA

ribonucleic acid

ROS

reactive oxygen species

RQ

respiratory quotient

RVO

recovered vegetable oil

s.d.

standard deviation

SDH

sorbitol dehydrogenase

SE

standard error

SET

standardized exercise test

SG

specific gravity

SI

insulin sensitivity

SID

strong ion difference

SOD

superoxide dismutase

ST

slow twitch, high oxidative

STP

standard temperature and pressure

T

3

triiodothyronine

T

4

thyroxine

TAG

triacylglycerol

TB

Thoroughbred

TBA

thiobarbituric acid

TBAR

thiobarbituric acid reactive substance

TCA

tricarboxylic acid

TLV

threshold limiting value

TNF-α

tumour necrosis factor-α

TNZ

thermoneutral zone

TPN

total parenteral nutrition

TPP

thiamin pyrophosphate

TRH

thyrotropin-releasing hormone

TSH

thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin)

TXB

2

thromboxane

UFC

unité fourragère cheval (horse feed units)

UKASTA

UK Agricultural Supply Trade Association

VFA

volatile fatty acid

VLDL

very low density lipoprotein

WBC

white blood cell (leukocyte)

1

The Digestive System

A horse which is kept to dry meat will often slaver at the mouth. If he champs his hay and corn, and puts it out again, it arises from some fault in the grinders… there will sometimes be great holes cut with his grinders in the weaks of his mouth. First file his grinders quite smooth with a file made for the purpose.

Francis Clater, 1786

Horses are ungulates and, according to J.Z. Young (1950), members of the order Perissodactyla. Other extant members include asses, zebras, rhinoceroses and tapirs. Distinctive characteristics of the order are the development of the teeth, the lower limb with the peculiar plan of the carpus and tarsus bones and the evolution of the hind gut into chambers for fermentation of ingesta. Each of these distinctive features will play significant roles in the discussions in this text.

The domesticated horse consumes a variety of feeds, ranging in physical form from forage with a high content of moisture to cereals with large amounts of starch, and from hay in the form of physically long fibrous stems to salt licks and water. In contrast, the wild horse has evolved and adapted to a grazing and browsing existence, in which it selects succulent forages containing relatively large amounts of water, soluble proteins, lipids, sugars and structural carbohydrates, but little starch. Short periods of feeding occur throughout most of the day and night, although generally these are of greater intensity in daylight. In domesticating the horse, man has generally restricted its feeding time and introduced unfamiliar materials, particularly starchy cereals, protein concentrates and dried forages. The art of feeding gained by long experience is to ensure that these materials meet the varied requirements of horses without causing digestive and metabolic upsets. Thus, an understanding of the form and function of the alimentary canal is fundamental to a discussion of feeding and nutrition of the horse.

THE MOUTH

Eating rates of horses, cattle and sheep

The lips, tongue and teeth of the horse are ideally suited for the prehension, ingestion and alteration of the physical form of feed to that suitable for propulsion through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in a state that facilitates admixture with digestive juices. The upper lip is strong, mobile and sensitive and is used during grazing to place forage between the teeth; in the cow the tongue is used for this purpose. By contrast, the horse’s tongue moves ingested material to the cheek teeth for grinding. The lips are also used as a funnel through which water is sucked.

As distinct from cattle, the horse has both upper and lower incisors enabling it to graze closely by shearing off forage. More intensive mastication by the horse means that the ingestion rate of long hay, per kg of metabolic body weight (BW), is three to four times as fast in cattle and sheep than it is in ponies and horses, although the number of chews per minute is similar, according to published observations (73–92 for horses and 73–115 for sheep) for long hays. The dry matter (DM) intake per kg of metabolic BW for each chew is then 2.5 mg in horses (I calculate it to be even less – author) and 5.6–6.9mg in sheep. Consequently, the horse needs longer daily periods of grazing than do sheep. The lateral and vertical movements of the horse’s jaw, accompanied by profuse salivation, enable the cheek teeth to comminute long hay to a large extent and the small particles coated with mucus are suitable for swallowing. Sound teeth generally reduce hay and grass particles to less than 1.6 mm in length. Two-thirds of hay particles in the horse’s stomach are less than 1 mm across, according to work by Meyer and colleagues (Meyer et al. 1975b).

The number of chewing movements for roughage is considerably greater than that required for chewing concentrates. Horses make between 800 and 1200 chewing movements per 1 kg concentrates, whereas 1 kg long hay requires between 3000 and 3500 movements. In ponies, chewing is even more protracted – they require 5000–8000 chewing movements per 1 kg concentrates alone, and very many more for hay (Meyer et al. 1975b). Horses given a hay diet chewed 40,000 times/day compared with 10,000 times/day for those fed on pellets (Houpt et al. 2004). Hay chewing, cf. pellets, by both horses and ponies, is protracted, with a lower chewing-cycle frequency, as the mandibular displacement is greater, both vertically and horizontally with an effect on faecal particle dimensions (Brøkner . 2009). Clayton . (2003) concluded that the development of sharp enamel points is more likely with a high concentrate diet.