Equine Pharmacology E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1049

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

Equine Pharmacology combines highly practical therapeutic guidance with reliable scientific background information to provide a clinically relevant resource. Taking a body systems approach to the subject, the book offers the equine clinician fast access to drug options for a given disease, with additional information available for reference as needed. Logically organized to lead the reader through the clinical decision-making process, Equine Pharmacology is a user-friendly reference for pharmacological information on the horse. The book begins with a general review section presenting the principles of antimicrobials, anesthesia, analgesics, anti-parasitics, foals, fluid therapy, and drug and medication control programs. The remainder of the book is devoted to a body systems approach to therapeutics, allowing the reader to search by affected system or specific disease to find detailed advice on drug therapy. Equine Pharmacology is an invaluable addition to the practice library for any clinician treating equine patients.

Leseprobe

CONTENTS

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

Contributors

Preface

SECTION I: General Review Section

CHAPTER 1: Horse of a different color

Introduction

Idiosyncrasies related to route of administration

Drug interactions

Veterinary compounding pharmacies

References

CHAPTER 2: Basics of antimicrobial therapy for the horse

Historical perspective

The bacterial cell wall

Antimicrobials versus antibiotics

Isolate

Aerobes and anaerobes

Empirical versus culture and sensitivity-guided treatment

Spectrum approach for empirical therapy

Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics

In vitro

sensitivity testing

Postantibiotic effect (PAE)

Patterns of microbial killing

Susceptibility, sensitivity, and resistance

Antimicrobial drug interactions

Antimicrobials used in equine medicine

References

CHAPTER 3: Anesthesia and sedation in the field

Clinical pharmacology of equine anesthetic drugs

References

CHAPTER 4: Clinical application of equine analgesics

Use of systemic analgesics

Antispasmodic medications

Use of intra-articular analgesics

Epidural administration of analgesic drugs

Analgesic use in foals

References

CHAPTER 5: Pharmacology of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

The inflammatory cascade

Indications and use of NSAIDs in horses

Pharmacokinetics of NSAIDs in horses

Adverse effects of the use of NSAIDs in horses

Novel targets of classic NSAIDs

New NSAIDs

References

CHAPTER 6: Parasiticides for use in horses

Introduction

Resistance issues

Specific anthelmintics

Broad-spectrum combination anthelmintic products

General Recommendations

References

CHAPTER 7: Foals are not just mini horses

Unique aspects of foal pharmacology

Clinical pharmacology for neonatal diseases

Gastrointestinal pharmacology: Enteritis, ulcer prophylaxis, and ileus

Respiratory pharmacology

Treatment of hypoventilation in neonatal foals

Seizure control

References

CHAPTER 8: Fluids and electrolytes for the equine clinician

Principles of fluid therapy

Identifying patients requiring fluid therapy

Volume of fluids to administer

Rate of fluid administration

Choosing the type of fluid to be administered

Route of fluid administration

Practical aspects of fluid therapy

Monitoring fluid therapy

Complications of fluid therapy

Conclusions

References

CHAPTER 9: Drug and medication control programs in equine athletes

Introduction

Regulation of equine sport

Governing authorities

Practicing within a regulated environment

Compounded medications

Over-the-counter products and herbal remedies and supplements

The drug testing process

Conclusion

Reference

SECTION II: Therapeutics

CHAPTER 10: Clinical pharmacology of the respiratory system

Respiratory anatomy as it pertains to clinical pharmacology

Respiratory tract defense system

Considerations for distribution of drugs to the respiratory system

Infectious diseases of the LRT

Noninfectious LRT disease

Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH)

Infectious diseases of the URT

Noninfectious diseases of the URT

References

CHAPTER 11: Clinical application of gastrointestinal therapeutics

Therapy for the equine gastric ulcer syndrome

Therapy for diarrhea and infectious causes of GI disease

Therapy for ileus

References

CHAPTER 12: Treatment of equine nervous system disorders

Introduction

Central nervous system trauma

Cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy

Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis

Viral disease of the equine nervous system

Equine degenerative myelopathy/neuroaxonal dystrophy

Equine motor neuron disease

Headshaking

Cauda equina syndrome

Equine reflex hypertonia (stringhalt)

Seizure control and management in horses

Narcolepsy

Antimicrobial therapy for CNS infections

Lyme disease/neuroborreliosis

Hepatic encephalopathy

Drugs used for behavioral modification

References

CHAPTER 13: Clinical pharmacology of the equine musculoskeletal system

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Pharmacological approaches for the treatment of navicular syndrome

Pharmacological approaches to the treatment of laminitis

Perineural and intra-articular anesthesia (diagnostic blocking for lameness exams)

Pharmacological management of osteoarthritis

Medications used for the treatment of epaxial and other muscle pain

Medications used to treat/prevent rhabdomyolysis

Medications used in the prevention and management of hyperkalemic periodic paralysis

Medications used to treat toxin-induced musculoskeletal disorders

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

infections (ulcerative lymphangitis, pigeon fever, pigeon breast)

Appendicular cellulitis

Vasculitis and purpura hemorrhagica

Immune-mediated polymyositis

Bacteria-

associated myositis/myonecrosis

MRSA infections of the musculoskeletal system

Drugs used for regional administration and treatment of septic arthritis/osteomyelitis/physitis

Lyme disease

References

CHAPTER 14: Therapy of the eye

Ocular anatomy, routes of ocular drug administration, and barriers to drug penetration

Ophthalmic drug formulation

Methods of ocular drug delivery

Drug therapy for examination and diagnostic testing

Drug therapy for keratitis

Keratomalacia

Stromal abscess

Drug therapy for noninfectious keratitis

Drug therapy for uveitis

Drug therapy for glaucoma

References

CHAPTER 15: Pharmacological treatment of equine endocrine diseases

Introduction

Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS)

Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID)

References

CHAPTER 16: Equine cardiovascular clinical pharmacology

Congestive heart failure

Medical management of cardiac arrhythmias

Acknowledgment

References

CHAPTER 17: Clinical pharmacology of diseases of the equine urinary system

Acute renal failure

Management of acute leptospirosis

Chronic renal failure

Therapeutic approaches to urinary incontinence and retention

Treatment of urinary tract infections

Therapeutic options for urolithiasis

References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 01

Table 1.1 Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions in horses

Chapter 02

Table 2.1 General PD classification of common antimicrobials.

Chapter 03

Table 3.1 Expected effects of administration of A-2 adrenergic agonists to the horse.

Table 3.2 Sedation/analgesia for standing procedures in the horse.

Table 3.3 Commonly used equine anesthetic premedications.

Table 3.4 Equine induction protocols.

Table 3.5 Maintenance anesthesia using TIVA.

Table 3.6 MAC values of inhalant anesthetics in the horse.

Chapter 06

Table 6.1 Summary of common equine anthelmintics, doses, and indications.

Table 6.2 Common equine parasite prepatent periods.

Chapter 07

Table 7.1 Dosing guidelines for medications commonly used in foals.

Chapter 08

Table 8.1 Summary of clinical signs associated with hypovolemia and dehydration in adult horses.

Table 8.2 Composition of some commercially available fluids.

Chapter 10

Table 10.1 Common antibiotics administered to adult horses with respiratory infections.

Table 10.2 Common antifungals administered to adult horses with respiratory infections.

Table 10.3 Inhaled medications used in RAO and IAD: anti-inflammatories.

Table 10.4 Systemic medications used in RAO and IAD.

Table 10.5 Inhaled medications used in RAO and IAD: bronchodilators and mast cell stabilizers.

Chapter 13

Table 13.1 Comparison of solubility of corticosteroid esters and release rates.

Table 13.2 Comparison of corticosteroid potency and duration of action.

Table 13.3 FDA-approved HA products.

Table 13.4 Reported disease-modifying effects of hyaluronan relative to molecular weight.

Chapter 14

Table 14.1 Commercially available ointment preparations.

Table 14.2 Ophthalmic antibacterial solutions.

Table 14.3 Ophthalmic antifungal solutions.

Table 14.4 Agents for inhibition of collagenases/proteases.

Table 14.5 Topical anti-inflammatory drugs.

Chapter 16

Table 16.1 Classification of drugs used to treat CHF.

Table 16.2 Classification of antiarrhythmic drugs.

Table 16.3 Drugs commonly used to treat cardiovascular disease.

Chapter 17

Table 17.1 Names, indications, and doses of the drugs most commonly in neurogenic incontinence.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 17

Figure 17.1 Algorithm for the management of oliguric renal failure in horses.

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

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Equine Pharmacology

EDITORS

Cynthia Cole DVM, PhD, DACVCP

Director of Research & Development, Mars Veterinary, Portland, Oregon, USA

Bradford Bentz VMD, MS, DACVIM, DACVECC, DABVP (equine)

Equine Medicine and Surgery, Bossier City, Louisiana, USA

Lara Maxwell DVM, PhD, DACVCP

Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA

This edition first published 2015 © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Editorial offices1606 Golden Aspen Drive, Suites 103 and 104, Ames, Iowa 50014-8300, USAThe Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK

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Contributors

Bradford Bentz, VMD, MS, DACVIM, DACVECC, DABVP (equine)Equine Medicine and SurgeryBossier City, LA, USA

Jennifer E. Carter, DVM, MANZCVS, DACVAA, CVPPLecturer in Veterinary AnaesthesiaFaculty of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of MelbourneWerribee, Australia

Michelle L. Ceresia, PharmDAssociate ProfessorMCPHS UniversityBoston, MA, USA

Cynthia Cole, DVM, PhD, DACVCPDirector of Research & DevelopmentMars VeterinaryPortland, OR, USA

Tad Coles, DVMKansas City, MO, USA

Jennifer Durenburger, DVM, JDDirector of RacingMassachusetts Gaming CommissionBoston, MA, USA

Amber Labelle, DVM, MS, DACVOAssistant ProfessorComparative OphthalmologyVeterinary Teaching HospitalUniversity of Illinois Urbana-ChampaignUrbana, IL, USA

Randy Lynn, DVM, MS, DACVCPGreensboro, NC, USA

K. Gary Magdesian, DVM, DACVIM, ACVCP, ACVECCHenry Endowed Chair in Emergency Medicine and Critical CareSchool of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavis, CA, USA

Dianne McFarlane, DVM, PhD, DACVIM, ABVPAssociate Professor/Ricks-Rapp ProfessorOklahoma State UniversityStillwater, OK, USA

Lara Maxwell, DVM, PhD, DACVCPAssociate ProfessorOklahoma State UniversityStillwater, OK, USA

Melissa R. Mazan, DVM, Diplomate ACVIMAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Clinical SciencesCummings School of Veterinary MedicineTufts UniversityNorth Grafton, MA, USA

Nora Nogradi, DVM, DACVIMEquine Internal Medicine SpecialistDubai Equine HospitalDubai, United Arab Emirates

Sheilah A. Robertson, BVMS (Hons), PhD, DECVAA, DACVAA, Dip ECAWBM (WSEL)Specialist in Welfare Science, Ethics and Law, DACAW, MRCVSProfessorDepartment of Large Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of Florida College of Veterinary MedicineGainesville, FL, USA

L. Chris Sanchez, DVM, PhD, DACVIMAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Large Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of Florida College of Veterinary MedicineGainesville, FL, USA

Meg Sleeper, VMD, DACVIM (Cardiology)Associate Professor of Cardiology/Clinician EducatorSchool of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA, USA

Brett Tennent-Brown, BVSc, MS, DACVIM, DACVECCThe University of MelbourneHawthorn, Victoria, Australia

Balazs Toth, DVM, MS, MSc, DACVIMSection HeadEquine Internal MedicineEquine Department and ClinicSzent István UniversityDora-Major, Hungary

Scot Waterman, DVMAnimal Welfare and Medical AdvisorArizona Department of RacingTucson, AZ, USA

Preface

The objective of this book is to provide practitioners and veterinary students with a concise and practical guide to equine clinical pharmacology. Although some equine pharmacology texts choose to emphasize complete in-depth reviews of the scientific literature, this approach does not necessarily help the practitioner choose the best therapeutic approach for a specific clinical situation. In contrast, whereas formulary texts are extremely popular for their ease of use and simplicity, there is much more to the successful use of therapeutic medications in horses than simply choosing a dose and dosing frequency. Therefore, we sought authors for this book who are both experts in the specific topic of interest and also had experience or interest in clinical pharmacology. Because we wanted the text to be very practical with a clinical approach, we sought individuals who deal with medication issues on a regular basis, either in their patients in the clinics, in the course of their research, or in many cases a combination of both.

The text is divided into two sections. Section 1 begins with a discussion of some of the important differences between horses and other species in terms of clinical pharmacology. This is an extremely important chapter because many of the therapeutics used in horses have not been well studied and their potential benefits and risks are extrapolated from studies in other species. Practitioners need to be aware of the limitations and caveats of such extrapolations. This section also covers a broad range of clinical pharmacology topics that commonly confront the equine practitioner, including antimicrobials, anesthesia, analgesics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and anti-parasiticides. A separate chapter on the clinical pharmacology of foals was included to stress how their unique physiology has ramifications in the use of therapeutics in neonates. Although fluids and electrolytes are not uniformly considered to be within the realm of clinical pharmacology, we included a chapter on this topic because fluids and electrolyte balance are critical components of many therapeutic plans for critically ill horses. Finally, a discussion of drug and medication control programs was included because most equine athletes compete under such regulations, so it is important for practitioners to know where they can get accurate, up-to-date information on those rules. Section 2 takes a systems approach to clinical pharmacology. Often pharmacology is presented by drug classes, but rarely is only a single class of drugs indicated in the treatment of a disease condition. By discussing therapeutic approaches for diseases that affect each organ system, a concise, logical, and comprehensive guide is provided to the practitioner. The systems covered range from the ophthalmic to cardiovascular. Because the same drug may be used in the therapy of several different diseases, therapeutics may appear in multiple chapters. For example, the use of NSAIDs is discussed in a summary chapter in Section 1 but are also included in several chapters in Section 2.

SECTION IGeneral Review Section

CHAPTER 1Horse of a different color: Peculiarities of equine pharmacology

Lara Maxwell

Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA

Introduction

Horses are different. Practitioners expect such differences, given the unique anatomy and physiology of the many species encountered within veterinary medicine. Nonetheless, the appropriate use of therapeutic agents can be particularly challenging in the horse. Small animal practitioners have an advantage over other veterinary clinicians when novel therapeutics are investigated for veterinary use, as the pharmacology of investigational drugs is often described in dogs before they are used in people. However, if the dog is the prototypical species of basic pharmacological research, then the horse is just the opposite. The many idiosyncrasies of equine anatomy and physiology can make the behavior of drugs in this species highly unpredictable. Drugs that are well absorbed after oral administration, safe, and efficacious in other species may be poorly absorbed, toxic, or ineffective in horses. This chapter will investigate the sources of some of these pharmacological peculiarities and address strategies for using drugs safely and effectively in horses despite these inherent challenges.