Error Control Coding for B3G/4G Wireless Systems E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: Wiley-WWRF Series
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 398

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

Covering the fast evolving area of advanced coding, Error Control Coding for B3G/4G Wireless Systems targets IMT-Advanced systems to present the latest findings and implementation solutions. The book begins by detailing the fundamentals of advanced coding techniques such as Coding, Decoding, Design, and Optimization. It provides not only state-of-the-art research findings in 3D Turbo-codes, non-binary LDPC Codes, Fountain, and Raptor codes, but also insights into their real-world implementation by examining hardware architecture solutions, for example VLSI complexity, FPGA, and ASIC. Furthermore, special attention is paid to Incremental redundancy techniques, which constitute a key feature of Wireless Systems.

A promising application of these advanced coding techniques, the Turbo-principle (also known as iterative processing), is illustrated through an in-depth discussion of Turbo-MIMO, Turbo-Equalization, and Turbo-Interleaving techniques. Finally, the book presents the status of major standardization activities currently implementing such techniques, with special interest in 3GPP UMTS, LTE, WiMAX, IEEE 802.11n, DVB-RCS, DVB-S2, and IEEE 802.22. As a result, the book coherently brings together academic and industry vision by providing readers with a uniquely comprehensive view of the whole topic, whilst also giving an understanding of leading-edge techniques.

• Includes detailed coverage of coding, decoding, design, and optimization approaches for advanced codes
• Provides up to date research findings from both highly reputed academics and industry standpoints
• Presents the latest status of standardization activities for Wireless Systems related to advanced coding
• Describes real-world implementation aspects by giving insights into architecture solutions for both LDPC and Turbo-codes
• Examines the most advanced and promising concepts of turbo-processing applications: Turbo-MIMO, Turbo-Equalization, Turbo-Interleaving

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Wiley-WWRF Series

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

About the Editors

Thierry Lestable

Moshe Ran

Contributors

Preface

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

Chapter 1: Coding

1.1 General Code Types

1.2 Designing Codes Based on Graphs

1.3 Pseudorandom Designs

1.4 Repeat Accumulate Codes

1.5 Binary versus Nonbinary

1.6 Performance Results of Nonbinary LDPC Codes

1.7 Three-Dimensional (3D) Turbo Codes

1.8 Conclusions

References

Chapter 2: Decoding

2.1 Algebraic Soft-Decision (ASD) and Reliability-Based Decoders

2.2 Graph versus Trellis Decoding Algorithms

References

Chapter 3: Incremental Redundancy for Coding

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Retransmission Protocols (ARQ)

3.3 HARQ Schemes

3.4 Design of Hybrid ARQ Type II

3.5 Code Design

3.6 Generalization of the Mutual Information Evolution for Incremental Redundancy Protocols

3.7 ARQ/HARQ in the Standards

3.8 Conclusions

References

Chapter 4: Architecture and Hardware Requirements

4.1 Turbo Decoder Implementation

4.2 LDPC Decoder Architectures

References

Chapter 5: Turbo-Principle Extensions

5.1 Introduction

5.2 From Turbo Code to Advanced Iterative Receivers

5.3 Turbo-Based Interleaving Techniques

5.4 Turbo-MIMO Techniques

5.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 6: Standardization

6.1 3GPP Systems: UMTS and LTE

6.2 IEEE 802.16/WiMAX

6.3 IEEE 802.11n

6.4 Satellite (DVB-RCS, DVB-S2)

6.5 Wireless Rural Area Network: The IEEE802.22 standard [IEEE802_22]

6.6 Others

References

Index

Wiley-WWRF Series

Series Editor: Prof. Klaus David, ComTec, University of Kassel, Germany

The Wiley-WWRF Series is a series of comprehensive and timely books based on the work of the WWRF (Wireless World Research Forum). This Forum is a global organization with over 130 members from five continents, representing all sectors of the mobile communications industry and the research community, with the mission to shape the wireless future. The authors are all active members of the WWRF. The series is focused on wireless communications, embracing all aspects from spectrum strategies, the physical layer and networking protocols, up to applications and services. Each volume of the series is a development of the white papers produced by the working groups of WWRF, based on contributions from members, and each describes the current research in the subject, together with an identification of future research requirements.

This book series is ideal for researchers from academia and industry, as well as engineers, managers, strategists, and regulators.

Other WWRF titles:

Rahim Tafazolli: Technologies for the Wireless Future: Wireless World Research Forum Volume 1, 978-0-470-01235-2, October 2004

Rahim Tafazolli: Technologies for the Wireless Future: Wireless World Research Forum, Volume 2, 978-0-470-02905-3, April 2006

Klaus David: Technologies for the Wireless Future: Wireless World Research Forum, Volume 3, 978-0-470-99387-3, September 2008

Thierry Lestable and Moshe Ran: Error Control Coding for B3G/4G Wireless Systems: Paving the Way to IMT-Advanced Standards, 978-0-470-77935-4, April 2011

This edition first published 2011

© 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Error control coding for B3G/4G wireless systems: paving the way to IMT-advanced standards / edited by Thierry Lestable, Moshe Ran.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-470-77935-4 (cloth)

1. Error-correcting codes (Information theory) 2. Wireless communication systems–Standards. I. Lestable, Thierry. II. Ran, Moshe.

TK5102.96.E77 2011

621.382'1–dc22 2010034199

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Print ISBN: 9780470779354 (hb)

ePDF ISBN: 9780470975213

oBook ISBN: 9780470975220

ePub ISBN: 9780470977590

To my amazing wife Cynthia, the love of my life, our two outstanding sons, Quentin and Florian, my mother Elisabeth, my sister Nathalie, and my brother Christian. In beloved memory of my father Michel, my grandmother Noëline, and my nephew Benoit who left us too soon.

Thierry Lestable

“A vaincre sans péril, on triomphe sans gloire.”

“Triumph without peril brings no glory”

Le Cid(1636), by Pierre Corneille

To my wife Zvia, my son Omer, and our daughters Idit and Einat who are the most precious people in my life, for their love and support during the preparation of this book.

Special thanks to all the contributors of this book for their hard teamwork and dedication.

Moshe Ran

About the Editors

Thierry Lestable

Thierry Lestable received his Engineering degree and PhD from the Ecole Supérieure d'Electricité (Supelec) in 1997 and 2003 respectively. He has been involved with cutting-edge wireless telecommunications since 1998 and is the author of over 40 international publications, including two Wiley books and over 25 patents. Since 2008, Dr Lestable has been Technology and Innovation Manager at SAGEMCOM (Paris, France), in charge of technology strategy and the roadmap within the CTO office.

Dr Lestable is an expert in his field for the European Commission (FP7), and Eureka Cluster CELTIC, whilst chairing the Machine-to-Machine (M2M) group in the eMobility European Technology Platform Expert Group. He is the manager of FP7-BeFEMTO project targeting next-generation LTE-based Femtocells, and he initiated the FP7-EXALTED project dedicated to LTE-based M2M communications. Since 2010, he has been a member of the Telecom Steering Board from the System@tic Competitiveness Cluster in France.

At Alcatel Labs (1998–2003), he investigated multicarrier wireless systems paving the way for 4G Chinese systems with FuTURE 863 projects. From 2004, Dr Lestable was with Samsung Electronics Research Institute (SERI) in the UK, heading the Advanced Technology Group and focusing on advanced channel coding (LDPC), iterative processing and the cross-layer approach for MIMO-OFDM based systems. He contributed actively to IEEE 802.16m, and 802.20 standards while participating in European research projects (FP6-WINNER), and creating the FP7-DAVINCI Consortium.

Moshe Ran

Moshe Ran holds a PhD from Tel Aviv University, and has been the head of research and development at Holon Institute of Technology (HIT) since 2009. He has 25 years' experience in state-of-the-art communications systems and has led R&D groups in several communication topics including: broadband access technologies, 3G and 4G systems, and short-range communications, with a focus on ultra-wideband (UWB) technologies, error correction codes.

Dr Ran formerly held prominent management and technical positions including CEO of MostlyTek Ltd. He has been an active member in standards bodies and technology-related partnerships including IEEE802.16, ETSI/BRAN and WWRF. He was the project manager and coordinator of the IST-FP6 STREP project named UROOF, targeting UWB over optical fiber for next-generation broadband communications. He is a senior member of the IEEE and has published more than 60 technical international publications and papers in the areas of error control coding and broadband wireless/wireline integration.

Contributors

Alexandre Graell I Amat, Telecom Bretagne, France

Anne-Marie Ulmer-Moll, Orange Labs, France

Carlos De Segovia, Orange Labs, France

Charly Poulliat, ETIS ENSEA/Université de Cergy-Pontoise/CNRS, France

Claude Berrou, Telecom Bretagne, France

David Declercq, ETIS ENSEA/Université de Cergy-Pontoise/CNRS, France

Frank Kienle, Microelectronic Systems Design Research Group, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Germany

Gerhard Bauch, Universität der Bundeswehr, Munich, Germany

Isabelle Siaud, Orange Labs, France

Jean-Baptiste Doré, Minatec CEA-LETI, LETI/DCIS/SASTI, France

Jossy Sayir, Signal Processing Group, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, UK

Marcos B.S. Tavares, Technische Universität Dresden, Vodafone Chair, Germany

Marie-Hélène Hamon, Orange Labs, France

Maryline Hélard, INSA-IETR Lab, France

Ming Jiang, New Postcom Equipment Co., Ltd., China (formerly with Nortel and Samsung)

Omer Ran, MostlyTek Ltd, Israel

Pierre Pénard, Orange Labs, France

Stefania Sesia, ST-Ericsson, France

Yannick Saouter, Telecom Bretagne, France

Youssouf Ould-Cheikh-Mouhamedou, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia (formerly with Telecom Bretagne, France)

Preface

The outstanding near-capacity performances of advanced channel coding schemes have attracted for more than 15 years the interest of the overall information theory community and their industry partners. The maturity of both the theoretical framework and the technology has given birth to many different designs and analysis tools, together with outperforming applications and new business opportunities (e.g. Flarion, Digital Fountain), especially driven by the fast growth of wireless telecom systems.

After some years of an unshared reign from the technology supporting the turbo codes (PCCC, SCCC and TPC), we have entered an era of fierce competition where many different iterative decoding solutions are available, with their respective performance and complexity.

It thus becomes crucial to give a fair state-of-the-art of such leading-edge solutions, and then to sketch their pros and cons, in terms of both theoretical advances and implementations aspects.

The primary intention of this book is thus to give an opportunity to present clearly both the latest findings and implementation solutions in this fast-evolving area of advanced coding targeting IMT-Advanced systems.

The book is structured as follows. Chapter 1 gives an insight overview of major advanced codes (Turbo-PCCC, SCCC, binary and nonbinary LDPC, 3D Turbo), their design and optimization techniques (EXIT charts, PEG), whilst Chapter 2 describes their advanced decoding techniques (BCJR, BP). Special attention is given to incremental redundancy techniques in Chapter 3, since they are a key feature of wireless systems. Chapter 4 describes real-world implementation aspects of coding and decoding techniques by examining hardware and architecture solutions (VLSI complexity, FPGA, ASIC). Turbo-processing techniques are described thoroughly in Chapter 5, thanks to key applications such as turbo-MIMO, turbo-equalization and turbo-interleaving techniques.

Finally, Chapter 6 concludes the book by both identifying trends and giving the latest status of major standardization activities implementing such advanced coding techniques, with special interest in 3GPP UMTS, LTE, WiMAX, IEEE 802.11n, DVB-RCS, DVB-S2, and IEEE 802.22.

As a result, Error Control Coding for B3G/4G Wireless Systems provides a unique compromise whilst understanding leading-edge coding techniques, by bringing together in a coherent manner academic and industry standpoint and vision.

Acknowledgments

This book originates from initial and fruitful discussions among coding experts within the Wireless World Research Forum (WWRF) that led quickly first to the release of a comprehensive White Paper on Coding, then to a section within the third volume of WWRF's Technologies for the Wireless Future.

Besides the WWRF framework, many contributors cooperated together during the years 2004–2007 within the WINNER project (Phase I and II), partly funded by the European Commission. We would thus like to acknowledge here this successful venture.

Then, the editors would like to express their full gratitude to all the contributing authors, since we do believe this was a unique opportunity to bring together those talented and distinguished researchers and engineers from both academics (Holon Institute of Technology, Universität der Bundeswehr Munich, ETIS ENSEA, INSA-IETR, University of Cambridge, Technical University of Dresden – Vodafone Chair, Telecom Bretagne, Technical University of Kaiserslautern) and industry (Samsung Electronics, Orange Labs, ST-Ericsson): Claude Berrou, Gerhard Bauch, David Declercq, Charly Poulliat, Ming Jiang, Omer Ran, Stefania Sesia, Jossy Sayir, Marcos B.S. Tavares, Marie-Hélène Hamon, Isabelle Siaud, Anne-Marie Ulmer-Moll, Maryline Hélard, Carlos De Ségovia, Frank Kienle, Alexandre Graell I Amat, Yannick Saouter, and Youssouf Ould-Cheikh-Mouhamedou.

We would also like to pay tribute to our contacts at John Wiley & Sons Ltd, especially Sarah Tilley, Sophia Travis and Katharine Unwin, for their support and guidance throughout this project, and particularly their patience and understanding.

Finally, last but not least, the editors would like to extend their warmest thanks to their families, since this book would not have been possible without their continuous support, understanding and patience.

Abbreviations

3GThird Generation (cellular system)3GPP3G Partnership Project3GPP23G Partnership Project 23GPP-LTE3GPP long-term evolutionACSadd–compare–selectAMCadaptive modulation and codingAMDacknowledged modeAPPa posteriori probabilityARQautomatic retransmission requestASDalgebraic soft decisionAWGNadditive white Gaussian noiseBCHBose Chaudhuri Hocquenghem (code)BCJRBahl Cocke Jelinek RavivBECbinary erasure channelBERbit error rateBPSKbinary phase shift keyingBICMbit interleaved coded modulationBLERblock error rateBMUbranch metric unitBPbelief propagationBSbase stationCBcircular bufferCCSDSconsultative committee for space data systemsCDMAcode division multiple accessCFUcheck nodes functional unitCIRchannel impulse responseCNcheck nodeCNBcheck node blockCNPcheck node processorCRCcyclic redundancy checkCRSCcircular recursive systematic codeCSIchannel state informationCTCconvolutional turbo codeCTFchannel transfer functionCWcodewordDB TCduo-binary turbo codeDEdensity evolutionDECTdigital cordless telecommunication standardDEINTdeinterleaverDICdynamic interleaving codeDPREGdual-ported registerDSPdigital signal processingDVB-RCSdigital video broadcasting – return channel for satellite distribution systemsDVB-RCTdigital video broadcasting – return channel for terrestrial distribution systemsECCerror correcting codeECMAEuropean Computer Manufacturers AssociationEDGEenhanced data rate for GSM evolutionEIRPequivalent isotropic radiated powerEMSextended min-sumESAEuropean Space AgencyETSIEuropean Telecommunications Standards InstituteEXITEXtrinsic Information Transfer (chart)FDfrequency domainFDDfrequency division duplexFECforward error correctionFERframe error rateFFTfast Fourier transformFIFOfirst-in/first-outFOCTCframe-oriented convolutional turbo codeFPGAfield programmable gate arrayFUfunctional unitsFWAfixed wireless accessGAGaussian approximation or genetic algorithmGFGalois fieldGMDgeneralized minimum distanceGPRSgeneral packet radio systemGSMglobal system for mobile communicationsHARQhybrid ARQHDRhigh data rateHSDPAhigh-speed downlink packet accessHS-DSCHhigh-speed downlink shared channelHSSChigh SNR stopping criterionIEEEInstitute of Electrical and Electronics EngineersICEiterative channel estimationIMTinternational mobile telecommunicationsINinformation nodesINTinterleaverIRincremental redundancyIRAirregular repeat accumulate (code)ISIinter-symbol interferenceITU-RInternational Telecommunication Union – Radiocommunication sectorLDPClow-density parity-check (code)LDRlog-density ratioLFRlinear feedback registerLIFOlast-in/first-outLLRlog-likelihood ratioLLRULLR unitLOSline of sightLP-OFDMlinear precoded OFDMLSBleast significant bitLTLuby transformLTElong-term evolutionLUTlook-up tableMACmedium access controlMAPmaximum a posterioriMBmean boundMBWAmobile broadband wireless accessMC-CDMAmulticarrier CDMAMCFmaximum contention-freeMCSmodulation and coding schemeMC-SSmulticarrier spread-spectrumMC-SS-MAmulticarrier spread-spectrum multiple accessMDNmessage distribution networkMDSmaximum distance separableMImutual informationMIMOmultiple-input/multiple-outputMLmaximum likelihoodMLDmaximum likelihood decoderML-SDDmaximum likelihood soft decision decodingMLSEmaximum likelihood sequence estimationMMSEminimum mean square errorMSAmin-sum algorithmMSBmost significant bitMSEmean square errorMUDmultiuser detectionMUImultiuser interferenceNASANational American Space AgencyNB-LDPCnonbinary LDPC (code)NLOSnon-line of sightOFobjective functionOFDMorthogonal frequency division multiplexingOFDMAorthogonal frequency division multiple accessOHRSAoptimized hierarchy reduced search algorithmOSobjective scorePANpersonal area networkPCCCparallel concatenated convolutional codePDUpacket data unitPEGprogressive edge-growthPHYphysical layerPNparity nodesPSKphase shift keyingPUCCHphysical uplink control channelPUSCHphysical uplink shared channelQAMquadrature amplitude modulationQCquasicyclicQoSquality of serviceQPPquadratic permutation polynomialQPSKquaternary phase shift keyingRArepeat accumulate (code)RAMrandom access memoryRCrate compatibleRCPCrate-compatible punctured codeRFradio frequencyRLCradio link controlRMReed–Muller (code) or rate matchingRSReed–SolomonRSCrecursive systematic codeRTTround trip timeRUrecursion unitRVredundancy versionRXreceptionSAWstop-and-waitSCCCserial concatenation convolutional codeSDDsoft decision decodingSEDsquared Euclidian distanceSISOsoft-in/soft-outSMMstate metric memorySNRsignal-to-noise ratioSOPHIEsoft-output optimized hierarchySOVAsoft-output Viterbi algorithmSP59sphere-packing bound of Shannon 1959SPAsum-product algorithmSRselective repeatSTBCspace time block codeTCturbo codeTDtime domainTDMAtime division multiple accessTPCturbo product codesTSNtransmission sequence numberTTItransmission time intervalTXtransmissionUMTSuniversal mobile telephony systemUTuser terminalUWBultra-wide bandVLSIvery large-scale integrationVFUvariable nodes functional unitVNvariable nodeVNBvariable node blockVNPvariable node processorVNRvariable node reliabilityWCDMAwideband CDMAWERword error rateWiMAXworldwide interoperability for microwave accessWLANwireless local area networkWPANwireless personal area networkWWRFwireless world research forum

Chapter 1

Coding

Gerhard Bauch1, Claude Berrou,2 David Declercq,3 Alexandre Graell I Amat,2 Youssouf Ould-Cheikh-Mouhamedou,4 Yannick Saouter,2 Jossy Sayir,5 and Marcos B.S. Tavares6

1Universität der Bundeswehr Munich, Germany

2Telecom Bretagne, France

3ETIS ENSEA/Université de Cergy-Pontoise/CNRS, France

4King Saud University, Saudi Arabia (formerly with Telecom Bretagne, France)

5Cambridge University, United Kingdom

6Technische Universität Dresden, Vodafone Chair, Germany

1.1 General Code Types

The most important coding schemes that can be decoded using an iterative (turbo) algorithm can be classified as parallel concatenated codes, serial concatenated codes and low-density parity check (LDPC) codes as indicated in Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1 Coding schemes with iterative decoding

In parallel concatenated codes, the data sequence is encoded by the first constituent encoder. The second constituent encoder encodes an interleaved version of the data sequence. The data bits are sent only once as systematic bits of the concatenated code, whereas only the parity bits of the constituent encoders are transmitted. Usually, recursive systematic convolutional codes are used as constituent codes. However, other code types, for example block codes, can be used and more than two constituent codes can be concatenated with different interleavers. Parallel concatenated convolutional codes (PCCC) are usually referred to as “turbo codes.”