Equine Reproductive Procedures E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1437

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2021

Beschreibung

The second edition of Equine Reproductive Procedures provides equine practitioners, veterinary students, and equine theriogenologists with a fully updated, practical guide to techniques in equine reproductive practice. This easy-to-use resource covers skills-based information with a clinical focus, taking an easy-to-follow step-by-step approach. The book covers topics related to the reproductive management of horses, including diagnostic techniques and therapeutic procedures for stallions, mares, and foals. Procedures highlighted in the book are supported with clear descriptions and photographs. Readers will also find a list of required supplies for the procedure and a reference list. * Provides step-by-step descriptions of techniques related to equine theriogenology * Serves as a valuable practice tool * Offers 39 new techniques not found in the first edition * Includes key updates to existing techniques Those studying equine reproduction and specialists in theriogenology will find this an essential 'how-to' guide for their practice library.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright Page

List of Contributors

Preface

Part I: Non-Pregnant Mare

1 Reproductive Evaluation

Introduction

Examination Technique

Other Tests

Additional Comments

Further Reading

2 Teasing

Introduction

Technique

Additional Comments

Further Reading

3 Tail Wrap and Preparation/Washing of the Perineum

Introduction

Placement of a Tail Wrap

Washing Perineum Technique

Interpretation

4 Placement of a Tail Rope

Introduction

Technique for Tying a Tail Rope

Technique for Using an Elastic Cord to Tie the Mare’s Tail to the Stocks

Further Reading

5 Perineal Conformation Evaluation

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Reference

Further Reading

6 Removal of a Persistent Hymen

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

7 Palpation of the Reproductive Tract

Introduction

Palpation Technique

Additional Comments

Further Reading

8 Ultrasound Evaluation

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

9 Prediction of Ovulation

Introduction

Technique

Further Reading

10 Speculum Examination of the Vagina

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

11 Digital Examination of the Vagina/Cervix

Introduction

Stage of Cycle

Technique

Interpretation and Additional Comments

Further Reading

12 Uterine Culture Collection: Swab/Brush

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

13 Antimicrobiotic Sensitivity Testing

Introduction

Technique

Further Reading

14 Microbiology: Microbial Culture

Introduction

Technique

Further Reading

15 Microbiology: Gram Stain

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

16 qPCR Assay for the Diagnosis of Infectious Endometritis

Introduction

Sample Collection Technique

qPCR and DNA Sequencing: The Basics

Interpretation of qPCR Data

Additional Comments

Further Reading

17 Uterine Cytology Collection: Swab/Brush

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

18 Uterine Culture/Cytology: Low Volume Lavage

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

19 Endometrial Biopsy

Introduction

Technique

Reference

Further Reading

20 Hysteroscopic Examination of the Uterus

Introduction

Technique

Additional Comments

Further Reading

21 Endometrial Cyst Removal

Introduction

Techniques

Interpretation

Further Reading

22 Chromosomal Analysis

Introduction

Chromosomal Analysis Techniques

Other Procedures

References

Further Reading

23 Endocrinological Examination

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

24 Laparoscopic Examination of the Female Reproductive Track with Ovarian Biopsy

Introduction

Technique

Further Reading

25 Evaluation of the Mammary Gland

Introduction

Techinque

Further Reading

26 Antisperm Antibody Testing

Introduction

Technique

Additional Comments

Further Reading

27 Starch Granule Test for the Evaluation of Oviductal Patency

Introduction

Technique

Additional Comments

Further Reading

28 Fluorescent Microspheres Test for Evaluation of Oviductal Patency

Introduction

Transvaginal Ultrasound Technique

Laparoscope Technique

Additional Comments

Further Reading

29 Oviductal Flush Procedure for the Evaluation of Oviductal Patency

Introduction

Retrograde Oviductal Flush (Laparotomy Approach) Technique

Normograde Oviductal Flush (Laparotomy Approach) Technique

Normograde Oviductal Flush (Laparoscopic Approach) Technique

Additional Comments

References

Further Reading

30 Prostaglandin E

2

Treatment for Blocked Oviducts

Introduction

Technique

Additional Comments

References

Further Reading

31 Prostaglandin E

1

Treatment for Blocked Oviducts

Introduction

Technique

Additional Comments

Further Reading

32 Hysteroscopic Hydrotubation of the Oviducts

Introduction

Technique

Further Reading

33 Transvaginal Ovarian Biopsy

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

34 Uterine Lavage

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

35 Uterine Infusion

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

36 Therapeutics for Infectious Endometritis

Introduction

Acute Bacterial Endometritis

Intrauterine Antibiotic Therapy

Systemic Antibiotic Therapy

Follow‐Up Examination

Additional Therapy

References

37 Bacterial Biofilm and Endometritis

Introduction

Equine Biofilms

Diagnostic Tests

Treatment Options for Biofilms

Further Reading

38 Latent Uterine Bacterial Infections

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation of Findings and Selection of Antibiotics

Disclosure

References

39 Acupuncture in Mare Reproduction

Introduction

Restraint and Tranquilization

Pre‐ and Post‐Breeding Uterine Fluid Technique

Urine Poolers

Pregnancy Maintenance

Additional Comments

References

Further Reading

40 Restraint for Breeding

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

41 Natural Service: Pasture Breeding

Introduction

Pasture Breeding Programs

Further Reading

42 Natural Service: In‐hand Breeding

Introduction

Technique

Additional Comments

Further Reading

43 Breeding Stitches

Introduction

Techniques

Additional Comments

Further Reading

44 Reinforcement Breeding

Introduction

Technique

Additional Comments

Further Reading

45 Breeding with Fresh or Cooled Semen

Introduction

Pre‐Insemination Technique

Insemination Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

46 Insemination Through a Vaginal Speculum

Introduction

Technique

Additional Comments

Further Reading

47 Breeding with Frozen Semen

Introduction

Administration of an Ovulation Induction Agent

Management Strategy with One Dose of Semen Available per Cycle

Management Strategy with Two Doses of Semen Available per Cycle

Breeding Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

48 Deep Horn Insemination

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

49 Hysteroscopic (Low Dose) Insemination

Introduction

Technique

Additional Comments

Further Reading

50 Transvaginal Oocyte Pickup

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation and Additional Comments

Further Reading

51 Packaging and transport of oocytes

Introduction

Technique

Additional Comments

Further Reading

52 Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation and Additional Comments

Further Reading

53 Caslick Operation or Vulvoplasty

Introduction

Initial Stage of Technique

Temporary Staple Technique

Permanent Suture Technique

Further Reading

54 Contagious Equine Metritis Testing

Introduction

Mare Diagnosis

Mare Treatment

Stallion Diagnosis

Stallion Treatment

Further Reading

55 Management of Seasonal Anestrus: Artificial Photoperiod

Introduction

Technique

Additional Comments

Further Reading

56 Management of Seasonal Anestrus: Hormone Therapy

Introduction

Technique

Further Reading

57 Hormone Therapy in Cycling Mares

Introduction

Gonadotropin‐Releasing Hormone and GnRH Agonists

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

Progesterone and Progestins

Estrogens

Prostaglandins

Oxytocin

Dopamine Antagonists (Domperidone and Sulpiride)

Further Reading

58 Estrus Suppression

Introduction

Technique

Additional Comments

Further Reading

59 Intrauterine Devices for Estrus Suppression

Introduction

General Preparation

Technique for Intrauterine Ball Placement

Technique for iUPOD

TM

Placement

Interpretation

References

Further Reading

60 Immunocontraception

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

61 Harvesting and Shipping Ovaries for Oocyte Recovery

Introduction

Technique

Further Reading

Part II: Pregnant Mare

62 Embryo Collection

Introduction

Flush Procedure

Embryo Search

“Extra Flush” Procedure

Washing the Embryo

Interpretation

Futher Reading

63 Embryo Evaluation

Introduction

Developmental Stages

Embryo Grading

Determination of Embryo Size

Further Reading

64 Embryo Biopsy

Introduction

Technique

Further Reading

65 Embryo Packaging for Cooled Transport

Introduction

Technique for Packaging Embryos for Cooled Transport

Technique for Receiving and Handling a Shipped Embryo

Additional Comments

Further Reading

66 Embryo Cryopreservation

Introduction

Initial Preparation Steps

Vitrification Technique

Warming (Thawing) and Transfer Technique

Additional Comments

Reference

Further Reading

67 Non‐Surgical Embryo Transfer

Introduction

Transfer Technique

Management of the Recipient Mare After Transfer

Additional Comments

Further Reading

68 Autogenous Transfer of ICSI‐Derived Embryos

Introduction

Technique

Additional Comments

Further Reading

69 Palpation per Rectum of the Pregnant Reproductive Tract

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Additional Comments

Further Reading

70 Ultrasound Examination of the Pregnant Reproductive Tract

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation and Additional Comments

Further Reading

71 Speculum Examination of the Pregnant Mare

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Additional Comments: Potential Risks

Further Reading

72 Determination of Fetal Sex at 55–200 days

Introduction

Technique: 55–90 Days of Gestation

Technique: 90–150 Days of Gestation

Technique: After 150 Days of Gestation

Interpretation

Reference

Further Reading

73 Assessment of Late‐Term Fetal Well‐Being

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Reference

Further Reading

74 Combined Thickness of the Uterus and Placenta

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation and Additional Comments

Reference

Further Reading

75 Placentitis: Diagnosis and Treatment

Introduction

Diagnosis

Interpretation

Therapy for Placentitis

References

Further Reading

76 Doppler Ultrasonography

Introduction

Technique for Assessing a Pregnant Mare and Fetus

Technique for Assessing a Stallion

Technique for Assessing Ovaries

Further Reading

77 Prediction of Fetal Age

Introduction

Palpation Characteristics of the pregnant uterus

Embryo Characteristics

References

Further Reading

78 Twin Reduction: Manual Technique

Introduction

Technique

Additional Comments

Further Reading

79 Twin Reduction: Transvaginal Aspiration

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

80 Twin Reduction: Cranio‐Cervical Dislocation

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Advantages of CCD

Disadvantages of CCD

Further Reading

81 Twin Reduction: Thoracic Compression

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

82 Twin Reduction: Transabdominal Fetal Cardiac Puncture

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

83 Elective Termination of Pregnancy

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

84 Abortion Diagnostic Evaluation: Sample Collection in the Field and Submission

Introduction

Technique

Submission Protocols

Samples for Submission

Further Reading

85 Endocrine Evaluation of Pregnancy

Introduction

Hormonal Tests for Pregnancy

Additional Comments

Reference

Further Reading

86 Treatment of Vaginal Varicosities

Introduction

Technique for Endoscopic Examination

Technique for Laser Photocoagulation of Varicosities Using an Nd:YAG Laser

Interpretation

Reference

Further Reading

87 Manual Correction of Uterine Torsion

Introduction

Technique for Manual Rotation of the Uterus Through the Cervix

Technique for Rolling (“Plank in the Flank”)

Interpretation

Further Reading

88 Preparation for Foaling

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

89 Assessment of Mammary Gland Secretions to Predict Foaling

Introduction

Technique

Further Reading

90 Assessment of pH of Mammary Gland Secretions to Predict Foaling

Introduction

Technique

Additional Comments

Further Reading

91 Monitoring of Peri‐Parturient Mares Using Video and Web Cameras

Introduction

Wired Camera Systems

Wireless Camera Systems

Internet/Web‐Based Camera Systems

Interpretation

92 Foaling Alert: Vulvar Device

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

93 Positional Labor Alert Devices

Introduction

Halter Devices

Halter Device Technique

Girth Device Technique

Biometric Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

94 Induction of Parturition

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

95 Normal Foaling

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

96 Premature Separation of the Placenta

Introduction

Technique

Additional Comments

Further Reading

97 Dystocia Management

Introduction

Technique

Additional Comments

Further Reading

98 Dystocia Correction

Introduction

Technique

Further Reading

99 Fetotomy

Introduction

Fetotomy Instruments

Technique

Specific Fetotomy Cuts

Additional Comments

Further Reading

100 Epidural

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

101 Induction of Lactation to Create a Nurse Mare

Introduction

Technique

Additional Comments

Further Reading

102 Screening to Prevent Neonatal Isoerythrolysis

Introduction

Technique

Additional Comments

Further Reading

Part III: Postpartum Mare

103 Evaluation of Colostrum Specific Gravity

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

104 Evaluation of Colostrum Quality: Brix Refractometry

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation and Additional Comments

Further Reading

105 Colostrum Banking

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation and Additional Comments

Further Reading

106 Obtaining Milk from the Mare

Introduction

Hand Milking Technique

Milk Pump Technique

Additional Comments

Further Reading

107 Placental Evaluation

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation and Additional Comments

Further Reading

108 Removal of Retained Placenta

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

109 Abdominocentesis

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

110 Uterine Prolapse Treatment

Introduction

Immediate Prolapse Treatment

Technique for Replacing a Uterine Prolapse

Interpretation

Further Reading

111 Buhner Needle Placement of a Perivulvar Suture

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Part IV: Stallion

112 Breeding Soundness Evaluation

Introduction

Examination Technique

Interpretation and Additional Comments

113 Training the Stallion to Use a Phantom

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

114 Missouri Artificial Vagina

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

115 Colorado Model Artificial Vagina

Introduction

Technique for Assembly of the Colorado Model Artificial Vagina

Additional Comments

Further Reading

116 Roanoke Artificial Vagina

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

117 Hannover Artificial Vagina

Introduction

Technique

Additional Comments

References

118 Teaser Stallions

Introduction

Technique

Additional Comments

Further Reading

119 Standing Semen Collection

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

120 Collection of Semen Using an Open‐Ended Artificial Vagina

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

121 Chemical Ejaculation

Introduction

Technique

Additional Comments

Further Reading

122 Preparation of a Jump Mare or a Mare for Natural Cover

Introduction

Technique

Additional Comments

123 Washing the Penis

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

124 Evaluation of Sexual Behavior

Introduction

Evaluation of Sexual Behavior

Further Reading

125 Enhancement of Sexual Interest and Response

Introduction

General Health and Fitness

Housing and Breeding Environment

Handling for Breeding

Stimulus Mare

Endocrine Strategies for Boosting Stallion Sexual Interest and Arousal

Psychotropics/Anxiolytics

Further Reading

126 Management of Ejaculation Difficulty

Introduction

Handling for Breeding

Techniques for Enhancing Ejaculation

Pharmacological Aids

Ground Semen Collection

Additional Comments

Further Reading

127 Calibrated Spectrophotometer Evaluation of Sperm Concentration

Introduction

Technique Using a Cuvette

Technique Using a Microcuvette

Technique Using a Chip

Interpretation

Further Reading

128 Hemocytometer Evaluation of Sperm Concentration

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

129 NucleoCounter

®

Evaluation of Sperm Concentration and Viability

Introduction

Technique

Additional Comments

Further Reading

130 Visual Evaluation of Sperm Motility

Introduction

Technique

Additional Comments

Further Reading

131 Computer‐Assisted Sperm Analysis

Technique

Interpretation

Motility Estimation Method 1

Additional Comments

Further Reading

132 Eosin‐Nigrosin Staining in the Evaluation of Sperm

Introduction

Semen Staining Technique

Semen Smearing Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

133 Evaluation of Sperm Morphology

Introduction

Technique

Classification of Sperm Abnormalities

Abnormal Sperm Morphology

Interpretation

Additional Comments

Further Reading

134 Determination of Daily Sperm Output

Introduction

Technique

Additional Comments

Reference

Further Reading

135 Measurement of Testicular Size and Estimation of Daily Sperm Output

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Reference

Further Reading

136 Wet Mount Evaluation of Sperm

Introduction

Preparation of a Wet Mount

Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

Phase‐Contrast Microscopy

Interpretation

Further Reading

137 Diff‐Quik

®

Evaluation of Round Cells and Sperm

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

138 Electron Microscopy of Constituents of Seminal Ejaculates

Introduction

Technique

Additional Comments

References

139 Bacterial Culture

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

140 Evaluation of pH and Osmolarity of Semen

Introduction

Technique

Additional Comments

Further Reading

141 Alkaline Phosphatase: A Marker for Ejaculation

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Reference

Further Reading

142 Diagnosis and Management of Urospermia

Introduction

Testing for Urospermia

Technique for the Management of Urospermia

Interpretation

Further Reading

143 Hemospermia

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

144 Semen Extenders and Sperm Media

Semen Extenders

Sperm Media

References

Further Reading

145 Preparation of Semen for Cooled Transport

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Semen Extension Worksheet

Further Reading

146 Packing Semen for Cooled Transport

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

147 Longevity Testing of Sperm

Introduction

Technique

Further Reading

148 Calculation of g Force for Centrifuging Semen

Introduction

Technique

Reference

149 Centrifugation of Semen: Standard Technique

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

150 Centrifugation of Semen: Cushion Technique

Introduction

Technique

Additional Comments

Further Reading

151 Centrifugation of Semen: Selection of Motile Sperm Using a Single Layer Colloid Technique

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

152 Use of a SpermFilter

Introduction

Technique

Additional Comments

Further Reading

153 Semen Freezing

Introduction

Technique for Freezing Straws of Extended Semen

Additional Comments

Further Reading

154 Refreezing Semen

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

155 Thawing Frozen Semen

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

156 Semen Processing for Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection

Introduction

Sperm Processing Techniques

Final Sperm Preparation

Additional Comments

References

157 Preparing a Vapor Shipper

Introduction

Disinfection Technique

Filling Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

158 Loading a Vapor Shipper

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

159 Maintaining a Long‐Term Frozen Semen Storage Tank

Introduction

Technique

Additional Comments

Further Reading

160 International Transport of Frozen Semen

Introduction

Qualification as an Approved Semen Collection Center

Health Testing Requirements for Horses at the Collection Center

Semen Processing Requirements

Export Documentation

EU Approved Semen Collection Centers vs Semen Storage Centers

Additional Comments

161 Harvesting and Shipping Testes

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

162 Epididymal Sperm Recovery

Introduction

Technique

Alternative Seminal Plasma Processing

Interpretation

Further Reading

163 Endoscopic Examination of the Urethra

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Additional Comments

Further Reading

164 Endoscopic‐Guided Cannulation of the Seminal Vesicles

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

165 Palpation and Ultrasonography of the Testis, Epididymis, and Spermatic Cord

Introduction

Safety and Restraint

Technique

Interpretation

Additional Comments

Reference

Further Reading

166 Palpation and Ultrasonography of the Accessory Sex Glands

Introduction

Anatomy

Safety and Restraint

Technique

Interpretation

Pathology of the Accessory Sex Glands

Additional Comments

References

Further Reading

167 Radiographic Examination of the Penis

Introduction

Technique

Additional Comments

Further Reading

168 Testicular Biopsy and Aspiration

Introduction

Technique for an Incisional (Wedge) Biopsy

Technique for a Split Needle Biopsy

Technique for Fine Needle Aspiration

Interpretation

Reference

Further Reading

169 Assessment of Sperm Plasma Membrane Integrity and Viability: Propidium Iodide/SYBR‐14

Introduction

Stock Solutions

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

170 Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

171 Hypo‐Osmotic Swelling Test

Introduction

Technique

Additional Comments

Further Reading

172 Assessment of Sperm Acrosomal Status: PE‐PNA

Introduction

Stock Solutions

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

173 Assessment of Sperm Mitochondrial Function: JC‐1 and Rhodamine 123

Introduction

Stock Solutions

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

174 Equine Viral Arteritis Testing

Introduction

Technique

Treatment

Outcome and Prognosis

Prevention

Client Education

References

Further Reading

175 Diagnostic Endocrinology: Baseline Hormone Levels

Introduction

Technique

Additional Comments

Further Reading

176 Diagnostic Endocrinology: GnRH Stimulation Tests

Introduction

Technique

Additional Comments

Further Reading

177 Diagnostic Endocrinology: hCG Stimulation Test

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

178 Diagnostic Endocrinology: Estrogen Conjugate Assay

Introduction

Technique

Additional Comments

Further Reading

179 Diagnostic Tests for Cryptorchidism

Introduction

Technique

Further Reading

180 Probang Apparatus

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

181 Support Apparatus for Paraphimosis

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

182 Equine Castration Techniques

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Additional Comments

Further Reading

183 Stallion Acupuncture

Introduction

Technique

Additional Comments

Further Reading

Part V: Newborn Foal

184 Birth Resuscitation

Introduction

Birth Resuscitation Technique

Additional Comments

Further Reading

185 Handling and Restraint

Introduction

Technique

Imprint Training

Additional Comments

Further Reading

186 Madigan Foal Squeeze Technique

Introduction

Technique

Additional Comments

Further Reading

187 Evaluation of Passive Transfer

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation and Additional Comments

Further Reading

188 Colostral Administration via Naso‐Gastric Intubation

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

189 Sedation

Introduction

Restraint and Sedation

Additional Comments

Further Reading

190 Intravenous Catheter Placement

Introduction

Technique

Additional Comments

Further Reading

191 Plasma Therapy in the Foal

Introduction

Technique

Additional Comments

Further Reading

192 Acupuncture in the Neonate

Introduction

Technique

Additional Comments

Further Reading

193 Routine Care

Introduction

“A‐B‐C Guidelines”

Rupture of the Umbilical Cord and Umbilical Care

Nursing and Ingestion of Colostrum

Passage of Meconium and Meconium Impaction

“1–2–3 Rule”

Antibiotics

Plasma Therapy

Testing for Passive Transfer of Antibodies

Additional Comments

Further Reading

194 Foal Rejection

Introduction

Technique

Additional Comments

Further Reading

195 Fostering a Foal onto a Nurse Mare

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

196 Entropion

Introduction

Penicillin Bleb Technique

Suture Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

197 Umbilical Ultrasound

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Further Reading

198 Management of Soft Tissue Laxity

Introduction

Technique

Additional Comments

Further Reading

199 Management of Angular Limb Deformities

Introduction

Technique

Further Reading

200 Management of Congenital Flexural Limb Deformities

Introduction

Technique

Additional Comments

Further Reading

Part VI: Appendices

Appendix A: Society for Theriogenology Stallion Reproductive Evaluation Form

Appendix B: Mare Breeding Soundness Evaluation Form

Appendix C: Formulary for Equine Reproduction

Hormones

Intrauterine Therapy

Uterine Lavage and Infusion

Systemic Antibiotics

Systemic Antifungal Agents

Miscellaneous Medications

Appendix D: Foaling Kit and Associated Equipment and Supplies

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1 Diagnostic tests that may be performed in addition to the standard ...

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 Abbreviations for responses of a mare to a stallion (i.e., teasing ...

Chapter 8

Table 8.1 A scoring system used to evaluate uterine edema in mares.

Table 8.2 Classification of uterine fluid volume.

Table 8.3 Classification of the echogenic character of uterine fluid.

Chapter 9

Table 9.1 Average diameter of pre‐ovulatory follicles in various mare breeds.

Table 9.2 Interval from prostaglandin F

2α

(PGF) administration to sponta...

Chapter 14

Table 14.1 Agar used in the culture of microbial organisms.

Table 14.2 Culture characteristics for common microbial organisms associated ...

Chapter 16

Table 16.1 Interpretation of qPCR results relative to degree of infection in ...

Chapter 17

Table 17.1 Description of the number of neutrophils per hpf with correspondin...

Chapter 19

Table 19.1 Expected foaling rates of mares according to endometrial biopsy gr...

Chapter 22

Table 22.1 Horse clinical cytogenetics service laboratories in different coun...

Chapter 23

Table 23.1 Granulosa cell tumor (GCT) diagnostic panel of hormone reference r...

Chapter 36

Table 36.1 Antibiotics for intrauterine therapy.

Table 36.2 Systemic antibiotics.

Chapter 37

Table 37.1 Antibiotic and non‐antibiotic combinations for the treatment of bi...

Chapter 39

Table 39.1 The 12 organs/meridians of Chinese medicine.

Chapter 56

Table 56.1 Medications and dosage regimens that have been used in the managem...

Chapter 57

Table 57.1 Comparison of hCG and deslorelin for the induction of ovulation in...

Table 57.2 Interval from prostaglandin F

2α

(PGF

2α

) administration t...

Chapter 63

Table 63.1 Embryo grade assignment based on a four‐point system.

Chapter 69

Table 69.1 Characteristics of the equine pregnancy found on rectal palpation ...

Chapter 70

Table 70.1 Schedule of potential ultrasonographic examinations in the early p...

Chapter 75

Table 75.1 Normal values for ultrasound measurement of the combined thickness...

Table 75.2 Common therapies administered to pregnant mares.

Chapter 77

Table 77.1 The relationship between eye length and days before parturition fo...

Table 77.2 Relationship between eye length and days of gestation for light ho...

Chapter 85

Table 85.1 Endocrine tests for pregnancy diagnosis in the mare.

Chapter 94

Table 94.1 Dosage protocols for the administration of oxytocin to induce labo...

Chapter 95

Table 95.1 Relative timeline of events leading up to, during, and after norma...

Chapter 97

Table 97.1 Common causes of dystocia in mares arranged by degree of difficult...

Chapter 103

Table 103.1 Relationship between colostrum quality, IgG concentration measure...

Chapter 104

Table 104.1 Relationship between colostrum quality, IgG concentration measure...

Chapter 105

Table 105.1 Comparison of the Brix refractometer score and specific gravity o...

Chapter 112

Table 112.1 Diagnostic tests that may be performed in addition to the standar...

Chapter 130

Table 130.1 Volume of semen extender to add to a standard volume of raw semen...

Chapter 141

Table 141.1 Alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity in pre‐seminal fluid and semen...

Table 141.2 Recommended guidelines to interpret alkaline phosphatase (AP) lev...

Chapter 142

Table 142.1 Semen characteristics of a stallion’s ejaculate with urospermia a...

Chapter 144

Table 144.1 Commercial stallion semen extenders for cooled storage of stallio...

Table 144.2 Ingredients for skim milk glucose semen extender.

Table 144.3 Ingredients for sperm TALP.

Table 144.4 Ingredients for SMED.

Chapter 150

Table 150.1 Iodixanol‐based cushions for the centrifugation of equine semen.

Chapter 169

Table 169.1 Fluorescent dyes to detect spermatozoal viability. The dyes are e...

Chapter 170

Table 170.1 The levels of %COMP

αt

associated with different levels of fe...

Chapter 177

Table 177.1 Plasma testosterone concentrations in 10 normal stallions prior t...

Table 177.2 Testosterone concentration prior to and 1 hour after administrati...

Chapter 179

Table 179.1 Concentrations of anti‐Müllerian hormone (AMH) in serum or plasma...

Table 179.2 Testosterone levels in intact stallions, cryptorchid stallions, a...

Table 179.3 Concentrations of estrone sulfate in serum or plasma of geldings,...

Chapter 187

Table 187.1 Antibody levels in foals with adequate passive transfer and failu...

Table 187.2 Screening tests for failure of passive transfer in foals.

Chapter 189

Table 189.1 Drug, route, dose, and indications for commonly used sedatives in...

Chapter 191

Table 191.1 Example of interpretation using the SNAP test and treatment indic...

Table 191.2 Commercial sources of plasma licensed for IV treatment of failure...

Chapter 197

Table 197.1 Umbilical structures or remnants visible on ultrasound examinatio...

Chapter 199

Table 199.1 Rapid growth period and physeal closure time for commonly affecte...

Table 199.2 Examples of locations for trimming and extensions in common cases...

List of Illustrations

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Mare in estrus (i.e., teasing in heat). Note the base‐wide stance...

Figure 2.2 Mare in diestrus (i.e., out of heat) on far side of teasing wall....

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Gauze tail wrap with tail hairs flipped up to prevent sliding of ...

Figure 3.2 Gauze tail wrap twisted 360 degrees on the dorsum of the tail whi...

Figure 3.3 Elastic tail wrap encompassing the entire tail.

Figure 3.4 Tail wrap tied to the mare with quick release knots.

Figure 3.5 Tail wrap using a sock and secured with medical tape.

Figure 3.6 Tail wrap using a plastic bag and secured with rubber tubing and ...

Figure 3.7 Wrapped tail held out of the way using an elastic cord.

Figure 3.8 Bucket with liner to provide clean water for washing mares. All m...

Figure 3.9 Bucket with liner closed to prevent dirt from contaminating water...

Figure 3.10 Washing the perineum with a gloved hand.

Figure 3.11 Rinsing the perineum with a gloved hand and a gentle shower spra...

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 The running end of the rope (short end) is laid across the tail h...

Figure 4.2 The tail hairs are flipped upward and over the rope.

Figure 4.3 The running end of the rope is passed under the tail and over the...

Figure 4.4 A bight (loop) from the running end of the rope is tucked under t...

Figure 4.5 The standing part of the rope (longer end) is pulled to tighten t...

Figure 4.6 The standing part of the rope is passed over the mare’ back to he...

Figure 4.7 The mare’s wrapped tail is encompassed by a stretchy cord such as...

Figure 4.8 The bungee cord is hooked to a loop of twine attached to the stoc...

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Normal conformation with two thirds of the vulvar opening lying b...

Figure 5.2 Mare with a purulent vaginal discharge and dried discharge on the...

Figure 5.3 Normal chalky white discharge on the ventral labia from urination...

Figure 5.4 Mare with a positive Windsucker test. The arrow points at the ope...

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 A thick hymen grasped with sponge forceps. A small hole was creat...

Figure 6.2 The incision is enlarged with Metzenbaum scissors and a circular ...

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 Palpation of the ovary (white arrow) as it is trapped against the...

Figure 7.2 Manual palpation of a large follicle (arrow) within an ovary.

Figure 7.3 Corpus hemorrhagicum (arrow) within an ovary. Reproduced with per...

Figure 7.4 Corpus luteum (arrow) within an ovary.

Figure 7.5 Parovarian cyst (arrow) adjacent to an ovary.

Figure 7.6 Palpation of the uterine horn using a cupped‐hand technique. Note...

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Technique for ultrasound examination of the mare reproductive tra...

Figure 8.2 Ovarian follicles. The larger follicle is developing a thickened ...

Figure 8.3 Corpus hemorrhagicum (arrow). The interior of the former follicul...

Figure 8.4 Mature corpus luteum (arrow) consisting of a solid structure of u...

Figure 8.5 Regressing corpus luteum (arrow).

Figure 8.6 Hemorrhagic anovulatory follicle. The distinguishing feature was ...

Figure 8.7 Echogenic strands within a follicular lumen early in the progress...

Figure 8.8 A pair of luteinized anovulatory follicles.

Figure 8.9 Parovarian cyst. The cystic structure (arrow) is adjacent to the ...

Figure 8.10 Granulosa cell tumor consisting of multiple cysts within an enla...

Figure 8.11 Normal ovary contralateral to the ovary with a granulosa cell tu...

Figure 8.12 Echogenic fluid within the uterine lumen (arrow).

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 Pattern of endometrial edema relative to ovulation.

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 Use of a glass vaginal speculum.

Figure 10.2 Inserting a tri‐valve Polansky (Caslick) speculum.

Figure 10.3 Turning the wing nut to open the tri‐valve Polansky (Caslick) sp...

Figure 10.4 Discharge through the external os of the cervix in a mare with a...

Figure 10.5 Urine in the cranial vaginal vault.

Figure 10.6 Adhesions covering the cervix of a mare secondary to a dystocia....

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 Kalayjian swab in the open position.

Figure 12.2 McCullough swab in the open position.

Figure 12.3 Uterine brush in the open position.

Figure 12.4 Tip of a uterine culture instrument broken off in the uterine lu...

Figure 12.5 Transport device for uterine cultures.

Chapter 13

Figure 13.1 Pattern of bacterial streaking on a Mueller Hinton II agar plate...

Figure 13.2 Antimicrobial susceptibility test. This bacterial organism was s...

Chapter 14

Figure 14.1 Inoculation of a streak plate for cultivation of microbial organ...

Figure 14.2 Culture of

Streptococcus equi

subspecies

zooepidemicus

on a quad...

Figure 14.3 Culture of

Escherichia coli

on a quad plate with TSA with 5% she...

Figure 14.4 Culture of

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

on a quad plate with TSA with ...

Figure 14.5 Culture of

Klebsiella pneumoniae

on a quad plate with TSA with 5...

Chapter 15

Figure 15.1 Gram‐positive cocci in chains (

Streptococcus equi

subspecies

zoo

...

Figure 15.2

Gram‐negative rods (

Escherichia coli).

Chapter 16

Figure 16.1 Example of an amplification curve detecting fungal DNA in a clin...

Chapter 17

Figure 17.1 Ciliated tall columnar epithelial cells normally found in non‐in...

Figure 17.2 A raft of normal endometrial epithelial cells in an equine uteri...

Figure 17.3 Inflammatory uterine cytology with quiescent macrophage (large a...

Figure 17.4 A lymphocyte (arrow) in a uterine cytology sample.

Figure 17.5 A pair of macrophages (solid arrows) in a uterine cytology sampl...

Figure 17.6 An eosinophil (arrow) in a uterine cytology sample along with ne...

Figure 17.7 Chains of cocci (arrow) in a uterine cytology sample collected f...

Figure 17.8 Gram‐negative rods (arrow) in a uterine cytology sample collecte...

Figure 17.9 Yeast organisms

(Candida albicans)

(arrow) in a uterine cytology...

Figure 17.10

Aspergillus fumigatus

organisms in a mare with fungal endometri...

Figure 17.11 Yeast (large arrow) and hyphae (small arrow) with neutrophils i...

Chapter 18

Figure 18.1 Low volume lavage supplies, including a uterine catheter, single...

Figure 18.2 Infusion of sterile saline into the uterus by gravity flow for l...

Figure 18.3 Recovery of fluid from the uterus during a low volume lavage pro...

Chapter 19

Figure 19.1 Endometrial biopsy instrument passed into the uterus of the mare...

Figure 19.2 Endometrial biopsy from a mare with endometritis. Note the lymph...

Figure 19.3 Endometrial biopsy (grade III) from a mare with severe fibrosis....

Figure 19.4 Biofilm (bracket) adhered to the endometrial surface of a mare w...

Chapter 20

Figure 20.1 Intrauterine adhesions in a mare viewed through an endoscope.

Figure 20.2 Endometrial cups viewed through an endoscope in a mare that lost...

Figure 20.3 Normal mare’s cervix viewed by endoscopy.

Figure 20.4 Hysteroscopic view of a normal mare’s uterine bifurcation.

Figure 20.5 Hysteroscopic view of a normal mare’s uterine horn.

Figure 20.6 Hysteroscopic view of a normal mare’s utero‐tubal papilla (arrow...

Figure 20.7 Marble within the uterine lumen viewed by an endoscope.

Figure 20.8 Tip of a uterine culture instrument in the uterine lumen viewed ...

Chapter 21

Figure 21.1 Two ultrasound images of endometrial cysts of 2.5 and 2.6 cm dia...

Figure 21.2 Lymphatic cysts removed using a snare. The snare is to the right...

Figure 21.3 Uterine cyst viewed through a videoendoscope.

Chapter 22

Figure 22.1 A semiconfluent horse fibroblast cell culture showing many divid...

Figure 22.2 A G‐banded metaphase spread of a normal male horse; magnificatio...

Figure 22.3 G‐banded chromosomes of a normal male horse arranged into a kary...

Figure 22.4 A C‐banded metaphase spread of a male horse; distinct C‐bands of...

Figure 22.5 Fluorescence

in situ

hybridization (FISH) (a) with horse X chrom...

Chapter 24

Figure 24.1 Sites for insertion of trocars (arrows) in the paralumbar fossa ...

Figure 24.2 Collection of an ovarian biopsy.

Figure 24.3 Removal of an ovarian biopsy sample.

Chapter 25

Figure 25.1 Mammary gland of a mare. Note the two teat orifices visible on t...

Figure 25.2 Enlargement of the right rear quarter of a mare secondary to mas...

Figure 25.3 Edema cranial to the udder in a mare with mastitis.

Figure 25.4 Enlargement of the entire udder in a mare with galactorrhea seco...

Figure 25.5 Thick inflammatory fluid expressed from the udder of a mare with...

Figure 25.6 Cytologic evaluation of mammary fluid from a mare with mastitis....

Chapter 29

Figure 29.1 Landmarks for instrument portals: 1 is the laparoscopic portal; ...

Chapter 30

Figure 30.1 Application of PGE

2

gel (small arrow) onto surface of the oviduc...

Chapter 32

Figure 32.1 Hysteroscopic view of hydrotubation of the uterine tubes. The gu...

Figure 32.2 Hysteroscopic view of the hydrotubation procedure with the cathe...

Chapter 33

Figure 33.1 Self‐contained transvaginal ultrasound probe (a), custom modifie...

Figure 33.2 Biopsy device tip with sample notch exposed (arrows) revealing a...

Chapter 34

Figure 34.1 Lavage solution hung next to a mare with the uterine lavage tubi...

Figure 34.2 Double‐ended “Christmas tree” adapter attached to the uterine la...

Figure 34.3 Inflated air cuff on the end of the uterine lavage tubing.

Figure 34.4 Uterine lavage of a mare post‐breeding with “Y” tubing. The lava...

Figure 34.5 Cloudy uterine lavage return solution.

Chapter 35

Figure 35.1 Intrauterine ends of various types of pipettes. From left to rig...

Figure 35.2 Ends of pipettes to which a syringe is attached. From left to ri...

Chapter 38

Figure 38.1 Diagnostic and treatment protocol for the use of bActivate.

Chapter 40

Figure 40.1 Rope wrapped around the pastern and forearm. The free ends of th...

Figure 40.2 Rope wrapped around the pastern and forearm. One end is tied to ...

Figure 40.3 Mare with hobbles and tail wrap in preparation for breeding.

Chapter 41

Figure 41.1 Stallion (left) gathering his harem of mares.

Figure 41.2 Stallion mating a mare with a foal at her side. The mare was par...

Chapter 42

Figure 42.1 Evaluation of a mare for live‐cover breeding using a teaser stal...

Figure 42.2 Mare wearing a neck apron and kick boots while restrained with a...

Figure 42.3 Live cover of a mare by a stallion.

Chapter 43

Figure 43.1 Schematic of a breeding stitch (arrow) encircling a region just ...

Figure 43.2 Breeding stitch (arrow) just placed in a Thoroughbred mare after...

Chapter 45

Figure 45.1 Placement of an insemination pipette into the hand for placement...

Figure 45.2 External cervical os. The cervical canal is located in the cente...

Figure 45.3 Introduction of an artificial insemination pipette along the ind...

Figure 45.4 Vertical orientation of the syringe during insemination to allow...

Chapter 46

Figure 46.1 Viewing the cervix through a disposable speculum during insemina...

Figure 46.2 Position of the speculum prior to passage of the insemination pi...

Chapter 47

Figure 47.1 End of the stylet that will be inserted into the straw inside th...

Figure 47.2 The cone on the stylet shaft that will catch the semen straw. Up...

Figure 47.3 Semen remaining in the syringe if semen is drawn into the syring...

Chapter 48

Figure 48.1 Bending of an artificial insemination pipette after removing fro...

Figure 48.2 Bend that remains in the pipette after curling. This bend aids i...

Chapter 49

Figure 49.1 Catheter used to deposit semen on the utero‐tubular junction. Th...

Figure 49.2 Uterine bifurcation as viewed through a videoendoscope.

Figure 49.3 A dilated uterine horn as viewed through a videoendoscope.

Figure 49.4 Utero‐tubal junction (arrow) viewed through a videoendoscope.

Chapter 50

Figure 50.1 A sterile controlled flushing set is spiked into a pre‐warmed ba...

Figure 50.2 Positioning the TVA handle encasing the ultrasound probe per vag...

Figure 50.3 (a) Lab equipment (dissecting microscope with heated stage, 150 ...

Figure 50.4 Pre‐warmed 75 μm embryo filtration cup with contents of immature...

Figure 50.5 (a) Image of maturing oocyte recovered from a hormone‐stimulated...

Chapter 51

Figure 51.1 Two examples of isothermic containers utilized for shipment of o...

Chapter 52

Figure 52.1 Equine oocyte held in place with suction from a holding pipette ...

Chapter 53

Figure 53.1 Grasping the dorsal commissure of the vulva in preparation for s...

Figure 53.2 Placement of skin staples in the vulvar labia for staple vulvopl...

Figure 53.3 Finished temporary vulvoplasty.

Figure 53.4 Trimming mucosa from the inner labia.

Figure 53.5 Suturing the labia together.

Figure 53.6 Placement of fingers for the removal of the vulvoplasty.

Figure 53.7 Cutting the co‐joined mucosa to remove the vulvoplasty.

Chapter 54

Figure 54.1 Culture of the central clitoral sinus using an ultrafine culture...

Figure 54.2 Culture of the clitoral fossa.

Figure 54.3 Flushing the central clitoral fossa using a curved tip syringe....

Figure 54.4 Packing the clitoris with 0.2% nitrofurazone antibiotic ointment...

Figure 54.5 Culture locations on the distal penis: urethral sinus (thin arro...

Chapter 55

Figure 55.1 Mare in box stall with a fluorescent light overhead.

Figure 55.2 Mare wearing a mask emitting a blue light into one eye.

Chapter 57

Figure 57.1 Insertion of an Ovuplant™ implant (arrow) in the vulvar mucosa....

Chapter 59

Figure 59.1 Unsterilized 35 mm glass ball.

Figure 59.2 Ultrasound image of an intrauterine glass ball. The arrow points...

Figure 59.3 Disassembled iUPOD

TM

applicator: outer tube (A), applicator plun...

Figure 59.4 Disassembled iUPOD

TM

magnetic retriever and applicator: applicat...

Figure 59.5 Ultrasound image of an iUPOD

TM

(arrow) in the uterus. Note the a...

Figure 59.6 Ultrasound image of a 16‐day embryonic vesicle (black arrow) adj...

Chapter 61

Figure 61.1 Ovaries (small arrow) in a plastic bag are placed into the cente...

Chapter 62

Figure 62.1 Non‐surgical embryo collection procedure.

Figure 62.2 Embryo collection setup. The media bag is connected by “Y” tubin...

Figure 62.3 Flush media passing through an embryo filter (open system).

Figure 62.4 Flush media passing through an embryo filter (closed system).

Figure 62.5 Straw (0.25 ml), connector and 1.0 ml syringe for handling small...

Figure 62.6 Petri dish (35 mm) with holding medium (left side). Washing an e...

Chapter 63

Figure 63.1 Morula stage embryo (grade 1). Note the thick zona pellucida and...

Figure 63.2 Early blastocyst stage embryo (grade 1). Note the thinner zona p...

Figure 63.3 Blastocyst stage embryo (grade 1). Note the thin zona pellucida,...

Figure 63.4 Expanded blastocyst stage embryo (grade 1). The zona pellucida h...

Figure 63.5 Unfertilized oocytes. Note the thick zona pellucida and lack of ...

Figure 63.6 Grade 2 early blastocyst stage embryo. Note the extruded blastom...

Figure 63.7 Measurement of embryo diameter using an eye piece micrometer.

Chapter 64

Figure 64.1 Aspiration biopsy of an equine blastocyst embryo.

Chapter 65

Figure 65.1 Left to right, 50 ml conical tube, 5 ml vial, and Parafilm® for ...

Figure 65.2 Sealing the 5 ml vial with Parafilm®. Pull the Parafilm® so that...

Figure 65.3 Placing the small 5 ml vial containing the embryo inside the lar...

Figure 65.4

The

50 ml conical tube sealed with Parafilm® with a sealed 5 ml t...

Figure 65.5 Loading the 50 ml conical tube into a passive cooling system for...

Chapter 66

Figure 66.1 Petri dish prepared for vitrification of an embryo. VS1, solutio...

Figure 66.2 Thermos with a cane holding a goblet with the top suspended abov...

Figure 66.3 Straw placed into a goblet that is suspended above liquid nitrog...

Figure 66.4 Embryo plunged into liquid nitrogen.

Chapter 67

Figure 67.1 Embryo in a column of holding medium (large arrow) inside a 0.25...

Chapter 68

Figure 68.1 A filly successfully born from an

in vitro

produced embryo trans...

Figure 68.2 A mature oocyte from an autotransfer donor undergoing the ICSI p...

Figure 68.3 A 14‐day embryonic vesicle (yellow dotted circle) (a) following ...

Chapter 69

Figure 69.1 Palpation of a uterine specimen demonstrating the technique for ...

Chapter 70

Figure 70.1 Ultrasonographic image of a 12‐day pregnancy.

Figure 70.2 Ultrasonographic image of a 16‐day pregnancy.

Figure 70.3 Ultrasonographic image of a 25‐day pregnancy.

Figure 70.4 Ultrasonographic image of a 35‐day pregnancy.

Figure 70.5 Ultrasonographic image of twin pregnancies, with the embryonic v...

Figure 70.6 Ultrasonographic image of twin pregnancies, with the embryos tou...

Figure 70.7 Ultrasonographic image of a 25‐day pregnancy examination showing...

Figure 70.8 Ultrasonographic image of a 25‐day pregnancy (arrow) and adjacen...

Figure 70.9 Ultrasonographic image of an empty trophoblastic vesicle 28 days...

Figure 70.10 Ultrasonographic image of multiple supplementary (accessory) co...

Chapter 71

Figure 71.1 Cervix of a pregnant mare viewed through a speculum (day 45 of g...

Chapter 72

Figure 72.1 Location and appearance of the genital tubercle (arrow) in a mal...

Figure 72.2 Location and appearance of the genital tubercle (arrow) in a fem...

Figure 72.3 Directions of ultrasound imaging for fetal sexing (planes I, II,...

Figure 72.4 Genital tubercle (arrows) of a 68‐day‐old male equine fetus in p...

Figure 72.5 (a–c) Genital tubercle (arrows) of a 65‐day‐old female equine fe...

Figure 72.6 Ultrasound image of an equine fetus in plane III at day 100 of g...

Figure 72.7 Ultrasound image of a male equine fetus in plane II at 95 days o...

Figure 72.8 Female equine fetus at 112 days of gestation showing the hyperec...

Figure 72.9 Ultrasound image of a female equine fetus at 125 days of gestati...

Figure 72.10 Ultrasound image of a mammary gland (red arrow) and teats (blue...

Figure 72.11 Ultrasound image of the mammary gland of a female equine fetus ...

Figure 72.12 Glans penis (blue arrow) within the prepuce of a male equine fe...

Figure 72.13 Gonads (testes) of a male equine fetus at 130 days of gestation...

Figure 72.14 Gonads (ovaries) of a female equine fetus.

Chapter 73

Figure 73.1 Portable pump sprayer for application of alcohol prior to ultras...

Figure 73.2 Transabdominal ultrasonography of a late‐term pregnant mare.

Figure 73.3 Transrectal ultrasonography of placental edema in a near‐term no...

Chapter 74

Figure 74.1 Color Doppler ultrasound image demonstrating the uterine branch ...

Figure 74.2 Ultrasound measurement of the combined thickness of the uterus a...

Figure 74.3 Average combined thickness of the uterus and placenta in normal ...

Figure 74.4 Ultrasound image of a placenta exhibiting increased thickness an...

Figure 74.5 Ultrasound image showing separation (arrows) of the chorioallant...

Chapter 75

Figure 75.1 Milk secretions in a mare with precocious mammary development.

Figure 75.2 A late‐term mare with purulent vaginal discharge.

Figure 75.3 A late‐term mare with purulent discharge in the ventral tail hai...

Figure 75.4 Measurement of the combined thickness of the uterus and placenta...

Figure 75.5 An area of separation of the chorioallantois from the uterine wa...

Chapter 76

Figure 76.1 Pulsed Doppler used to obtain the heart rate during a transabdom...

Figure 76.2 Color Doppler image of the cranial cervix and caudal uterus obta...

Figure 76.3 (a) Upper transabdominal image demonstrating potential placental...

Chapter 77

Figure 77.1 A graph of the maximum height (mm) of the embryonic vesicle vers...

Figure 77.2 Aortic root diameter measurement of 22 mm in a mare 10 months’ p...

Figure 77.3 Per rectum measurement of fetal eye diameter showing a vertical ...

Chapter 78

Figure 78.1 Two embryonic vesicles at 12 days post‐ovulation located in clos...

Figure 78.2 Irregular 14‐day embryonic vesicle just after manual disruption....

Figure 78.3 Two embryos adjacent to each other prior to separation and reduc...

Chapter 79

Figure 79.1 Hand, uterus, and transvaginal probe orientation for aspiration....

Figure 79.2 Needle extended from the needle guide (small arrow). Needle exte...

Chapter 80

Figure 80.1 Position of fingers for side to side manipulation for the disrup...

Figure 80.2 Position of fingers to cause dislocation of the cranium from the...

Figure 80.3 Placenta from a mare after cranio‐cervical dislocation to elimin...

Chapter 81

Figure 81.1 (a) Static image captured from a transrectal ultrasound video sh...

Chapter 82

Figure 82.1 Ultrasound needle guide made with a shortened 14 gauge catheter ...

Figure 82.2 Transabdominal fetal cardiac puncture. The light white line depi...

Figure 82.3 (a) Heart chambers (black arrows) filled with hyperechoic penici...

Chapter 84

Figure 84.1 Abortion due to a twin pregnancy.

Figure 84.2 Twisted umbilical cord as a cause of abortion in a mare. Note ed...

Chapter 85

Figure 85.1 Reproductive physiology of the pregnant mare. CL, corpus luteum;...

Figure 85.2 Concentrations of equine chorionic gonadotropin (pregnant mare s...

Chapter 86

Figure 86.1 Mare with numerous varicose veins (arrows) near the vestibulo‐va...

Figure 86.2 Mare with numerous varicose veins in the inner aspect of the ves...

Figure 86.3 Laser endoscopic ablation of varicose veins surrounding the vest...

Figure 86.4 The same mare shown in Figures 86.3 and 86.4, 1.5 years after la...

Chapter 87

Figure 87.1 Palpation of the mare once recumbent to reorientate the location...

Figure 87.2 Start of the rolling procedure with one or two people standing o...

Figure 87.3 Rolling of the mare from right lateral recumbency to left latera...

Chapter 88

Figure 88.1 Two fingers placed inside the vulva to separate the labia in pre...

Figure 88.2 Metzenbaum scissors can be used to open a Caslick vulvoplasty.

Figure 88.3 Final milk calcium levels in 120 mares prior to foaling.

Figure 88.4 Relationship between the number of foalings and time of day. Mos...

Chapter 89

Figure 89.1 Collection of mammary secretions.

Figure 89.2 Titration instrument immersed in milk with dye. Gentle pushing o...

Figure 89.3 Milk calcium content of 125 ppm using a milk titration test kit....

Figure 89.4 Milk titration test kit results from a mare over 11 days startin...

Figure 89.5 Dipping a test strip into a glass vial of diluted milk to evalua...

Figure 89.6 All five boxes have changed color (upper strip) indicating a hig...

Chapter 90

Figure 90.1 pH indicator strips (range 5.5 to 8.0) that may be used to deter...

Figure 90.2 pH meter being used to determine the pH of a milk sample.

Figure 90.3 Comparison of pH and calcium carbonate levels in the mammary flu...

Chapter 91

Figure 91.1 Hard‐wired black and white camera monitoring a foaling stall.

Figure 91.2 Web‐cam on a foaling stall as viewed on a smart phone.

Figure 91.3 Mounted video camera.

Chapter 92

Figure 92.1 Base receiver (left) and auto dialer (right) along with blue and...

Figure 92.2 Foalert

®

device in a mare at 300 days’ gestation with a pur...

Figure 92.3 Foalert

®

device; the pregnant mare partially rubbed out the...

Chapter 93

Figure 93.1 Breeder Alert

®

system with a main unit and autodialer, repe...

Figure 93.2 Mare wearing a Breeder Alert

®

transmitter (arrow).

Figure 93.3 Breeder Alert

®

transmitter.

Chapter 94

Figure 94.1 Mare lifting her tail after the administration of oxytocin to in...

Figure 94.2 Mare sweating after the administration of oxytocin to induce lab...

Figure 94.3 Mare in stage 2 of parturition with the amnion presented at the ...

Chapter 95

Figure 95.1 Ventral edema plaque in a later term pregnant mare.

Figure 95.2 Mare in stage 1 of labor. Note the extended stance and steam ris...

Figure 95.3 Mare in stage 1 labor. The mare is flagging her tail up and down...

Figure 95.4 Mare in stage 2 of parturition with the amnion presented at the ...

Figure 95.5 Mare in stage 2 labor. The first foot appears covered by amnion....

Figure 95.6 Mare in stage 2 labor. The foal’s right front foot (small black ...

Figure 95.7 Mare in stage 2 labor. (a) The foal’s nose is about even with th...

Figure 95.8 Mare in stage 2 labor. Note that the foal’s chest has passed the...

Figure 95.9 Mare in stage 2 labor. The foal is completely delivered with the...

Chapter 96

Figure 96.1 Amnion protruding through the vulva during a normal foaling.

Figure 96.2 Intact chorioallantoic membrane protruding through the vulva, in...

Figure 96.3 Another example of premature placental separation. The brick‐red...

Figure 96.4 Ultrasound showing slight separation of the chorioallantoic memb...

Figure 96.5 Ultrasound showing massive separation of the chorioallantoic mem...

Chapter 97

Figure 97.1 Premature placental separation (“red bag”) with the intact chori...

Figure 97.2 Applying traction to a fetus in a mare exhibiting uterine inerti...

Figure 97.3 Elevation of the hind end of a mare to facilitate examination an...

Chapter 98

Figure 98.1 Elbow lock. Note the retained right front leg of the foal with t...

Figure 98.2 Grasping the foal by the orbital rims using the thumb and middle...

Figure 98.3 Grasping the foal by the nostrils using the thumb and middle fin...

Figure 98.4 Grasping the inter‐mandibular space behind the incisors to hold ...

Figure 98.5 Proper placement of a head snare over the poll, behind the ears,...

Figure 98.6 Placement of a snare over the lower jaw.

Figure 98.7 Congenital contracted tendons leading to dystocia in a mare.

Figure 98.8 Retention of both fore limbs in an equine dystocia.

Chapter 99

Figure 99.1 Fetotomy equipment: A, Krey hook; B, dystocia chains; C, obstetr...

Figure 99.2 Head of a fetotome demonstrating a loop of fetotomy wire passed ...

Figure 99.3 Handle end of the fetotome with a wire threader pulling the feto...

Figure 99.4 Curved wire introducer. This model has a weighted head that scre...

Figure 99.5 Wire handles in a closed position holding a fetotomy wire in bet...

Figure 99.6 Embryotomy knife held in an open position. The thumb would be pl...

Figure 99.7 Krey hook in an open position with an obstetrical chain attached...

Figure 99.8 Placement of the fetotome for removal of the head and neck. The ...

Figure 99.9 Fetotomy cut through the mid‐carpal region.

Figure 99.10 Fetotomy cut through the mid‐tarsal region.

Figure 99.11 Placement of the fetotome for removal of the front limb. The he...

Figure 99.12 Placement of the fetotome for removal of a hind limb. The head ...

Chapter 100

Figure 100.1 Location for the placement of an epidural. While raising and lo...

Figure 100.2 Hanging drop technique – notice the drop in the hub of the need...

Figure 100.3 Administration of the epidural.

Chapter 101

Figure 101.1 A hand‐held manual milking device for mares (Ultimate Ez Milker...

Chapter 102

Figure 102.1 Foal wearing a muzzle to prevent nursing. The mare was positive...

Chapter 103

Figure 103.1 Components of the colostrometer design 1. The arrow is pointing...

Figure 103.2 Floating the colostrometer design 1 inside a graduated cylinder...

Figure 103.3 Reading the specific gravity of the colostrum using the colostr...

Figure 103.4 Colostrometer design 2 floating in a graduated cylinder full of...

Figure 103.5 Detailed view of the colostrometer design 2 floating in distill...

Chapter 104

Figure 104.1 Brix refractometer.

Figure 104.2 Placing a drop of colostrum on the prism of a Brix refractomete...

Figure 104.3 View through the refractometer. The Brix score for this colostr...

Chapter 105

Figure 105.1 Manual collection of colostrum into a plastic measuring cup. No...

Figure 105.2 Collection of colostrum using an inverted 60 ml syringe.

Figure 105.3 Straining colostrum through a cotton gauze filter.

Chapter 106

Figure 106.1 Hand milking a mare.

Figure 106.2 Use of a hand‐made milk pump.

Figure 106.3 A hand‐held manual milking device for mares (Ultimate Ez Milker...

Chapter 107

Figure 107.1 Placenta with the chorionic surface visible. A hippomane (arrow...

Figure 107.2 Placenta with the allantoic surface visible.

Figure 107.3 Close‐up showing the difference in thickness between the “pregn...

Figure 107.4 Equine placenta in which the entire “non‐pregnant” horn (upper ...

Figure 107.5 Cervical star area of the chorionic surface.

Figure 107.6 Allantoic pouches from an equine placenta.

Figure 107.7 Amnionic plaques from an equine placenta.

Figure 107.8 Twisted umbilical cord from an aborted fetus.

Figure 107.9 An ossified yolk sac remnant (arrow) from an equine placenta.

Figure 107.10 Infected region of the chorionic surface in a mare with ascend...

Figure 107.11 Placenta inflated with water.

Chapter 108

Figure 108.1 Most of the chorioallantois can be delivered from the uterus wi...

Figure 108.2 ‘Burns technique’ – pumping water into the allantoic cavity of ...

Figure 108.3 Stallion catheter, hose connector (sweeper nozzle), and hose fl...

Figure 108.4 Assembled hose connector, hose flow control valve, and hose.

Figure 108.5 A small incision is made into an umbilical vein or artery using...

Figure 108.6 A stallion catheter is threaded up the umbilical vessel until r...

Figure 108.7 Water is slowly infused into the umbilical vessel using the flo...

Figure 108.8 Plastic jug containing approximately 1 liter of water attached ...

Figure 108.9 Placenta laid out in an “F” shape demonstrating that both uteri...

Figure 108.10 Chorioallantois in which the entire non‐pregnant horn had been...

Figure 108.11 Allantoic surface of the placenta. Matching vessels on the all...

Chapter 110

Figure 110.1 Uterine prolapse.

Figure 110.2 Elevation of a prolapsed uterus with a thick plastic garbage ba...

Chapter 111

Figure 111.1 End of a Buhner needle with Buhner tape threaded through the ey...

Figure 111.2 Buhner needle exited through dorsal incision, threaded, and abo...

Figure 111.3 Buhner needle exited through same dorsal incision, threaded, an...

Figure 111.4 Buhner tape tied ventral to the vulva.

Chapter 113

Figure 113.1 Mare positioned in front of a phantom across a teasing wall to ...

Figure 113.2 Stallion teasing an estral mare in stocks in close approximatio...

Figure 113.3 Estral mare in hobbles positioned on the opposite side of a pha...

Figure 113.4 Placement of an artificial vagina on the glans penis to stimula...

Figure 113.5 Stallion mounted on a phantom with an extra person pushing the ...

Chapter 114

Figure 114.1 Adapter cap, collection bottle (center), baby bottle liner (bel...

Figure 114.2 Components put together and attached to the cone end of a Misso...

Figure 114.3 Fully assembled Missouri artificial vagina.

Figure 114.4 White dressing tape on the bottle and liner.

Figure 114.5 Massage of the glans penis through the rubber cone to enhance s...

Chapter 115

Figure 115.1 Colorado model artificial vagina and collection cover.

Figure 115.2 Assembly stand with a Colorado model artificial vagina after in...

Figure 115.3 Insertion of the latex liner into the artificial vagina case; n...

Figure 115.4 Collection bottle attached to the latex liner.

Figure 115.5 Collection bottle attached to a disposable collection liner wit...

Chapter 116

Figure 116.1 Roanoke artificial vagina with a rubber liner. Note the large r...

Figure 116.2 Hand position for holding the Roanoke artificial vagina during ...

Figure 116.3 Roanoke artificial vagina with a disposable liner and collectio...

Chapter 117

Figure 117.1 Hannover artificial vagina assembled with an inner disposable l...

Figure 117.2 Hannover artificial vagina assembled with only an inner rubber ...

Chapter 118

Figure 118.1 Teaser stallion wearing a leather apron during a test jump.

Chapter 119

Figure 119.1 Washing a stallion’s penis with warm water and gloved hands to ...

Figure 119.2 Hand position to stimulate the stallion’s penis. One hand is cu...

Figure 119.3 Proper body position for standing semen collection. A Roanoke m...

Figure 119.4 Stallion thrusting into a Roanoke model artificial vagina. A ha...

Chapter 120

Figure 120.1 An open‐ended artificial vagina prior to semen collection.

Figure 120.2 Attempting to place a disposable cup against the open end of th...

Chapter 121

Figure 121.1 Crushing imipramine tablets prior to oral administration.

Figure 121.2 Collection of chemically ejaculated semen using a pole and atta...

Figure 121.3 Collection of chemically ejaculated semen using a collection cu...

Chapter 122

Figure 122.1 Tail wrap prior to live cover or semen collection.

Figure 122.2 Washing the perineum of a mare prior to live cover or semen col...

Figure 122.3 Mare prepared for natural cover, with protective boots on the r...

Chapter 123

Figure 123.1 The penis is cleaned from the base towards the glans using wate...

Figure 123.2 The penis is dried from the glans toward the base using disposa...

Figure 123.3 The penis is washed/rinsed using a disposable cup.

Figure 123.4 Manual stimulation with one hand cupped over the glans penis an...

Figure 123.5 Stallion kicking in response to washing of the penis with warm ...

Chapter 124

Figure 124.1 Stallion rearing in response to being stopped on the way to the...

Figure 124.2 Stallion kicking in response to washing of the penis with warm ...

Chapter 125

Figure 125.1 Allowing the mare to express natural receptive behavior, especi...

Chapter 126

Figure 126.1 Preferred full side and rear video views for evaluating ejacula...

Chapter 127

Figure 127.1 The 590B Densimeter model with a dispensing bottle of formalin‐...

Figure 127.2 The 590B and 591B Densimeter models.

Figure 127.3 Minitube photometer. The arrow is pointing at the tray that the...

Figure 127.4 Minitube Photometer SDM 1 microcuvette. Semen is loaded into th...

Figure 127.5 Minitube Photometer SDM 1 microcuvette showing the cuvette prop...

Chapter 128

Figure 128.1 Thrombo‐TIC

®

kit used to achieve a 1:100 dilution: prefill...

Figure 128.2 Hemocytometer being filled with a mechanical pipette.

Figure 128.3 Central hemocytometer grid. All spermatozoa within the 25 mediu...

Chapter 129

Figure 129.1 Semen dilution chart for the NucleoCounter

®

. The most comm...

Figure 129.2 How to dilute stallion semen according to dilution factor (DF) ...

Figure 129.3 Loading the SP1 cassette with sperm diluted in the lysis/diluti...

Figure 129.4 Placing the loaded SP1 cassette into the NucleoCounter

®

.

Figure 129.5 Display of sperm concentration on the NucleoCounter

®

.

Chapter 130

Figure 130.1 Light microscope with slide warmer.

Chapter 131

Figure 131.1 Screen image from the monitor of a Hamilton‐Thorne

®

CASA m...

Figure 131.2 Screen image from the monitor of a MiniTube SpermVision

®

C...

Figure 131.3 Spermatozoal motility measurements as assessed by CASA. Centroi...

Chapter 132

Figure 132.1 A drop of eosin‐nigrosin stain is placed on a slide with a drop...

Figure 132.2 The end of an additional slide is dipped into the two drops. Th...

Figure 132.3 The upward slide may be dipped into a semen drop placed behind ...

Figure 132.4 The upward slide is then laid into the line of stain and pushed...

Figure 132.5 The upward slide may be lifted and placed ahead of the mixed st...

Figure 132.6 Stallion spermatozoa with a bent midpiece (thin arrow) and prox...

Figure 132.7 Stallion spermatozoa. Note the detached head (large arrow) and ...

Chapter 133

Figure 133.1 (a) Stallion sperm consists of a head, neck, and tail. The tail...

Figure 133.2 (a–d) The appearance of the knobbed acrosome defect varies from...

Figure 133.3 (a) The distal midpiece reflex is a common defect that appears ...

Chapter 134

Figure 134.1 Total number of sperm (mean ± 95% confidence intervals) in the ...

Chapter 135

Figure 135.1 Measurement of total scrotal width using calipers.

Figure 135.2 Measurement of testicular width using ultrasonography.

Figure 135.3 Ultrasound image of a testis showing measurement of testicular ...

Figure 135.4 Relationship between testicular volume and daily sperm output i...

Chapter 136

Figure 136.1 Stallion spermatozoa with a normal spermatozoon (medium arrow),...

Figure 136.2 Stallion spermatozoa with a normal spermatozoon (large arrow), ...

Figure 136.3 Stallion spermatozoa with proximal cytoplasmic droplet (large a...

Chapter 137

Figure 137.1 Stallion spermatozoa stained with Diff‐Quik

®

stain. Note t...

Figure 137.2 Stallion spermatozoa stained with Diff‐Quik

®

stain with di...

Chapter 138

Figure 138.1 Transmission electron micrographs of equine spermatozoa showing...

Figure 138.2 Transmission electron micrograph of a cross‐section of the prin...

Figure 138.3 Transmission electron micrographs of exfoliated degenerative ep...

Chapter 139

Figure 139.1 Sites for the collection of culture samples from the penis (lar...

Figure 139.2 Glans penis of a stallion after teasing, demonstrating pre‐ejac...

Chapter 140

Figure 140.1 Measurement of pH of a sample of stallion raw semen.

Figure 140.2 Measurement of osmolality of a sample of stallion semen.

Chapter 142

Figure 142.1 The tube on the left is from a stallion with a normal ejaculate...

Figure 142.2 Evaluation of urea nitrogen in semen samples from a stallion us...

Figure 142.3 A urospermic stallion’s ejaculate after centrifugation. The spe...

Chapter 143

Figure 143.1 (a) Blood exiting the urethra of a stallion with hemospermia an...

Figure 143.2 (a, b) Small lesions (arrows) on the glans penis resulting in h...

Figure 143.3 (a) Lesion on the distal urethral process (arrow) and (b) squam...

Figure 143.4 (a, b) Rents in the proximal urethra of two stallions with hemo...

Chapter 144

Figure 144.1 Two types of extenders commonly used to dilute equine semen.

Chapter 145

Figure 145.1 Addition of extender to semen.

Chapter 146

Figure 146.1 A Whirl‐Pak

®

labeled with the stallion’s name and date of ...

Figure 146.2 Heat‐sealed bag. Notice that the bag was sealed twice (arrows) ...

Figure 146.3 Technique for removal of air from bag. The bag is draped over a...

Figure 146.4 Two Equitainer

®

freezer cans ready to be loaded into an Eq...

Figure 146.5 Equitainer

®

freezer cans should be stored in the freezer a...

Figure 146.6 Loading the freezer cans into the Equitainer

®

.

Figure 146.7 This insulated isothermalizer cup is designed to hold semen pac...

Figure 146.8 Insulated isothermalizer cup being loaded on top of coolant can...

Figure 146.9 This isothermalizer cup is designed to hold two 50 ml conical t...

Figure 146.10 Include documentation that identifies the semen donor and the ...

Figure 146.11 An Equitainer

®

sealed and ready for shipment.

Figure 146.12 One dose of semen loaded into a labeled, air‐tight syringe.

Figure 146.13 One dose of semen packaged into an air‐tight syringe and loade...

Figure 146.14 Disposable shipper loaded with the ice pack in place.

Figure 146.15 Disposable shipper with the lid in place.

Chapter 148

Figure 148.1 Measuring the rotating radius of a centrifuge from the center o...

Figure 148.2 Nomograph for calculating the

g

force from known revolutions pe...

Chapter 149

Figure 149.1 Balancing centrifuge tubes on a scale.

Figure 149.2 Location of centrifuge tubes opposite each other to balance the...

Figure 149.3 Sperm pellet after centrifugation of 1.0 billion spermatozoa di...

Figure 149.4 Aspiration of the supernatant after centrifugation using a pipe...

Figure 149.5 Use of a sink aspiration unit to remove the supernatant after c...

Figure 149.6 Pellet (arrow) from a stallion with urospermia after centrifuga...

Chapter 150

Figure 150.1 Sperm pellet (arrow) between the supernatant of seminal plasma/...

Figure 150.2 Aspiration of the cushion below the sperm pellet using a tomcat...

Chapter 151

Figure 151.1 EquiPure™ and AndroColl

TM

equine products for single layer cent...

Figure 151.2 Layering of extended semen (yellow layer) over a density gradie...

Figure 151.3 Pellet (arrow) formed after centrifugation through a density gr...

Chapter 152

Figure 152.1 Equipment for semen filtration (SpermFilter*)

Figure 152.2 Sperm is placed on a surface with a 30‐degree inclination.

Figure 152.3 Sperm concentrated on the filter.

Figure 152.4 Washing the filter membrane for sperm recovery using a semen ex...

Chapter 153

Figure 153.1 Sperm pellet (arrow) between the cushion (the clear layer at th...

Figure 153.2 Aspirate the supernatant above the sperm pellet after centrifug...

Figure 153.3 Label the straws with the stallion’s name, date, extender, faci...

Figure 153.4 Loading five 0.5 ml straws using a manual straw‐filling device....

Figure 153.5 Automated straw‐filling machine loading straws with extended se...

Figure 153.6 Removal of a small amount of extended semen from 0.5 ml straws ...

Figure 153.7 Sealing the open end of loaded semen straws with straw sealant....

Figure 153.8 Loading straws of extended semen onto a floating rack prior to ...

Figure 153.9 Racks of loaded straws in a refrigerator for pre‐cooling prior ...

Figure 153.10 Straws on a rack placed in a freezing box above liquid nitroge...

Chapter 154

Figure 154.1 Selecting a straw to thaw while immersed in a bath of liquid ni...

Figure 154.2 Loading straws onto a floating rack.

Chapter 155

Figure 155.1 Frost line inside the neck of a semen tank (black arrow). Make ...

Figure 155.2 Organizational scheme for the storage of semen showing a canist...

Figure 155.3 Commercial straw cutter. Make sure to clean the internal aspect...

Chapter 157

Figure 157.1 Filling supplies, showing thermo‐protective gloves (A), a funne...

Figure 157.2 Mushroom top protective shipping container (with the vapor ship...

Figure 157.3 Square protective container with a vapor shipper in place.

Figure 157.4 View inside a vapor shipper demonstrating the mesh in the lower...

Figure 157.5 Liquid nitrogen vapor “puff” in a charged dewar.

Chapter 158

Figure 158.1 Frost line in a long‐term storage tank.

Chapter 159

Figure 159.1 Frost line on a measuring stick. The level of liquid nitrogen i...

Figure 159.2 Semen tank on rollers.

Chapter 161

Figure 161.1 The vas deferens should be ligated as proximally as possible (l...

Chapter 162

Figure 162.1 Isolated vas deferens (with hemostat attached) and tail of the ...

Figure 162.2 Flushing of the vas deferens and tail of the epididymis.

Chapter 163

Figure 163.1 Bulbo‐urethral gland ducts (arrow) viewed through a videoendosc...

Figure 163.2 Seminal colliculus viewed through a videoendoscope; discharge i...

Figure 163.3 Internal urethral orifice (arrow) viewed through a videoendosco...

Figure 163.4 Urethral tear (arrow) in a stallion viewed through a videoendos...

Figure 163.5 Cannulation of the seminal colliculus. The endoscope can be pas...

Chapter 164

Figure 164.1 Videoendoscopic view of the seminal colliculus of a stallion wi...

Figure 164.2 Cannulation of the affected seminal vesicle.

Chapter 165

Figure 165.1 Anatomy of the testis, epididymis, and spermatic cord. Source: ...

Figure 165.2 Testis, epididiymis, and ductus deferens (vas deferens).

Figure 165.3 Normal echodenisty of an equine testicle. Testicular height can...