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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
ESSENTIAL DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
Discover the foundations of developmental biology with this up to date and focused resource from two leading experts
The newly revised Fourth Edition of Essential Developmental Biology delivers the fundamentals of the developmental biology of animals. Designed as a core text for undergraduate students in their first to fourth years, as well as graduate students in their first year, the book is suited to both biologically based and medically oriented courses. The distinguished authors presume no prior knowledge of development, animal structure, or histology.
The new edition incorporates modern single cell transcriptome sequencing and CRISPR/Cas9, as well as other methods for targeted genetic manipulation. The existing material has also been reorganized to provide for easier reading and learning for students. The book avoids discussions of history and experimental priority and emphasizes instead the modern advances in developmental biology. The authors have kept the text short and focused on the areas truly central to developmental biology. Readers will benefit from the inclusion of such topics as:
Perfect for undergraduate students, especially those preparing to enter teaching or graduate studies in developmental biology, Essential Developmental Biology will also earn a place in the libraries of those in the pharmaceutical industry expected to be able to evaluate assays based on developmental systems.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2021
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
Acknowledgements
About the companion website
Section 1: Groundwork
Chapter 1: The excitement of developmental biology
Where the subject came from
Impact of developmental biology
Future impact
Further reading
Chapter 2: How development works
Ultrashort summary
Gametogenesis
Early development
Growth and death
Further reading
Chapter 3: Approaches to development: developmental genetics
Developmental mutants
Sex chromosomes
Maternal and zygotic
Genetic pathways
Genetic mosaics
Screening for mutants
Cloning of genes
Gain- and loss-of-function experiments
Transgenesis
Other gain-of-function techniques
Targeted mutagenesis
Other loss-of-function systems
Gene duplication
Limitations of developmental genetics
Further reading
Chapter 4: Approaches to development: experimental embryology and its molecular basis
Normal development
Developmental commitment
Criteria for proof
Transcription factors
Transcription factor families
Other controls of gene activity
Signaling systems
Genetic regulatory networks
Further reading
Chapter 5: Approaches to development: cell and molecular biology techniques
Microscopy
Optical techniques
Confocal, multi-photon, and light sheet microscopes
Image capture
Anatomical and histological methods
Microinjection
Study of gene expression by molecular biology methods
Study of gene expression by in situ methods
Reporter genes
Cell-labeling methods
Further reading
Chapter 6: Cells into tissues
Cells in embryos
Cytoskeleton
Small GTP-binding proteins
Extracellular matrix
Cell movement
Epithelial organization
Morphogenetic processes
Further reading
Section 2: Major model organisms
Chapter 7: Major model organisms
The big six
Access and micromanipulation
Genetics and genomes
Relevance and tempo
Other organisms
Further reading
Chapter 8: Xenopus
Oogenesis, maturation, and fertilization
Normal development
Fate maps
Experimental methods
Processes of regional specification
Further reading
Chapter 9: The zebrafish
Normal development
Fate map
Genetics
Reverse genetic methods
Embryological techniques
Regional specification
Other roles of the zebrafish
Further reading
Chapter 10: The chick
Normal development
Fate map
Regional specification of the early embryo
Description of organogenesis in the chick
Further reading
Chapter 11: The mouse
Mammalian fertilization
Normal development of the mouse
Fate map
Regional specification in the mouse embryo
Transgenic mice
Embryonic stem cells
Knockouts and knock-ins
Nuclear transplantation and imprinting
X-inactivation
Teratocarcinoma
Further reading
Chapter 12: Human early development
Human reproduction
Preimplantation development
Human embryonic stem cells
Human postimplantation development
Postimplantation diagnosis: chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis
Ethics of human development
Further reading
Chapter 13: Drosophila
Insects
Normal development
Fate map
Pole plasm
Drosophila developmental genetics
The developmental program
The dorsoventral pattern
The anteroposterior system
Further reading
Chapter 14: Caenorhabditis elegans
Adult anatomy
Embryonic development
Regional specification in the embryo
Analysis of postembryonic development
The germ line
Programmed cell death
Further reading
Section 3: Organogenesis
Chapter 15: Techniques for studying organogenesis and postnatal development
Genetics
Clonal analysis
Tissue and organ culture
Cell analysis and separation
Further reading
Chapter 16: Development of the nervous system
Overall structure and cell types
Regional specification
Neurogenesis and gliogenesis
The neural crest
Development of neuronal connectivity
Further reading
Chapter 17: Development of mesodermal organs
Somitogenesis
Myogenesis
The kidney
Germ cell and gonadal development
Sex determination
Limb development
Blood and blood vessels
The heart
Further reading
Chapter 18: Development of endodermal organs
Normal development
Organization of the gut tube
Fate map of the endoderm
Experimental analysis of endoderm development
The pancreas
Further reading
Chapter 19: Drosophila imaginal discs
Metamorphosis
Genetic study of larval development
Disc development
Compartments and selector genes
Regional patterning of the wing disc
Regeneration and transdetermination
Morphogen gradients and polarity
Further reading
Section 4: Growth, evolution, regeneration
Chapter 20: Tissue organization and stem cells
Types of tissue
Tissue renewal
Stem cells
Intestinal epithelium
Epidermis
Hair follicles
Hematopoietic system
Mesenchymal stem cells and “transdifferentiation”
Spermatogonia
Further reading
Chapter 21: Growth, aging, and cancer
Growth: control of size and proportion
Biochemical pathways of growth control
Growth control in insects
Growth control in mammals
Liver regeneration
Growth in stature
Aging
Cell autonomous processes
The insulin pathway and aging
Caloric restriction
Cancer
Classification of tumors and precursor lesions
Molecular biology of cancer
Cancer stem cells
Cancer progression
Cancer therapy
Further reading
Chapter 22: Pluripotent stem cells and their applications
Human embryonic stem cells
Induced pluripotent stem cells
Somatic cell nuclear transfer
Direct reprogramming
Applications of human pluripotent stem cells
Cell transplantation therapy
Cell transplantation therapies using pluripotent stem cells
Transplantation therapy for diabetes
Retinal pigment epithelium
Spinal repair
Cardiomyocytes
Parkinson’s disease
Introduction of new therapies
Further reading
Chapter 23: Evolution and development
Macroevolution
Molecular taxonomy
Phylogeny of animals
The fossil record
The primordial animal
Basal animals
What really happened in evolution?
Segmented body plans and Hox genes
Insect wings and legs
Atavisms
Vertebrate limbs
Further reading
Chapter 24: Regeneration of missing parts
Types of regeneration
Distribution of regenerative capacity
Planarian regeneration
Insect limb regeneration
Vertebrate limb regeneration
The process of limb regeneration
The source of cells for regeneration
Regeneration of regional pattern
Regeneration: ancestral or adaptive property?
General properties of regeneration
Further reading
Glossary
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 7
Table 7.1 Organisms discussed in detail in this book.
Table 7.2 Experimental advantages and disadvantages of six model organisms.
Chapter 9
Table 9.1 Some developmental genes in the zebrafish.
Chapter 13
Table 13.1 Key genes involved inDrosophila early development.
Chapter 14
Table 14.1 The PAR proteins and their localization in the polarized zygote.
Table 14.2 Determinants active in C. elegans.
Chapter 19
Table 19.1 Origin of adult body parts from imaginal discs and abdominal his...
List of Illustrations
Chapter 2
Fig. 2.1 (a) Blastula of a Xenopus embryo. (b,c) Blastoderm of a chick embry...
Fig. 2.2 Generation of complexity from a simple beginning. This embryo has a...
Fig. 2.3 A determinant in the Drosophila egg which releases an inducing sign...
Fig. 2.4 Generation of bilateral symmetry with two determinants. Two gradien...
Fig. 2.5 Localization of a determinant by a symmetry-breaking process.
Fig. 2.6 Gastrulation movements: the upper pictures show a surface view and ...
Fig. 2.7 Behavior of chromosomes during meiosis. The DNA content per nucleus...
Fig. 2.8 Typical sequence of gametogenesis. The germ cells are initially for...
Fig. 2.9 A generalized sequence of early development, comprising cleavage, g...
Fig. 2.10 A cleaving embryo of an axolotl. As cell division takes place, the...
Fig. 2.11 Different types of cleavage found in animal embryos.
Fig. 2.12 Different processes during gastrulation. (a,b) Ventral furrow form...
Fig. 2.13 Stage 10 chick embryo, showing the major body structures as cell c...
Fig. 2.14 Axes and symmetry. (a) Axes of a fertilized egg after it has acqui...
Fig. 2.15 Operation of a bistable switch. The figure depicts a temporal sequ...
Fig. 2.16 Properties of morphogen gradients. (a) Normal development of an an...
Fig. 2.17 The four-winged fly. A classic example of a homeotic mutation in D...
Fig. 2.18 Homeotic mutants. (a) Normal genotype and phenotype. (b) Loss-of-f...
Fig. 2.19 The cell cycle of a typical eukaryotic cell, comprising G1, S, G2,...
Fig. 2.20 Mitoses during cleavage of an ascidian embryo. This specimen was t...
Fig. 2.21 Arrangement of microtubules in a mitotic spindle.
Fig. 2.22 Types of cell division found in animal embryos. (a) Cleavage divis...
Fig. 2.23 Apoptosis. (a) Apoptosis of two cells in mouse mammary epithelium....
Chapter 3
Fig. 3.1 Different alleles of one gene produce different phenotypes. (a) Wil...
Fig. 3.2 Example of an allelic series of the Drosophila gene tailless. (a–d)...
Fig. 3.3 Maternal-effect gene. (a) Normal development, in which a maternal-e...
Fig. 3.4 Elucidation of a genetic pathway by rescue experiments. a, b, c are...
Fig. 3.5 Analysis of a repressive pathway. Normally, a gene a is inactivated...
Fig. 3.6 An example of epistasis. In a cross between heterozygotes (AaEe) fo...
Fig. 3.7 Gynandromorphs: animals which are half male and half female. (a) Ev...
Fig. 3.8 Use of genetic mosaic analysis. (a) A mutant of a gene in which the...
Fig. 3.9 Maintenance of a mutant line by means of a balancer chromosome. The...
Fig. 3.10 Positional cloning. This is a very simplified presentation of the ...
Fig. 3.11 CRISPR-Cas9 system for DNA modification. The single guide RNA (sgR...
Chapter 4
Fig. 4.1 Axes and planes of section used for describing embryos.
Fig. 4.2 (above) Fate mapping. (a) A label placed at a particular position i...
Fig. 4.3 (left) A fate-mapping experiment in Xenopus. Gfp mRNA was injected ...
Fig. 4.4 Clonal analysis. No clonal restriction means no determination, but ...
Fig. 4.5 Tests for fate, specification, and determination. (a) The labeled r...
Fig. 4.6 (a) Graft of transgenic Gfp-labeled tissue to posterior neural fold...
Fig. 4.7 A hierarchy of regional specification in development. Cells that be...
Fig. 4.8 Operation of a cytoplasmic determinant specifying the head of the e...
Fig. 4.9 macho-1 in the ascidian Halocynthia roretzi. (a) macho-1 mRNA is pr...
Fig. 4.10 Mesoderm induction in Xenopus. (a) As it occurs in normal developm...
Fig. 4.11 Mesoderm induction in Xenopus. (a) Expression of the brachyury gen...
Fig. 4.12 Types of induction: permissive and instructive. In permissive indu...
Fig. 4.13 Sensory progenitors arise as individual cells in Drosophila imagin...
Fig. 4.14 Lateral inhibition. Cell type A produces both the activator and th...
Fig. 4.15 Waddington’s “epigenetic landscape.” The ball represents a cell, a...
Fig. 4.16 (a) Chromatin, showing opening of the structure by histone acetyla...
Fig. 4.17 General modes of signal transduction. (a) Nuclear receptor mechani...
Fig. 4.18 Various specific pathways of signal transduction.
Fig. 4.19 Model for the imaginary embryo of Figs 2.2 and 2.4, made with the ...
Chapter 5
Fig . 5.1 Basic types of microscope. (a) A dissecting microscope. (b) A comp...
Fig. 5.2 Specimens visualized by methods mentioned in the text. (a) Section ...
Fig. 5.3 Fluorescence microscopy. (a) Typical spectra for excitation and for...
Fig. 5.4 Schematic arrangement of components in three advanced types of micr...
Fig. 5.5 Examples of wholemount specimens. (a) Mouse hair follicles visualiz...
Fig. 5.6 Preparation of serial paraffin sections using a microtome.
Fig. 5.7 Setup for microinjection under the fluorescence microscope.
Fig. 5.8 A “stage series” for a particular gene product. This could be a spe...
Fig. 5.9 Measurement of relative mRNA abundance by real-time PCR. Each curve...
Fig. 5.10 Use of a microarray to compare gene expression in two cell populat...
Fig. 5.11 The "drop-seq" method for sequencing the mRNA of single cells. A s...
Fig. 5.12 An example of cell type classification of the mouse intestinal epi...
Fig. 5.13 (a) In situ hybridization for detection of specific mRNA. DIG, dig...
Fig. 5.14 Examples of wholemount in situ hybridization. (a) mRNA of the tran...
Fig. 5.15 Examples of immunostaining. (a,b) Section through a 13.5-day mouse...
Fig. 5.16 Reporter genes in Xenopus tadpoles. (a) An N-tubulin reporter driv...
Fig. 5.17 Transgenic mice with ubiquitously expressed labels. (a,b) Section ...
Fig. 5.18 Labeling techniques. (a) Vital staining. A patch of Nile Blue is a...
Chapter 6
Fig. 6.1 Epithelium and mesenchyme are the two tissue types that make up mos...
Fig. 6.2 Microtubules. (a) In mesenchymal cells, microtubules run from the c...
Fig. 6.3 Microfilaments. (a) Microfilament bundles are often visible in cell...
Fig. 6.4 Immunostaining of contractile proteins in different cell types....
Fig. 6.5 Activation of myosin II by phosphorylation. The MLC kinases are oft...
Fig. 6.6 Cell movement. (a) Cell motility in a fibroblast. Cells are anchore...
Fig. 6.7 Organization of epithelial cells.
Fig. 6.8 Cell adhesion molecules. (a) Cadherins form Ca-dependent bonds. (b)...
Fig. 6.9 Location of polarity complexes in an epithelial cell.
Fig. 6.10 Cell adhesion behaviors. (a) Cells bearing qualitatively different...
Fig. 6.11 A hierarchy of chick embryo tissues surround each other based on t...
Fig. 6.12 Generic types of morphogenetic behavior found in embryos. (a) Form...
Fig. 6.13 Planar cell polarity. (a) Normal Drosophila thorax, with aligned m...
Fig. 6.14 Mechanism underlying the acquisition of planar cell polarity. The ...
Fig. 6.15 Examples of branching morphogenesis. (a) Mouse salivary gland view...
Chapter 7
Fig. 7.1 Phylogenetic tree showing the positions of the big six model organi...
Fig. 7.2 Comparative developmental milestones for the six model organisms. T...
Chapter 8
Fig. 8.1 Oogenesis in Xenopus. (a) Photographs of oocytes at stages I throug...
Fig. 8.2 Stages of Xenopus development. Here the numbers of the Nieuwkoop–Fa...
Fig. 8.3 Cortical rotation. The egg cortex moves about 30° relative to the i...
Fig. 8.4 Early domains of zygotic genes. (a–d) View from vegetal pole; (e) f...
Fig. 8.5 Single cell sequencing of mRNA in early Xenopus embryos. The figure...
Fig. 8.6 Gastrulation. (a) Blastula; (b) early gastrula; (c) mid-gastrula; a...
Fig. 8.7 Exogastrulation occurs when embryos are placed in isotonic salt sol...
Fig. 8.8 Neural tube closure. Section through mid-body region.
Fig. 8.9 Tailbud stage. This is the
phylotypic
stage of vertebrate developme...
Fig. 8.10 Xenopus fate map for the 32-cell stage. (a) Nomenclature of blasto...
Fig. 8.11 (a) In vitro preparation of mRNA or a hybridization probe from a p...
Fig. 8.12 Use of animal caps and UV-irradiated embryos. (a) Autoinduction as...
Fig. 8.13 Methods for inhibition of specific gene activity. (a) Antisense mo...
Fig. 8.14 Vegetal (yellow) and dorsal (red) determinants in the fertilized e...
Fig. 8.15 Appearance of lithium-treated and UV-irradiated embryos at 3 days ...
Fig. 8.16 Experiments on dorsoventral axis specification. (a) Normal develop...
Fig. 8.17 Effect of ablating wnt11 mRNA from oocytes and converting the oocy...
Fig. 8.18 Differentiation of explants from different parts of the blastula....
Fig. 8.19 Mesoderm induction. (a) In normal development; (b) mesoderm induce...
Fig. 8.20 Dorsalization of mesoderm. (a) In normal development; (b) muscle i...
Fig. 8.21 Neural induction. (a) Isolated ectoderm from prospective brain tur...
Fig. 8.22 Optical sections of stage 11–12 gastrulae showing BMP and chordin ...
Fig. 8.23 Ventralizing activity of admp. (a) Control embryo showing the norm...
Fig. 8.24 Proportion regulation in isolated dorsal-half embryo. Isolation of...
Fig. 8.25 Effects of removing all three BMPs and admp from the embryo using ...
Fig. 8.26 Anteroposterior patterning of the central nervous system. (a) Acti...
Fig. 8.27 The organizer graft. The graft forms the notochord and head mesode...
Fig. 8.28 The organizer graft. This graft was performed using early Xenopus ...
Chapter 9
Fig. 9.1 Oogenesis in the zebrafish.
Fig. 9.2 Normal development of the zebrafish.
Fig. 9.3 Cell movements during gastrulation of the zebrafish. (a) Epiboly: c...
Fig. 9.4 (a) Confocal image of phalloidin stained embryo at 75% epiboly show...
Fig. 9.5 Formation of each germ layer in the course of zebrafish gastrulatio...
Fig. 9.6 Fate maps of the zebrafish at different stages.
Fig. 9.7 Developmental specification tree for early zebrafish embryogenesis....
Fig. 9.8 Mutagenesis screen in zebrafish. This shows the simplest possible t...
Fig. 9.9 Examples of mutants identified in zebrafish mutagenesis screens. (a...
Fig. 9.10 Production of haploid embryos and gynogenetic diploids.
Fig. 9.11 Vegetally localized maternal mRNAs. Wholemount in situ hybridizati...
Fig. 9.12 Sequence of inductions in the zebrafish.
Fig. 9.13 Some key gene expression patterns in the early embryo. General ver...
Fig. 9.14 Organizing properties of the early gastrula organizer. (A) Dorsal ...
Fig. 9.15 Effects of the BMP gradient on cell movements. Here a small patch ...
Fig. 9.16 Model for specifying mesoderm and neuroectoderm in the zebrafish t...
Chapter 10
Fig. 10.1 Preparation of the egg for microsurgery. (a) Windowing the egg; (b...
Fig. 10.2 Development of the chick blastoderm up until the time of egg layin...
Fig. 10.3 Cleavage stages of chick development. (a) Dissecting microscope vi...
Fig. 10.4 Normal development of the chick. Stage 7 is reached after about 1 ...
Fig. 10.5 Normal development of the chick. Transverse sections during format...
Fig. 10.6 “Polonaise” movements of epiblast cells during primitive streak fo...
Fig. 10.7 Head fold at stage 8. (a) Parasagittal section; lines indicate pla...
Fig. 10.8 Formation of the extraembryonic membranes in the chick. Analys...
Fig. 10.9 Fate map of the early chick blastoderm deduced from localized vita...
Fig. 10.10 Fate map of the node-stage chick embryo. (a) Marks of DiI (red) a...
Fig. 10.11 Acquisition of anteroposterior polarity by the chick blastoderm, ...
Fig. 10.12 (a) Induction of a primitive streak by a posterior marginal zone ...
Fig. 10.13 Expression of VG1 in the chick blastoderm. Expression commences i...
Fig. 10.14 A node grafted to the area pellucida will induce a partial second...
Fig. 10.15 Expression domains of: (a) a BMP; (b) a BMP inhibitor; (c) visual...
Fig. 10.16 Development of left–right asymmetry in the chick embryo. The earl...
Fig. 10.17 Change in shape of the chick embryo brain from 2 to 4.5 days of d...
Fig. 10.18 Pharyngeal arch region of a 3-day chick embryo. The rhombomeres a...
Fig. 10.19 The basic circulation of an amniote embryo.
Fig. 10.20 Transverse section through trunk region of a 3-day chick embryo. ...
Fig. 10.21 Somitogenesis. (a) Somites are formed sequentially from anterior ...
Fig. 10.22 Development of the kidney, gonads, and adrenals from the intermed...
Fig. 10.23 Extraembryonic position of the primordial germ cells.
Chapter 11
Fig. 11.1 Mouse sperm binding to the zona pellucida of an unfertilized mouse...
Fig. 11.2 Diagram of a mouse sperm.
Fig. 11.3 Events of fertilization in the mouse.
Fig. 11.4 Loss-of-function mutant of ZP3 produces eggs with no zona pellucid...
Fig. 11.5 Preimplantation development. The zona remains present but is not s...
Fig. 11.6 Polarization of cells beginning at the eight-cell stage. E-cadheri...
Fig. 11.7 Peri- and early postimplantation development. (c,d) These show bot...
Fig. 11.8 Transverse scanning electron micrograph through a mouse embryo pri...
Fig. 11.9 Views of the headfold-stage mouse embryo. FOXA2 is immunostained i...
Fig. 11.10 Expression of various inducing factor and transcription factor ge...
Fig. 11.11 Schematic views of the mouse placenta: (a) E8.5; and (b) E14.5....
Fig. 11.12 Turning of the mouse embryo. (a) From about E7.5 to E9.5, the emb...
Fig. 11.13 Organogenesis stages of the mouse embryo. During these stages, th...
Fig. 11.14 Fate mapping of early stages. (a) The second polar body marks the...
Fig. 11.15 Fate map of the late primitive streak stage. The boundaries are a...
Fig. 11.16 Origin of ICM and trophectoderm from cell polarization at the eig...
Fig. 11.17 Segregation of ICM and trophectoderm. In a 3.5d blastocyst, FGFR1...
Fig. 11.18 Anteroposterior patterning of epiblast in the egg cylinder to pri...
Fig. 11.19 Expression of gradient of Fgf8 mRNA in the posterior of E9.5 mous...
Fig. 11.20 Asymmetric expression of Nodal and Lefty1/2 at E8. Nodal is expre...
Fig. 11.21 Asymmetry mutants in the mouse.
Fig. 11.22 Expression of three Hox genes, showing the different anterior bou...
Fig. 11.23 Making transgenic mice by injection of DNA into a pronucleus of t...
Fig. 11.24 Embryonic stem cells. (a) Removal of feeder cells will cause diff...
Fig. 11.25 Gene targeting: (a) recombination at the homologous site disrupts...
Fig. 11.26 Procedure for making a gene knockout via homologous recombination...
Fig. 11.27 Gene trap and enhancer trap.
Fig. 11.28 “Life cycle” of imprinting. Two loci are shown, with red for an e...
Fig. 11.29 Inactivation of the second X-chromosome in females. (a) Expressio...
Chapter 12
Fig. 12.1 Diagram of human sperm. The shape differs from mouse sperm but the...
Fig. 12.2 Human preimplantation development; “d” indicates days from fertili...
Fig. 12.3 Removal of a single blastomere from a human embryo for DNA analysi...
Fig. 12.4 Possible outcomes of DNA testing for a single locus where both par...
Fig. 12.5 Pluripotent stem cells of mouse and human. (a) Mouse ES cells. (b)...
Fig. 12.6 Early postimplantation development of the human conceptus. Unlike ...
Fig. 12.7 Achievement of general body plan stage of the human embryo. This s...
Fig. 12.8 “Formation of concentric zones of ectoderm (blue), mesoderm (red) ...
Fig. 12.9 Human embryo-like structures formed from embryonic stem cells. a) ...
Fig. 12.10 Formation of the extraembryonic membranes in the human conceptus....
Fig. 12.11 (a) Diagram of the human placenta. (b) Invasion of the uterine wa...
Fig. 12.12 Different arrangement of membranes in the placentas of monozygoti...
Chapter 13
Fig. 13.1 The Drosophila egg chamber.
Fig. 13.2 Early development of Drosophila. (f) and (g) are, respectively, mi...
Fig. 13.3 Pole cells. (a) Immunostain for RNA polymerase II (red) and Vasa p...
Fig. 13.4 Drosophila gastrulation visualized by expression of the Twist prot...
Fig. 13.5 Drosophila larva, ventral and lateral views. (Inset) Denticle belt...
Fig. 13.6 Fate map of the cellular blastoderm stage.
Fig. 13.7 A mutagenesis screen for zygotic autosomal recessive mutants affec...
Fig. 13.8 Immunostaining of three components of the maternal systems. The nu...
Fig. 13.9 Hierarchy of steps in the development of anteroposterior pattern....
Fig. 13.10 Territories formed during dorsoventral specification of the early...
Fig. 13.11 Operation of the dorsoventral system. (a) Dorsally, the Gurken si...
Fig. 13.12 Disruption of the normal dorsoventral system by loss of function ...
Fig. 13.13 Maternal anteroposterior systems. (a) Anterior system; and (b) po...
Fig. 13.14 Origin of anteroposterior polarity. (a) Posteriorization of borde...
Fig. 13.15 Dependence of the signal from follicle cells on an active Hippo p...
Fig. 13.16 The terminal system.
Fig. 13.17 How to work out regulatory relationships between genes. The top t...
Fig. 13.18 Gap genes. (a) Some regulatory relationships; and (b) simplified ...
Fig. 13.19. Fluorescent in situ hybridizations showing expression domains of...
Fig. 13.20 Effects of Bicoid on the expression of three gap genes. (a) Norma...
Fig. 13.21 Expression of even-skipped (eve) (in situ hybridization). (a–c) D...
Fig. 13.22 Regulation of even-skipped. (a) Normal expression pattern: report...
Fig. 13.23 Initial establishment of engrailed stripes. Low levels of Even-sk...
Fig. 13.24 Expression of Engrailed protein (immunostaining). The stripes are...
Fig. 13.25 Maintenance of the pattern by the action of Hedgehog and Wingless...
Fig. 13.26 Expression of the Hox genes visualized by seven-color in situ hyb...
Fig. 13.27 Schematic expression of Hox genes at the extended germ band stage...
Fig. 13.28 The four-winged fly, resulting from a loss-of-function mutation o...
Chapter 14
Fig. 14.1 Segregation of homozygotes after mutagenesis and two generations o...
Fig. 14.2 Adult anatomy of C. elegans.
Fig. 14.3 Embryonic development of C. elegans.
Fig. 14.4 The later stage of C. elegans “gastrulation.”
Fig. 14.5 Early cell lineage of C. elegans.
Fig. 14.6 Single cell sequencing of mRNA in C. elegans embryos. The figure s...
Fig. 14.7 Asymmetrical division involving segregation of P-granules into P c...
Fig. 14.8 Embryo produced by par-3 defective mother. (a) Wild type showing n...
Fig. 14.9 Maternal screen for isolation of par mutants. The hermaphrodites a...
Fig. 14.10 Sequence of events leading to the unequal first division of the C...
Fig. 14.11 Cytoplasmic determinants in C. elegans. Following fertilization, ...
Fig. 14.12 In situ hybridizations showing zygotic gene activation consequent...
Fig. 14.13 Two inductive interactions leading to formation of the pharynx.
Fig. 14.14 Origin and basic structure of the C. elegans intestine.
Fig. 14.15 Examples of phenotypes of heterochronic mutations. Two larval cel...
Fig. 14.16 (a) Diagram of relative expression behavior of the per homolog li...
Fig. 14.17 Development of the C. elegans vulva. (a) Relationship of the equi...
Fig. 14.18 VPC fate specification. (A) EGF signal released by the anchor cel...
Fig. 14.19 Development of the C. elegans gonad. (a) Adult hermaphrodite gona...
Fig. 14.20 The distal tip cell, visualized with a GFP reporter.
Fig. 14.21 An embryonic cell death (arrow).
Fig. 14.22 The cell-death pathway. The ovals represent late embryos. (a) Nor...
Chapter 15
Fig. 15.1 Cre-lox system. (a) The Cre recombinase will excise DNA between tw...
Fig. 15.2 Use of Cre-lox system for fate mapping. A cell population will be ...
Fig. 15.3 Tet systems. (a) In Tet-off, tTA upregulates the target gene in th...
Fig. 15.4 A replication-defective lentiviral vector. The vector is produced ...
Fig. 15.5 Making chimeras: (a) by aggregation; and (b) by injection of cells...
Fig. 15.6 The “Brainbow” technique for generating multiple clones of differe...
Fig. 15.7 CCO negative clone in the human liver. The mutant close is blue an...
Fig. 15.8 Tissue and organ culture. (a,b) Mouse induced pluripotent stem cel...
Fig. 15.9 Fluorescence-activated cell sorter. The output shows that the cell...
Fig. 15.10 Laser capture microdissection. (a) Section is of human prostate g...
Chapter 16
Fig. 16.1 Some cell types found in the central nervous system.
Fig. 16.2 Structure of the brain of an 8-day chick embryo. The mid- and hind...
Fig. 16.3 Development of the eye. The optic vesicle grows out of the diencep...
Fig. 16.4 Main structures of the developing spinal cord.
Fig. 16.5 The neuroepithelium and neural tube closure in the chick embryo....
Fig. 16.6 Regionalization of the cerebral cortex of the mouse. (a) Source re...
Fig. 16.7 The developing hindbrain. The isthmic organizer is shown as red (F...
Fig. 16.8 Immunostaining of Hoxc6 and c9 showing the boundary between brachi...
Fig. 16.9 Dorsoventral patterning of the neural tube. (a) Sonic hedgehog fro...
Fig. 16.10 The Sonic hedgehog gradient. (a) In situ hybridization showing pr...
Fig. 16.11 Neurogenesis in Drosophila. (a) The Delta–Notch lateral inhibitio...
Fig. 16.12 (a) Lateral inhibition mediated by the Delta–Notch system ensures...
Fig. 16.13 Formation of the mouse embryo neocortex by "inside-out" cell migr...
Fig. 16.14 Location of neural stem cells (red areas) in the adult mouse brai...
Fig. 16.15 A model for the neural stem cell niche in the subventricular zone...
Fig. 16.16 Mouse neurospheres. a) Phase contrast of third passage neurospher...
Fig. 16.17 Migration of cranial neural crest from the neural tube of a Xenop...
Fig. 16.18 Fate map of neural crest compiled from chick–quail orthotopic gra...
Fig. 16.19 Dorsolateral (black arrows) and ventral (red arrows) pathways of ...
Fig. 16.20 Labeling of neural crest cells using the CreER/Confetti system. (...
Fig. 16.21 Preferred differentiation pathways of trunk neural crest cells ex...
Fig. 16.22 Growth cone at the tip of a developing axon.
Fig. 16.23 Assays for attraction and repulsion. (a) Simple assay for outgrow...
Fig. 16.24 Pathway of the axons from the commissural neurons.
Fig. 16.25 Development of motor connections to the limb muscles. (a) Specifi...
Fig. 16.26 Expression of neurotrophin 3 (NT3). This shows a reporter mouse w...
Fig. 16.27 Effects of neurotrophins on the dorsal root ganglia. (a) Normal b...
Fig. 16.28 Normal retinotectal projection in a fish or amphibian. Anterior (...
Fig. 16.29 Gradient of ephrin A visualized on the optic tectum of a 13-day c...
Fig. 16.30 Stages in the acquisition of retinotectal specificity. The axonal...
Chapter 17
Fig. 17.1 Somitogenesis in the chick embryo. The process starts in the anter...
Fig. 17.2 Scanning electron micrograph showing epithelial somite in the chic...
Fig. 17.3 Mouse knockout of the Hes7 gene. Most of the segmentation has fail...
Fig. 17.4 Mechanism of segment formation during somitogenesis. The anterior ...
Fig. 17.5 Real-time observation of the somite oscillator in the mouse embryo...
Fig. 17.6 (a) The simple feedback and delay model for the oscillator. (b) Co...
Fig. 17.7 Posterior to anterior gradient of FGF8 in the mouse embryo. (a) In...
Fig. 17.8 Subdivision of somite by signals from surrounding tissues. The epa...
Fig. 17.9 Regional pattern along the anteroposterior axis is exemplified by ...
Fig. 17.10 Formation of vertebrae from the somites of (above) the chick and ...
Fig. 17.11 Factors controlling myogenesis. Initially, Wnt signaling and the ...
Fig. 17.12 Structure of a mature mammalian nephron. Fluid is filtered from t...
Fig. 17.13 Normal development of the metanephric kidney. (a) Growth and bran...
Fig. 17.14 Development of the collecting system of the kidney in chimeric em...
Fig. 17.15 Origin and migration of germ cells. (a) E8.5 mouse embryo showing...
Fig. 17.16 The Mullerian duct. (a) Normal Mullerian duct visualized by whole...
Fig. 17.17 Formation of gonads from the genital ridge. At E11.5 of mouse dev...
Fig. 17.18 Mouse gonads during the period of sex determination. (a) At E10.5...
Fig. 17.19 Origin and growth of limb buds. A chick embryo is shown just befo...
Fig. 17.20 Evidence that the limb muscles derive from the somites was obtain...
Fig. 17.21 Anatomy of the tetrapod limb. (a) Nomenclature of the skeletal el...
Fig. 17.22 Induction of a limb bud from the flank by an FGF bead. The induce...
Fig. 17.23 Origin of dorsal and ventral limb-bud epidermis. The upper sectio...
Fig. 17.24 The effect of removing the AER at different stages, as indicated ...
Fig. 17.25 Nested expression of Hox genes in the limb bud. (a) Hoxa genes; a...
Fig. 17.26 Limb phenotypes resulting from loss of Hox genes of the a and d c...
Fig. 17.27 The ZPA graft leads to the formation of a double posterior duplic...
Fig. 17.28 How the gradient from the ZPA controls the pattern of digits: (a)...
Fig. 17.29 A Turing model for the formation of digits in the mouse embryo li...
Fig. 17.30 Identification of a compartment boundary between dorsal and ventr...
Fig. 17.31 The three signaling systems driving limb elongation and patternin...
Fig. 17.32 Developmental hematopoiesis. (a) Primitive hematopoiesis takes pl...
Fig. 17.33 Clonal analysis of a blood island in the yolk sac of a mouse embr...
Fig. 17.34 Origin of hematopoietic cells from the aortic endothelium. (a) Tr...
Fig. 17.35 Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Blood vessels arise from the ext...
Fig. 17.36 Heart-forming regions of the chick embryo fate mapped with DiI.
Fig. 17.37 In situ hybridizations showing expression of Nkx2.5 in the chick ...
Fig. 17.38 In the mouse embryo, cells from the lateral territories migrate t...
Fig. 17.39 (a) Formation of the anterior body fold in the mouse (arrows) bri...
Fig. 17.40 Later development of the human heart. (a) External views of the h...
Chapter 18
Fig. 18.1 Formation of the fore- and hindgut in the chick embryo. (a) Format...
Fig. 18.2 Enclosure of the gut and ventral closure of the body in the chick ...
Fig. 18.3 Formation of the regions of the gut in an amniote embryo.
Fig. 18.4 Location of outgrowths of the endoderm in the pharyngeal region of...
Fig. 18.5 Tissue types arising from the regions of the chick gut tube.
Fig. 18.6 Development of the mouse intestine. Red is immunostain for the tra...
Fig. 18.7 (a) Fate map of the chick endoderm. (b) Mismatch between the f...
Fig. 18.8 Regional specification in the vertebrate gut. Starting from the pr...
Fig. 18.9 Protocols for recombination experiments between endoderm and mesen...
Fig. 18.10 In ovo grafting experiments showing posterior dominance. (a) Ante...
Fig. 18.11 Early liver bud in a mouse embryo. Hepatoblasts are blue due to a...
Fig. 18.12 Induction of the liver in the mouse embryo by FGF from the cardia...
Fig. 18.13 Cell types in the mature pancreas.
Fig. 18.14 Pancreatic bud development in the human embryo.
Fig. 18.15 Development of the mouse pancreas visualized by immunostaining. (...
Fig. 18.16 Overall mechanism of pancreatic development.
Fig. 18.17 Pancreatic cell lineage.
Chapter 19
Fig. 19.1 Life cycle of Drosophila.
Fig. 19.2 Position of imaginal disc rudiments in the late embryo.
Fig. 19.3 Drawings of the eversion of a leg disc. Exterior is to the right. ...
Fig. 19.4 Discs can be fragmented and injected into the abdomen of an adult ...
Fig. 19.5 GAL4 method for ectopic overexpression of a transgene. When the tw...
Fig. 19.6 (a) Mitotic recombination generates a twin spot consisting of a −/...
Fig. 19.7 Upregulation of a transgene in a clone produced by the FLP-out met...
Fig. 19.8 Induction of the thoracic imaginal discs by Wingless (Wg) and Deca...
Fig. 19.9 Embryonic time course of the formation of the dorsal primordia in ...
Fig. 19.10 Anteroposterior and dorsoventral compartments in the third instar...
Fig. 19.11 Visualization of the anterior and posterior compartments using th...
Fig. 19.12 Function of the engrailed gene. (a,b) A viable but hypomorphic mu...
Fig. 19.13 Expression of Wingless, Dpp and Vestigial in the wing disc. (a) W...
Fig. 19.14 Dorsoventral patterning in the wing disc. apterous in the dorsal ...
Fig. 19.15 (a) Behavior of clones with altered engrailed (en) expression. Cl...
Fig. 19.16 The leg disc. (a) Fate map of the leg disc. (b) Upregulation of t...
Fig. 19.17 Regeneration of the first (prothoracic) leg disc. Proteins are vi...
Fig. 19.18 Decapentaplegic gradient in the wing disc: (a) normal; (b) effect...
Fig. 19.19 Planar cell polarity system. (a) The formation of complexes invol...
Chapter 20
Fig. 20.1 Diagram of an epithelial cell showing the types of cell junction....
Fig. 20.2 Types of epithelium.
Fig. 20.3 (A) Typical mature connective tissue. (B) Loose mesenchyme as foun...
Fig. 20.4 Types of muscle. (a) Structure of skeletal muscle; (b) skeletal mu...
Fig. 20.5 A microcirculatory unit, showing joining of terminal arteriole and...
Fig. 20.6 BrdU staining of the intestine. A short BrdU pulse labels all cell...
Fig. 20.7 The
14
C dilution method. (a) The rise and fall of
14
C in the atmos...
Fig. 20.8 (a) Cell lineage in a renewal tissue, showing the niche, a stem ce...
Fig. 20.9 The stem cell niche in the Drosophila ovary. Female germ cell stem...
Fig. 20.10 Organization of the small intestinal epithelium. (a) Longitudinal...
Fig. 20.11 Cell types in the epithelium of the small intestine
Fig. 20.12 Lineage of LGR5
+
cells revealed in Lgr5–CreER x R26R mouse. The m...
Fig. 20.13 Human colonic crypts showing loss-of-function mutations of the ge...
Fig. 20.14 Intestinal organoid growing in Matrigel. This colony was founded ...
Fig. 20.15 Transverse section of small intestinal crypts after a labeling pr...
Fig. 20.16 Control of cell differentiation in the intestinal epithelium by l...
Fig. 20.17 Organization of the epidermis. All keratinocytes are born in the ...
Fig. 20.18 Importance of Tp63 for epidermal development. Skin of newborn mic...
Fig. 20.19 Lineage tracing of epidermal stem cells in mouse skin. The mice e...
Fig. 20.20 Stochastic stem cell model. (a) The four types of stem cell divis...
Fig. 20.21 (a) Structure of the hair follicle. (b) The hair growth cycle.
Fig. 20.22 Formation of hair follicles. There are at least three stages of s...
Fig. 20.23 Growth of a hair follicle during the hair cycle. These are follic...
Fig. 20.24 Krt15–lacZ reporter mouse. Activity of the promoter in the bulge ...
Fig. 20.25 Expression of SOX9 (red immunostaining) during development of the...
Fig. 20.26 Hematopoietic colonies growing in methyl cellulose. (A) Burst-for...
Fig. 20.27 Models of the hematopoietic cell lineage. (a) A standard hierarch...
Fig. 20.28 Structure of the bone marrow and the putative hematopoietic niche...
Fig. 20.29 FACS-purified HSCs from a GFP-expressing mouse were injected into...
Fig. 20.30 Spermatogenesis. (a) The spermatogonia are in the basal layer of ...
Fig. 20.31 Spermatogonial stem cell transplantation. (a) A host testis into ...
Fig. 20.32 Labeling of spermatogonial stem cells using Pax7–CreER x mTmG...
Chapter 21
Fig. 21.1 Growth curves of rats (left) and rat hearts (right). The continuou...
Fig. 21.2 An example of an allometric relationship between two body parts. I...
Fig. 21.3 Effect of increasing the cell division rate, the cell size, or bot...
Fig. 21.4 The insulin–TOR pathway. (a) The components promoting growth are s...
Fig. 21.5 The Hippo pathway. (a) Drosophila. The effects of Fj and Ds on Fat...
Fig. 21.6 (a,b) Loss of Hippo (hpo) from the Drosophila head leads to dispro...
Fig. 21.7 Effect on the overall size of Drosophila pupae and adults of manip...
Fig. 21.8 Coordination of imaginal disc growth in Drosophila. A damaged or g...
Fig. 21.9 Operation of a hypothetical chalone system. The chalone concentrat...
Fig. 21.10 A Belgian Blue bull. This breed is naturally deficient in myostat...
Fig. 21.11 Histological structure of the liver, showing the arrangements of ...
Fig. 21.12 Enlargement of mouse liver provoked by overexpression of YAP1 for...
Fig. 21.13 (a) A developing long bone, showing the cartilaginous epiphysis, ...
Fig. 21.14 Feedback loop for control of chondrocyte hypertrophic differentia...
Fig. 21.15 Some remarkably long-lived animals. (a) The deep sea oyster, Neop...
Fig. 21.16 Effects of downregulating the insulin pathway on lifespan of C. e...
Fig. 21.17 Effects of caloric restriction on rhesus macaques. The restricted...
Fig. 21.18 Tumors: benign and malignant. Benign tumors tend to be encapsulat...
Fig. 21.19 Intestinal metaplasia in the stomach. The patch of metaplasia (ar...
Fig. 21.20 Adenoma and carcinoma of the colon. (a) Multiple adenomas in a pa...
Fig. 21.21 Visualization of stem cells in a mouse papilloma. The papillomas ...
Fig. 21.22 The top row shows the progression of a mouse mammary tumor with a...
Chapter 22
Fig. 22.1 A colony of human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in culture (phase co...
Fig. 22.2 Micrograph of a typical teratoma following the grafting of human E...
Fig. 22.3 Procedure for making induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells).
Fig. 22.4 Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). (a,b) Mouse iPSCs viewed w...
Fig. 22.5 A somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) experiment performed on Xen...
Fig. 22.6 Procedures used for cloning of whole mammals. The resulting animal...
Fig. 22.7 Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua, two cynomolgus monkeys generated by SCNT....
Fig. 22.8 Formation of brain organoid from human pluripotent stem cells. (a)...
Fig. 22.9 Effect of inhibiting PI3K signaling on cerebral organoid. (a–c) No...
Fig. 22.10 A protocol used in a model experiment to cure mice of sickle cell...
Fig. 22.11 One specific protocol for directed differentiation of human pluri...
Fig. 22.12 Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. (a–c) Differentiation of ...
Fig. 22.13 hESC-derived cardiac graft in a guinea pig. The left image is sta...
Fig. 22.14 Graft of a fibrin patch containing human ESC-derived heart progen...
Fig. 22.15 Grafts of dopaminergic neurons into the brains of adult rats with...
Chapter 23
Fig. 23.1 Phylogenetic (= cladistic) taxonomy. A–F represent taxa arising fr...
Fig. 23.2 A consensus phylogenetic tree for animals showing some key animal ...
Fig. 23.3 The geological periods, showing currently accepted dates of their ...
Fig. 23.4 Putative animal fossils from the Ediacaran. (a) Dickinsonia. (b) K...
Fig. 23.5 The phylotypic stage. (a) Phylotypic (extended germ band) stage of...
Fig. 23.6 Transcriptional diversity is at a minimum around the phylotypic st...
Fig. 23.7 The “zootype,” now more appropriately called the “triplotype,” a c...
Fig. 23.8 The cephalochordate amphioxus. (a) Adult amphioxus of the species
Fig. 23.9 Schematic of Hox genes found in Drosophila, amphioxus, and the mou...
Fig. 23.10 Nematostella. (a) An adult polyp. (b) Development of Nematostella
Fig. 23.11 Expression of Hox genes in the mesenteries of Nematostella. Expre...
Fig. 23.12 Expression of some key genes in Nematostella embryos viewed by in...
Fig. 23.13 Differences in the pattern of trichomes between Drosophila specie...
Fig. 23.14 Correlation of segmental pattern, appendage types, and Hox gene e...
Fig. 23.15 Schematic of the expression of the different Hox genes during dev...
Fig. 23.16 Appendages in the amphipod Parhyale. (a) Scanning electron microg...
Fig. 23.17 Effect of Ubx on appendage character in Parhyale. (a) Wild-type h...
Fig. 23.18 Abdominal legs of the butterfly caterpillar. (a) Distalless expre...
Fig. 23.19 Origin of legs. (a) Panderichthys and its forelimb skeleton. (b) ...
Fig. 23.20 Knock-ins of ZRS enhancers from various species into correspondin...
Chapter 24
Fig. 24.1 Five distinct types of regeneration found in animals.
Fig. 24.2 A planarian worm: (a) anatomical features; and (b) aspects of the ...
Fig. 24.3 Expression of positional control genes expressed in the muscle cel...
Fig. 24.4 Electron micrographs of neoblasts from Schmidtea mediterranea. (a)...
Fig. 24.5 Planarian anterior and posterior regeneration.
Fig. 24.6 Evidence for the pluripotent nature of c-neoblasts on transplantat...
Fig. 24.7 Polarity control by β-catenin. (a) Normal regeneration of head and...
Fig. 24.8 Regeneration of a double-anterior bipolar form from a short body s...
Fig. 24.9 Evidence for long-range interactions in planarian regeneration. (a...
Fig. 24.10 Displacement of regenerated eyes. In the top row, the posterior a...
Fig. 24.11 Regeneration of the insect leg. (a) Structure of the metathoracic...
Fig. 24.12 Genes controlling cricket leg regeneration. (a) A leg bud shown s...
Fig. 24.13 Adult axolotls. Note the persistent external gills and tailfins, ...
Fig. 24.14 The course of events in urodele limb regeneration. (a) Diagram of...
Fig. 24.15 Aneurogenic limb regeneration in parabiotic animal. The limb lack...
Fig. 24.16 Cell lineage tracing in regeneration. (a) An explant of cartilage...
Fig. 24.17 Distal regeneration occurs even when the cut surface is proximal ...
Fig. 24.18 Intercalary regeneration in the proximodistal axis. The stump can...
Fig. 24.19 Migration of a blastema, transplanted to the blastema–stump junct...
Fig. 24.20 Evidence that Prod1 controls proximal–distal patterning. Prod1 wa...
Fig. 24.21 Intercalary regeneration in the anteroposterior axis. (a) A poste...
Fig. 24.22 Axial inversion of a blastema onto a stump produces a triple limb...
Fig. 24.23 Need for pattern discontinuity at the cut surface for distal rege...
Fig. 24.24 (a) Wholemount in situ hybridization for Shh in a newt blastema, ...
Fig. 24.25 Proximalization of blastema by retinoic acid treatment.
Fig. 24.26 Effect of retinoic acid on surgically produced double-anterior an...
Guide
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4th Edition
Essential Developmental Biology
Professor Jonathan M.W. Slack
University of Bath
Bath, United Kingdom
Professor Leslie Dale
University College London
London, United Kingdom
This edition first published 2022
© 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Edition History
1e; (2001) 2e; (2006) 3e; (2013, John Wiley)
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
The right of Jonathan M.W. Slack and Leslie Dale to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Slack, J. M. W. (Jonathan Michael Wyndham), 1949- author. | Dale, Leslie, author.
Title: Essential developmental biology / Jonathan M.W. Slack, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom, Leslie Dale, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Description: Fourth edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2022. | Revised edition of: Essential developmental biology / Jonathan M.W. Slack. 3rd ed. 2013. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020025620 (print) | LCCN 2020025621 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119512851 (paperback) | ISBN 9781119512820 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119512844 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Developmental biology–Laboratory manuals.
Classification: LCC QH491 .S6 2022 (print) | LCC QH491 (ebook) | DDC 572.8–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020025620
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020025621
Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Image: The cover shows a 5 days old zebrafish stained with a fluorescent antibody against acetylated tubulin to identify axons within the developing larval brain. The image shows axons in the optic tectum and cerebellum terminating locally within the same regions of the brain as well as long range axonal projections from the left to the right side. The specimen was stained and photographed by Dr Nikolas Nikolaou, University of Bath, UK.
Preface
This book presents the basic concepts and facts relating to the developmental biology of animals. It is designed as a core text for undergraduate courses from the first to the fourth year, and also for first year graduate students. It is suitable for both biologically based and medically oriented courses. A basic knowledge of cell and molecular biology is assumed, but no prior knowledge of development, animal structure, or histology should be necessary.
For this, the fourth edition, the work has two authors. Leslie Dale was head of teaching for cell and developmental biology at University College London and has brought his invaluable teaching experience as well as his daily contact with cutting-edge research to complement the expertise of the senior author, Jonathan Slack. Two technical advances in particular have been incorporated into the text. The first is single cell transcriptome sequencing which provides a completely new way to observe developmental fate and commitment at a molecular level. The second is CRISPR-Cas9, and other methods for targeted genetic manipulation, that have hugely extended the range of what can be done.
The book is arranged in four parts, and the order of topics is intended to represent a logical progression. The first part introduces the basic concepts and techniques. Chapter 2, “How Development Works,” is intended as a very brief summary of developmental mechanisms suitable for introductory lectures. We have moved the biochemistry of signaling systems, formerly in the appendix, into Chapter 4. So now the theoretical concepts of experimental embryology are presented together with the molecular pathways that underlie them. Part 1 also contains a new chapter on “Cells into Tissues” (Chapter 6) dealing with the fundamentals of morphogenesis and the underpinning role of cell contacts and the cytoskeleton. In other works, this topic is often fragmented among many individual examples and loses its coherence.
The second part covers the early development of the six main “model organisms,” Xenopus, zebrafish, chick, mouse, Drosophila, and Caenorhabditis elegans, up to the stage of the general body plan. For this edition, we have included a new “model” which is the human embryo itself. Of course, it is the animal species that are models for humans, but we now consider that enough is known about human development in its own right to make a separate chapter both necessary and desirable.
The third part deals with organ development, mostly of vertebrates but including also Drosophila imaginal discs. It has been fully rewritten and updated, and particular attention is drawn to cases where the molecular basis of human developmental defects is now understood.
The fourth part deals with some topics of high contemporary interest: tissue organization and stem cells, growth, aging and cancer, regenerative medicine, evolution, and regeneration. Regeneration now comes last, in Chapter 24, because we find it is useful to have been exposed to the introduction to animal classification provided by Chapter 23, “Evolution and Development,” in order to understand the nature of some of the regeneration models.
Like the previous editions, this new version of Essential Developmental Biology differs from its main competitors in four important respects, all of which we feel are essential for effective education.
It keeps the model organisms separate when early development is discussed. This avoids the muddle that arises all too often when students think that knockouts can be made using
Xenopus
ES cells, or that bindin is essential for mammalian fertilization.
It avoids considerations of history and experimental priority because students do not care who did something first if it all happened 20–30 years ago.
It does, however, explain
why
we believe what we do. Understanding does not come from simply memorizing long lists of gene names, so we continue to explain how to investigate developmental phenomena and what sorts of evidence are needed to prove a particular type of result.
The work is highly focused. In order to keep the text short and concise, we have limited the number of organ systems that are discussed and we have not wandered off into areas such as the development of plants or lower eukaryotes, that may be very interesting but are really separate branches of biology.
The first three editions were very well received by both users and reviewers, and we hope that the fourth edition will make this book an even more popular choice for undergraduate and graduate-level teaching around the world.
Obstacles to learning
Students sometimes consider developmental biology to be a difficult subject, but this need not be the case so long as certain obstacles to understanding are identified at an early stage. The names and relationships of embryonic body parts are generally new to students, so in this book the number of different parts mentioned is kept to the minimum required for understanding the experiments, and a consistent nomenclature is adopted (e.g. “anterior” is used throughout rather than “rostral” or “cranial”).
The competitor texts mix up species and, for example, would typically consider sea urchin gastrulation, Xenopus mesoderm induction, and chick somitogenesis in quick succession. This leaves the student unsure about which processes occur in which organisms. In order to avoid confusion, we have kept separate the model organism species in Part 2, and for Part 3 and 4
