Essential Guide to Blood Coagulation E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 309

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

A practical guide to laboratory diagnosis and treatment of hemostatic disorders.

This concise book distils the most clinically up-to-date information on thrombotic and bleeding disorders, including the latest treatment strategies, for key conditions and diseases. Essential Guide to Blood Coagulation covers both the stable and the acute stages of hereditary and acquired bleeding and thrombotic disorders.

Faced with a bleeding patient, it may be difficult to determine whether blood loss is due to a local factor, or an underlying hemostatic defect. There are a range of laboratory tests which can be performed to identify the cause of bleeding in a patient. This book highlights the tests that can be used in the laboratory to aid diagnosis.

Essential Guide to Blood Coagulation has been updated to include the new anticoagulants and now has a dedicated chapter on antiplatelet drugs. This invaluable guide will help all those treating patients to expand their knowledge of hemostatic disorders.

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Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

List of contributors

Preface

Abbreviations

Part 1: General Hemostasis

Chapter 1: Schematic Presentation of the Hemostatic System

Chapter 2: Proposals for Sampling Instructions

Points to note prior to sampling

Sampling time and patient preparation

Referrals for coagulation analyses

Sampling

Technique

For DNA investigation (genetic analyses)

Chapter 3: Laboratory Investigations

Nomenclature

Reference intervals for laboratory investigations

Screening analyses

Special analyses

Markers of coagulation activation (hypercoagulation markers)

DNA analyses

Global hemostatic assays and bedside methods

Useful components in research studies

Platelet-activating predictors

Part 2: Bleeding Disorders

Chapter 4: Hereditary Bleeding Disorders

General remarks about hemophilia A and B

General remarks about von Willebrand disease

Factor concentrates used for treatment of hemophilia A and B and VWD in Sweden in 2012

Treatment strategy in severe forms of hemophilia and VWD

Recommendations for desired initial plasma concentrations at different types of bleedings

Surgery in patients with bleeding disorders

Tooth extraction in a hemophilia patient

Caution in patients with bleeding disorders

Treatment principles for different types of bleeding disorders (severe, moderate, and milder forms of hemostatic defects)

Rare bleeding disorders

Blood sampling in bleeding disorders

Bleeding risk charts

Chapter 5: Critical Bleeding

Introduction

Definition of massive bleeding

Transfusion coagulopathy

Recommendations to obtain optimal hemostasis

Choice of plasma

Local procedures

Additional treatment

Fibrinogen concentrate

Prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC)

Recombinant factor VIIa

Concentrates of other coagulation factors

Cryoprecipitates

Tranexamic acid

Desmopressin

Local hemostatic drugs

Complicating factors

Ongoing treatment with antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs

Chapter 6: Investigation of Increased Bleeding Tendency

Introduction

Diagnosis

Reasons for pathologic screening analyses and further actions

Causes of thrombocytopenia

Causes of prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (APT time)

Causes of elevated PT(INR)

Investigation of bleeding tendency: practical aspects

Part 3: Thromboembolic Disorders

Chapter 7: Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism

Introduction

Venous thrombosis

Pulmonary embolism

Primary prophylaxis against VTE

Chapter 8: Investigation of thromboembolic tendency

Introduction

Venous thromboembolism

Arterial thromboembolism

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

Chapter 9: Heart disease

Ischemic heart disease

Atrial fibrillation

Cardiac valve prosthesis

New oral anticoagulants in the treatment of heart disease

Chapter 10: Antiplatelet drug therapy and reversal of its effects

Introduction

ASA

ADP (P2Y12) receptor antagonists

GPIIb/IIIa receptor antagonists

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors and other antiplatelet compounds

Combined antithrombotic treatment

Benefit–risk assessment

Platelet transfusion

Chapter 11: New oral anticoagulants: focus on currently approved oral factor Xa and thrombin inhibitors

Clinical pharmacology of NOACs

Possibility of and need for therapeutic monitoring of NOACs

Clinical aspects of NOACs

Results of clinical trials

Some characteristics of the individual NOACs

Considerations to be taken when using NOACs in some emergency situations

Chapter 12: Stroke and transient ischemic attack

Antithrombotic secondary stroke prevention

Atrial fibrillation and TIA or stroke

Thrombolysis in stroke

Cerebral venous thrombosis and dissection of precerebral arteries

Recurrent TIA

Prophylactic treatment against DVT and PE

Chapter 13: Peripheral Artery Surgery

Prophylaxis against reocclusion in peripheral vascular surgery or percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA)

Peri- and postoperative treatment

Thrombolysis in acute ischemia

Part 4: Special Hemostasis

Chapter 14: Hemostasis in obstetrics and gynecology

Introduction

Thrombosis during pregnancy

Heart disease: treatment of women with mechanical heart valve prostheses

Thromboprophylaxis in obstetrics and gynecology

Blood sampling in children of women with severe forms of thrombophilia

Obstetric epidural/spinal analgesia (anesthesia)

Complications during pregnancy

Postpartum bleeding

Thromboprophylaxis in legal and spontaneous abortions

Thromboprophylaxis in gynecologic surgery

Investigation prior to artificial insemination (IVF)

Investigation in repeated miscarriages

Investigation in menorrhagia (for treatment see Chapter 4)

Chapter 15: Hemostasis in children

Introduction

Bleeding disorders in children

Thromboembolic disorders in children

Chapter 16: Emergency conditions associated with coagulation: DIC, HIT and TTP/HUS

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

Thrombotic microangiopathies

Index

This edition first published 2013; © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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WARNING: Always check that the prescribed dose is reasonable!

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Essential guide to blood coagulation/edited by Jovan P. Antovic, MargaretaBlombäck. – 2nd ed. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-118-28879-5 (pbk. : alk. paper) I. Antovic, Jovan P. II. Blombäck, Margareta. [DNLM: 1. Blood Coagulation. 2. Blood Coagulation Disorders. 3. Embolism – physiopathology. 4. Thrombosis – physiopathology. WH 310] 616.1'57–dc23 2012044500

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Cover image: Copyright Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH, photo Lennart Nilsson, Bonnier Fakta AB

List of contributors

Anna Ågren, MD, PhD Department of Medicine, Coagulation Unit, Karolinska Institutet; Hematology Centre, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

Jovan P. Antovic, MD, PhD Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Coagulation Research, Karolinska Institutet; Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

Bo-Michael Bellander, MD, PhD Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

Margareta Blombäck, MD, PhD Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Coagulation Research, Karolinska Institutet; Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

Katarina Bremme, MD, PhD Department of Women and Child Health, Karolinska Institutet; Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

Maria Bruzelius, MD Department of Medicine, Coagulation Unit, Karolinska Institutet; Hematology Centre, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

Anders Carlsson, MD, PhD Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

Nils Egberg, MD, PhD Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Coagulation Research, Karolinska Institutet; Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

Margareta Holmström, MD, PhD Department of Medicine, Coagulation Unit, Karolinska Institutet; Hematology Centre, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

Hans Johnsson, MD, PhD Department of Emergency Medicine, Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

Rickard Linder, MD, PhD Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet; Cardiology, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

Lars-Göran Lundberg, MD Department of Medicine, Coagulation Unit, Karolinska Institutet; Hematology Centre, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

Rickard E. Malmström, MD, PhD Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet; Clinical Pharmacology, Drug Safety and Evaluation Sector, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

Liselotte Onelöv, PhD Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

Pia Petrini, MD Department of Women and Child Health, Karolinska Institutet; Head of Division for Children with Hemostatic Disorders, Pediatrics Department, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

Susanna Ranta, MD Department of Women and Child Health, Karolinska Institutet; Pediatrics Department, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

Jesper Swedenborg, MD, PhD Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet; Vascular Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

Mia von Euler, MD, PhD Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet Stroke Research Network at Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden

Nils Wahlgren, MD, PhD Department of Neurology, Karolinska Institutet; Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

Håkan Wallen, MD, PhD Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet; Cardiology, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

Preface

The Swedish edition of this book, Coagulation News, has existed for many years. The English edition has been largely rewritten to include additional medical topics and recent developments in the field.

Essential Guide to Blood Coagulation is a practical guide to laboratory diagnosis and treatment of hemostatic disorders. The book covers both the stable and the acute stages of hereditary and acquired bleeding and thrombotic disorders. This edition includes a much revised chapter on new anticoagulants and a new chapter on antiplatelet drugs.

The book has been edited in cooperation with physicians now or previously employed at the Karolinska University Hospital and by doctors working at Danderyd Hospital and Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden.

Essential Guide to Blood Coagulation will appeal to interns, hematologists, anesthesiologists, cardiologists, neurologists, pediatricians, laboratory doctors, gynecologists, surgeons, primary care physicians, dentists, and students. It can also be used by nurses, hospital chemists, biomedical technicians, and midwives.

Jovan P. Antovic, Margareta Blombäck

Abbreviations

ACoTSAcute coagulopathy of trauma and shockACSAcute coronary syndromeACTActivated clotting timeADHAntidiuretic hormoneADPAdenosine diphosphateAFLPAcute fatty liver of pregnancyAPCActivated protein CAPTActivated partial thromboplastinASAAcetylsalicylic acidAUCArea under the concentration curveAVKAnti-vitamin K drugsBMIBody mass indexCABGCoronary artery by-pass graftingCADCoronary artery diseaseCRPC-reactive proteinCTComputed tomographyDESDrug-eluting stentDICDisseminated intravascular coagulationDVTDeep venous thrombosis ECTEcarin clotting timeEDAEpidural anesthesiaEDTAEthylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acideGFREstimated glomerular filtration rate ETEssential thrombocytosisETPEmergency trauma packagesHELLPHemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet countsHITHeparin-induced thrombocytopeniaHRTHormone replacement therapyHUSHemolytic uremic syndromeINRInternational normalized ratioISIInternational sensitivity indexITPIdiopathic thrombocytopenic purpuraIUFDIntrauterine fetal deathIVIntravenousLALupus anticoagulantLDALow-dose aspirinLMHLow molecular weight heparinMOFMultiple organ failureMPHVMechanical prosthetic heart valveMRAMagnetic resonance angiographyMRIMagnetic resonance imagingNOACNew oral anticoagulant drugNSAIDNonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugNSTEMINon ST-elevation myocardial infarctionOCOral contraceptivesPAI-1Plasminogen activator inhibitorPCCProthrombin-complex concentratePCIPercutaneous coronary interventionPCRPolymerase chain reactionPEPulmonary embolismPOCTPoint-of-care testPTProthrombin timePTAPercutaneous transluminal angioplastyPVTPortal vein thrombosisrt-PARecombinant tissue plasminogen activatorSCSubcutaneousSLESystemic lupus erythematosusSSRISelective serotonin re-uptake inhibitorSTEMIST-elevation myocardial infarction TAFIThrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitorTARThrombocytopenia with absent radiusTATThrombin-antithrombinTDMTherapeutic drug monitoringTFTissue factorTFPITissue factor pathway inhibitorTIATransient ischemic attackTMThrombomodulint-PATissue plasminogen activatorTSHThyroid-stimulating hormoneTTPThrombotic thrombocytopenic purpuraUFHUnfractionated heparinVKAVitamin-K antagonistVTEVenous thromboembolism VWDvon Willebrand diseaseVWFvon Willebrand factor

PART 1

GENERAL HEMOSTASIS

CHAPTER 1

Schematic presentation of the hemostatic system

Nils Egberg

Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Coagulation Research, Karolinska Institutet; Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden