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Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
Kategorie: Fachliteratur
Serie: Essentials (Dentistry)
Sprache: Englisch

Beschreibung

ESSENTIAL PERIODONTICS

The Dentistry Essentials are an international series of textbooks, designed to support lecture series or themes on core topics within dentistry.

A comprehensive yet accessible reference text designed for dental students and healthcare professionals alike

Essential Periodontics provides rapid reference to key information about periodontal pathology, examination and diagnosis, treatment planning of common diseases, dental implantology, clinical decision making, and more.

Contributions from experienced practitioners cover all the fundamental topics encountered in both periodontic training and practice, such as the anatomy and histology of the periodontium, basic principles of periodontal health, surgical therapies and suturing techniques, interdisciplinary periodontics, and management of periodontal emergencies. Each easy-to-read chapter includes a concise introduction, clearly defined learning objectives, a reference list of relevant scientific publications, tables and figures, and high-quality illustrations and clinical images.

Aligns with the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions issued by the American Academy of Periodontology (AAP) 2018 World Workshop
Follows a flexible modular format which can be easily integrated into any dental school’s teaching curriculum
Discusses future advances and research in periodontics
Includes several useful appendices, references to internet resources, and an extensive index

Reflecting current practice and up-to-date scientific evidence, Essential Periodontics is a valuable resource for undergraduate dental students and healthcare professionals including dental hygienists, dental therapists, and general dentistry practitioners, which also includes interdisciplinary interests.

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Cover

Series Page

Title Page

Dedication

About the editors

List of contributors

Foreword

Preface

CHAPTER 1: Introduction to periodontology/periodontics

List of Tables

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 The interdental gingiva.

Table 2.2 The marginal gingiva.

Table 2.3 The attached gingiva.

Table 2.4 Clinical characteristics of the gingiva.

Table 2.5 Cell layers and characteristics of the gingival epithelium.

Table 2.6 Non‐keratinocytes of the gingival epithelium.

Table 2.7 Components of the gingival connective tissue.

Table 2.8 Relationship of components of the dentogingival complex.

Table 2.9 Attached gingiva around healthy teeth/implants and diseased teeth...

Table 2.10 Classification of cementum.

Table 2.11 Components of the periodontal ligament (PDL).

Table 2.12 Periodontal ligament fibers.

Table 2.13 Functions of the periodontal ligament (PDL).

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 Evolution of the AAP periodontal disease classification system.

Table 3.2 1999 Classification of periodontal diseases and conditions (abbre...

Table 3.3 Classification of periodontal and peri‐implant diseases and condi...

Chapter 5.1

Table 5.1.1 Examples of early and late colonizers in biofilm formation.

Chapter 5.2

Table 5.2.1 Composition of calculus.

Table 5.2.2 Comparison between supragingival and subgingival calculus.

Table 5.2.3 Classification of anticalculus agents.

Chapter 5.3

Table 5.3.1 Role of genetics in various aspects of periodontal disease.

Chapter 5.4

Table 5.4.1 Connective tissue degradation of the periodontium.

Chapter 6

Table 6.1 Determinants of clinical periodontal health.

Table 6.2 Clinical indicators of periodontal health.

Table 6.3 Proposed outcomes of periodontal health.

Table 6.4 Classification of plaque‐induced gingivitis and modifying factors...

Table 6.5 Diagnostic table for gingivitis case definition on a patient leve...

Table 6.6 Classification of non‐plaque‐induced gingival diseases and condit...

Chapter 7

Table 7.1 Case definitions and pathophysiology of necrotizing periodontal d...

Table 7.2 Classification of necrotizing periodontal diseases.

Table 7.3 Periodontitis stage.

Table 7.4 Periodontitis grade.

Table 7.5 Steps to staging and grading a patient.

Chapter 8

Table 8.1 Features unique to aggressive periodontitis.

Chapter 9

Table 9.1 Effects of estrogen and progesterone on the periodontium.

Chapter 10.1

Table 10.1.1 Systemic diseases or conditions associated with degradation of...

Chapter 10.2.1

Table 10.2.1.1 Proposed classification of periodontal abscesses, based on e...

Chapter 10.2.2

Table 10.2.2.1 Differential diagnosis of periodontal and periapical abscess...

Table 10.2.2.2 Classification of endodontic‐periodontal lesions.

Chapter 10.3

Table 10.3.1 Predisposing factors for the development of gingival recession...

Table 10.3.2 Classification of gingival recession based on interdental clin...

Table 10.3.3 Clinical conditions associated with gingival recession.

Chapter 10.5

Table 10.5.1 Prosthesis and tooth‐related factors that modify or predispose...

Chapter 12

Table 12.1 Grading of tooth mobility.

Chapter 13

Table 13.1 Terminology and definitions used in periodontal risk assessments...

Table 13.2 Various periodontalrisk factors, determinants, indicators, and p...

Table 13.3 Local iatrogenic and anatomic risk factors.

Chapter 14

Table 14.1 Factors determining individual tooth prognosis.

Table 14.2 Factors determining overall prognosis.

Table 14.3 McGuire and Nunn prognosis classification system.

Table 14.4 Kwok and Caton prognosis classification system.

Table 14.5 Therapeutic modalities in the treatment plan phases.

Chapter 15

Table 15.1 Types of deposits.

Table 15.2 Toothbrushing techniques and their indications.

Table 15.3 Interdental devices and their indications.

Chapter 16.1.1

Table 16.1.1.1 Types of periodontal probes.

Table 16.1.1.2 Double‐ended Gracey curettes with their designated areas of ...

Table 16.1.1.3 Distinctions between Gracey and universal curettes.

Table 16.1.1.4 Periodontal set (non‐surgical kit) – see Figures 16.1.1.2 an...

Table 16.1.1.5 Perio‐surgery tray‐1 (PS‐18) – see Figure 16.1.1.4.

Table 16.1.1.6 Perio‐surgery tray‐2 (PS‐21) – see Figures 16.1.1.5 and 16.1...

Table 16.1.1.7

The Allen oral plastic surgery kit (HU‐FRIEDY).

Table 16.1.1.8 Differences between sonic and ultrasonic scalers.

Table 16.1.1.9 Advantages and disadvantages of hand instrumentation [3].

Table 16.1.1.10 Advantages and disadvantages of ultrasonic instrumentation.

Table 16.1.1.11 Commonly used methods of instrument sterilization.

Chapter 16.2

Table 16.2.1 Usage of antibiotics in periodontal therapy.

Table 16.2.2 Commercially available local drug delivery agents.

Chapter 16.3

Table 16.3.1 Host modulation therapeutic agents.

Chapter 17

Table 17.1 Miller classification of gingival recession.

Table 17.2 Cairo classification based on the interdental clinical attachmen...

Chapter 19

Table 19.1 Some of the commercially available bone graft materials for peri...

Table 19.2 Common collagen‐based barrier membranes for clinical use.

Chapter 22

Table 22.1 Merin’s classification for recall intervals for various classes ...

Chapter 24

Table 24.1 Autoimmune disorders affecting the periodontium.

Chapter 25.2

Table 25.2.1 Blood pressure and associated levels of risk

Table 25.2.2 Classification and dental management of hypertensive patients

Table 25.2.3 Procedure to be followed to assess and manage the hypertensive ...

Table 25.2.4 Prophylactic antibiotic regimens.

Table 25.2.5 Classification of hemophilia.

Table 25.2.6 Anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapeutic agents.

Table 25.2.7 HbA1c levels and corresponding estimated average glucose.

Chapter 26

Table 26.1 Terminology used to define halitosis.

Table 26.2 Causes of halitosis.

Table 26.3 Classification of halitosis treatment needs and related manageme...

Table 26.4 Adjunctive products used in treatment of halitosis.

Chapter 27.1

Table 27.1.1 Relationship of components of the dentogingival complex.

Chapter 28

Table 28.1 Physical properties of the five grades of titanium. The yield str...

Table 28.2 Types of dental implant–abutment mating surface, fit, and shape.

Table 28.3 Manufacturing procedures for the micro‐modifications of an implan...

Chapter 29

Table 29.1 Implant placement in proximity to maxillary sinus.

Table 29.2 Timing of implant placement.

Chapter 32

Table 32.1 Esthetic risk analysis for implant dentistry.

Table 32.2 Shoulder diameter of implant and gap width.

Table 32.3 Vertical space requirements.

Chapter 33

Table 33.1 Classification of type 1–4 implant placements.

Table 33.2 Drilling sequence for implant bed preparation.

Table 33.3 Advanced surgical implant procedures.

Table 33.4 Postoperative complications

Chapter 34

Table 34.1 Case definitions for peri‐implant health, peri‐implant mucositis,...

Table 34.2 Factors affecting hard and soft tissue deficiencies at dental imp...

Chapter 36

Table 36.1 Parameters for Implant Disease Risk Assessment (IDRA)

Table 36.2 Implant Disease Risk Assessment (IDRA)

Table 36.3 Cumulative Interceptive Supportive Therapy protocol

Table 36.4 Professional and at‐home maintenance of implants

Table 36.5 Comparison between tooth and implant

Table A2.1 Treatment need scores.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 The periodontium.

Figure 2.2 Cell layers of oral epithelium.

Figure 2.3 DAT cells of junctional epithelium. DAT, directly attached to the...

Figure 2.4 Junctional epithelial cell.

Figure 2.5 Gingival fiber groups.

Figure 2.6 Types of cementoenamel junction.

Figure 2.7 Alveolar and basal bone.

Figure 2.8 Alveolar bone.

Figure 2.9 Fenestration and dehiscence.

Figure 2.10 Periodontal ligament fibers.

Figure 2.11 Blood supply of the periodontium.

Figure 2.12 Blood supply of the gingiva.

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Generalized periodontitis.

Figure 4.2 Distribution of periodontal health and periodontal disease experi...

Chapter 5.1

Figure 5.1.1 Factors affecting the composition of the periodontal microbiome...

Figure 5.1.2 Virulence factors of Porphyromonas gingivalis.

Chapter 5.2

Figure 5.2.1 Supragingival calculus.

Figure 5.2.2 Subgingival calculus.

Figure 5.2.3 Subgingival calculus.

Chapter 5.4

Figure 5.4.1 Inverted model for the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. An ...

Figure 5.4.2 Immunoinflammatory mechanisms in the periodontium. αβ TCR, alph...

Figure 5.4.3 Immunopathogenesis of periodontal bone loss. Aa, cytolethal tox...

Figure 5.4.4 Various actions of pro‐resolving lipid mediators in the resolut...

Chapter 5.5

Figure 5.5.1 Histopathogenesis of periodontal disease.

Figure 5.5.2 Histopathogenesis of loss of attachment.

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Radiographic pattern of bone loss in aggressive periodontitis.

Chapter 10.2.2

Figure 10.2.2.1 Tooth #28 shows irregular radiolucency in the mesial side of...

Figure 10.2.2.2 Tooth #31 shows an apical lesion and radiolucency extend alo...

Figure 10.2.2.3 Tooth #14 had a vertical fracture on the distal buccal root ...

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 Classification of periodontal pockets.

Figure 11.2 Pockets of the same depth may be associated with different degre...

Figure 11.3 Different pocket depths associated with the same amount of clini...

Figure 11.4 Inflammatory pathways from the gingiva into the supporting perio...

Figure 11.5 Angular defects.

Figure 11.6 Combined lesion. The osseous defect has three walls in its apica...

Figure 11.7 Osseous crater.

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 The Palmer Notation System.

Figure 12.2 The FDI World Dental Federation Notation System.

Figure 12.3 Radiographic anatomy of alveolar bone.

Figure 12.4 Radiographic anatomy of alveolar bone.

Figure 12.5 Paralleling technique. CR, central ray.

Figure 12.6 Bisecting angle technique. CR, central ray.

Figure 12.7 Horizontal bitewing.

Figure 12.8 Vertical bitewing.

Figure 12.9 Panoramic radiograph.

Figure 12.10 Widened periodontal ligament with apical pathology.

Figure 12.11 Occlusal caries with widened periodontal ligament space and api...

Figure 12.12 Crestal bone loss with radiographic calculus.

Figure 12.13 Furcation involvement.

Figure 12.14 Aggressive periodontitis with furcation involvement.

Figure 12.15 Periodontitis with severe bone loss.

Chapter 14

Figure 14.1 Sequence of phases of periodontal therapy.

Figure 14.2 Periodic re‐evaluation.

Chapter 15

Figure 15.1 Manufacturers vary the shape, number, and configuration of brist...

Figure 15.2 Toothbrush heads with varied bristle configurations.

Figure 15.3 Varied powered toothbrushes.

Figure 15.4 Bass technique.

Figure 15.5 Stillman technique.

Figure 15.6 Charter technique.

Figure 15.7 Fones technique.

Figure 15.8 Stainless steel tongue scraper.

Figure 15.9 A plastic tongue scraper with a handle.

Figure 15.10 A copper tongue scraper.

Figure 15.11 Dental floss. Source: Stan Zurek/Wikimedia Commons.

Figure 15.12 Tufted dental floss.

Figure 15.13 Floss holder.

Figure 15.14 Floss threader.

Figure 15.15 Interdental brushes.

Figure 15.16 Wood sticks.

Figure 15.17 End‐tuft toothbrush.

Figure 15.18 Rubber‐tip stimulator.

Figure 15.19 Oral irrigator.

Chapter 16.1.1

Figure 16.1.1.1 Parts of instruments. (A) Blade; (B) shank; (C) handle.

Figure 16.1.1.2 Periodontal set (non‐surgical kit).

Figure 16.1.1.3 Periodontal set (non‐surgical kit).

Figure 16.1.1.4 Perio‐surgery tray‐1 (PS‐18).

Figure 16.1.1.5 Perio‐surgery tray‐2 (PS‐21).

Figure 16.1.1.6 Perio‐surgery tray‐2 (PS‐21).

Figure 16.1.1.7 Six most used microsurgical instruments: tissue pliers, need...

Figure 16.1.1.8 Microsurgical blades with straight blade handles.

Figure 16.1.1.9 India stone for sharpening instruments.

Figure 16.1.1.10 Position of instrument with 110° outer angle and 70° inner ...

Figure 16.1.1.11 The instrument is stationary and the stone is mobile (movin...

Figure 16.1.1.12 Sharpening test stick.

Chapter 16.1.2

Figure 16.1.2.1 Ergonomic applications in dentistry.

Figure 16.1.2.2 Periodontal probing. Maxillary anterior teeth: (A) facial as...

Figure 16.1.2.3 Furcation assessment. Mandibular molars: Nabers probe is ins...

Figure 16.1.2.4 Maxillary anterior facial aspect: finger rest – intraoral, p...

Figure 16.1.2.5 Maxillary posterior facial aspect. (A) Right sextant. Operat...

Chapter 16.2

Figure 16.2.1 Local drug delivery agents. CHX, chlorohexidine; TC, tetracycl...

Figure 16.2.2 Local delivery of drugs by means of (A) fibers, (B) gel, and (...

Chapter 17

Figure 17.1 Free gingival graft. (A) Baseline picture showing minimal kerati...

Figure 17.2 Healing of a free gingival graft. (A) Healing of the graft at tw...

Figure 17.3 Tunnel technique with connective tissue graft. (A) Gingival rece...

Figure 17.4 Free gingival graft to increase keratinized peri‐implant mucosa ...

Figure 17.5 Esthetic crown lengthening. (A) Short clinical crowns resulting ...

Figure 17.6 Removal of an aberrant frenulum. (A) Lower labial frenulum exten...

Figure 17.7 Ridge preservation following tooth extraction. (A) Non‐restorabl...

Chapter 18.1

Figure 18.1.1 (A) Probing to determine the depth of suprabony pockets. (B) P...

Figure 18.1.2 Inflammatory gingival enlargement during orthodontic therapy t...

Figure 18.1.3 Inflammatory gingival enlargement during orthodontic therapy t...

Chapter 18.2

Figure 18.2.1 Deep pockets in maxillary anterior teeth treated with access f...

Figure 18.2.2 Deep pocket in mandibular left central incisor with a mucoging...

Figure 18.2.3 Deep pocket in maxillary right lateral incisor treated with mo...

Chapter 18.3

Figure 18.3.1 Interdental craters between posterior teeth.

Figure 18.3.2 Primary scalloped and double‐scalloped incision. (A) Buccal vi...

Figure 18.3.3 Palatal ramping and correction of negative architecture. (A) P...

Figure 18.3.4 Palatal approach. (A) Presurgical buccal view; (B) Presurgical...

Chapter 19

Figure 19.1 Natural tissues, synthetic biomaterial graft options and biologi...

Figure 19.2 Examples of some of the bone graft materials being used intraora...

Figure 19.3 An example of the use of enamel matrix derivative (EMD) combined...

Figure 19.4 (A) Depiction of periodontal guided tissue regeneration (GTR) te...

Figure 19.5 Examples of absorbable and non‐resorbable barrier membranes used...

Chapter 20

Figure 20.1 Basic suturing armamentarium.

Figure 20.2 Various parts of the surgical needle connected to the suture thr...

Figure 20.3 Examples of different suture materials that are available on the...

Figure 20.4 Classification of suture materials according to absorbability.

Figure 20.5 Commonly used absorbable sutures.

Figure 20.6 Commonly used non‐absorbable sutures.

Figure 20.7 Common suturing techniques in oral surgery.

Figure 20.8 Simple suture/loop. (A) Needle inserted from buccal side of the ...

Figure 20.9 The criss‐cross suture technique. (A) Needle inserted from bucca...

Figure 20.10 Figure‐of‐eight suture. (A) Needle inserted from buccal side of...

Figure 20.11 Horizontal mattress suture. (A) Needle inserted from buccal sid...

Figure 20.12 Vertical mattress suture. (A) Initially, a simple interrupted s...

Figure 20.13 Simple sling suture. (A) Needle inserted on the buccal of the t...

Figure 20.14 Double “O” suture – deep/deep, shallow/shallow. (A) Needle inse...

Figure 20.15 Simple continuous suture. (A) Initially, a simple interrupted s...

Figure 20.16 Continuous locking suture. (A) Initially, a simple interrupted ...

Chapter 21

Figure 21.1 Clot as a fibrin network and an environment that facilitates che...

Figure 21.2 The healing pattern that occurs constitutes either repair or reg...

Figure 21.3 Periodontal defect.

Figure 21.4 Long junctional epithelium.

Figure 21.5 Connective tissue adhesion with/without root resorption.

Figure 21.6 Periodontal regeneration.

Figure 21.7 Hemostasis. Hemostasis is initiated immediately after initial in...

Figure 21.8 Inflammatory phase. The inflammatory phase begins concomitantly ...

Figure 21.9 Proliferation phase. Recruited cells during the inflammatory pha...

Figure 21.10 Remodeling phase. Remodeling is considered as the long‐term fin...

Figure 21.11 Periodontal defect with loss of gingiva, periodontal ligament, ...

Figure 21.12 Membrane stabilization and primary closure of the defect after ...

Figure 21.13 Initial healing of the periodontal tissues following guided tis...

Figure 21.14 Periodontal regeneration. 5, complete restoration of the period...

Chapter 22

Figure 22.1 Sequence of periodontal treatment.

Figure 22.2 Flow chart for microbial testing in supportive periodontal thera...

Chapter 23.1

Figure 23.1.1 Bi‐directional association between diabetes and periodontal di...

Figure 23.1.2 Association between periodontal disease, diabetes, and dyslipi...

Chapter 23.2

Figure 23.2.1 Endothelial function (blue arrows): Laminar shear stress induc...

Figure 23.2.2 Periodontitis and chronically sustained systemic inflammation....

Figure 23.2.3 Chronically sustained systemic inflammation and endothelial ac...

Figure 23.2.4 Platelet activation: Periodontal bacteria activate protease‐ac...

Figure 23.2.5 Elements of atheroma formation. Chronic periodontitis (CP)‐ind...

Chapter 23.3

Figure 23.3.1 Periodontitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Perio...

Chapter 23.4

Figure 23.4.1 Association between periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy ...

Chapter 24

Figure 24.1 Scleroderma.

Figure 24.2 Scleroderma affecting the tongue.

Figure 24.3 Oral lichen planus.

Figure 24.4 Oral lichen planus on posterior maxillary gingiva

Figure 24.5 Pemphigus vulgaris affecting the maxillary gingiva.

Figure 24.6 Pemphigus vulgaris affecting the mandibular gingiva.

Figure 24.7 Mucous membrane pemphigoid.

Figure 24.8 Sjögren’s syndrome affecting the tongue.

Figure 24.9 Sjögren’s syndrome of the buccal mucosa.

Figure 24.10 Sjögren’s syndrome of the palate.

Figure 24.11 Sjögren’s syndrome affecting gingival architecture.

Chapter 26

Figure 26.1 Example of a portable sulfide monitor (Halimeter).

Figure 26.2 Example of an OralChroma instrument.

Figure 26.3 Example of a CHM‐2 OralChroma instrument.

Chapter 27.1

Figure 27.1.1 The periodontium.

Figure 27.1.2 Absence of a ferrule.

Figure 27.1.3 Ferrule effect after crown lengthening.

Figure 27.1.4 Excessive gingival display: combination of short upper lip, ve...

Figure 27.1.5 Uneven gingival zeniths in a patient with an average smile lin...

Figure 27.1.6 Apically positioned flap for functional crown lengthening to a...

Chapter 27.2

Figure 27.2.1 Pathological tooth migration as a common sequela of severe per...

Figure 27.2.2 Excess composite resin and plaque accumulation seen around ort...

Figure 27.2.3 White spot lesions depicted as areas of demineralization of en...

Figure 27.2.4 Exposure of impacted maxillary canine with attachment of a met...

Figure 27.2.5 Prominent maxillary labial frenum contributing to a midline di...

Figure 27.2.6 A dark triangle following maxillary midline diastema closure....

Figure 27.2.7 Gingival hyperplasia during orthodontic treatment.

Figure 27.2.8 The corticotomy procedure.

Chapter 28

Figure 28.1 A cross‐sectional schematic drawing of an implant. (A) Contact o...

Figure 28.2 Factors affecting osseointegration. Primary stability, implant c...

Figure 28.3 Components and structural characteristics of a restored dental i...

Figure 28.4 Comparison of a dental implant and the tooth. Dental implants ar...

Figure 28.5 Macroscopic implant topography. The visible features of an impla...

Figure 28.6 A tissue‐level (collared) implant. The implant height is the dis...

Figure 28.7 A classification scheme for implant size. The classification for...

Figure 28.8 Implant shape and type. Shapes of dental implants include cylind...

Figure 28.9 Different implant thread shapes.

Figure 28.10 Dental implant thread geometry. The implant body can be non‐thr...

Figure 28.11 Implant stored in isotonic solution to prevent contamination of...

Chapter 29

Figure 29.1 Low smile line.

Figure 29.2 Average smile line.

Figure 29.3 High smile line.

Figure 29.4 Class I: >10 mm remnant bone.

Figure 29.5 Class III: 4–6 mm remnant bone.

Figure 29.6 Class IV: 1–3 mm remnant bone.

Figure 29.7 Scan showing Schneiderian membrane thickening and oro–antral com...

Figure 29.8 Inferior alveolar nerve traced on the right side in a cone beam ...

Figure 29.9 Locating the mental foramen for implant planning in mandibular p...

Chapter 32

Figure 32.1 Type I socket.

Figure 32.2 Type II socket.

Figure 32.3 Type III socket.

Figure 32.4 Atraumatic extraction.

Figure 32.5 Membrane adaptation inside the socket.

Figure 32.6 Socket preservation graft.

Figure 32.7 Sutures to stabilize membrane.

Figure 32.8 Osteotomy preparation using Lindemann Bur.

Figure 32.9 Osteotomy prepared to the palatal wall for immediate implant pla...

Figure 32.10 Implant platform positioned 3–4 mm subgingivally for optimal em...

Figure 32.11 The minimum distance between an implant and a tooth is 1.5 mm, ...

Figure 32.12 Labio‐palatal positioning for a screw‐retained crown.

Figure 32.13 Labio‐palatal positioning for a cement‐retained crown.

Figure 32.14 Reducing the number of implants will help improve the esthetic ...

Figure 32.15 Seibert classification of alveolar ridge defects.

Figure 32.16 The ideal distance between an implant and a tooth is 2 mm, and ...

Figure 32.17 For the presence of a papilla, the bone level on the tooth side...

Figure 32.18 Ideally, the implant should be positioned lingually and 3–4 mm ...

Figure 32.19 If the implant is not apical enough, a ridge lap shape design i...

Figure 32.20 Straumann dental implant system.

Figure 32.21 Bucco‐lingual width. B, buccal; L, lingual.

Figure 32.22 Summary of the spaces between implants based on tooth site and ...

Chapter 33

Figure 33.1 Hard and soft tissue changes following tooth extraction. (A, E) ...

Figure 33.2 Clinical photograph of the jumping distance around type 1 implan...

Figure 33.3 Placement of prosthetically driven implant in the correct three‐...

Figure 33.4 Flap design, incisions, and elevation. (A) Crestal incision was ...

Figure 33.5 Implant placement. (A) Clinical picture showing the implant atta...

Figure 33.6 Clinical photograph of one‐stage (transmucosal) implant healing....

Figure 33.7 Two‐stage implant placement. (A) Buccal view of edentulous ridge...

Figure 33.8 Clinical photograph of secondary intension closure of two‐stage ...

Figure 33.9 Clinical photograph of second‐stage (implant exposure) surgery. ...

Figure 33.10 Implant placement procedure. (A) Preoperative view of missing t...

Chapter 34

Figure 34.1 Peri‐implant health.

Chapter 35.1

Figure 35.1.1 Factors mediating peri‐implant biofilm formation.

Chapter 35.2

Figure 35.2.1 A 55‐year‐old Caucasian female (left) with no history of syste...

Figure 35.2.2 On the cone beam computed tomography scan, a buccal lesion of ...

Figure 35.2.3 The cemented crown was removed from #9 and a cover screw appli...

Figure 35.2.4 Two weeks later, the surgery was performed (left). A full‐thic...

Figure 35.2.5 Thorough debridement of the implant surface was performed with...

Figure 35.2.6 Autogenous bone was obtained from the exostosis with a bone sc...

Figure 35.2.7 A new cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan was performed ...

Figure 35.2.8 The final restoration for #9 and crown on #10 were delivered (...

Figure 35.2.9 The patient presented with peri‐implantitis on implant #3 (lef...

Figure 35.2.10 Full‐thickness flap showing peri‐implant bony defect and surf...

Figure 35.2.11 Implantoplasty with round diamond finishing burs and Arkansas...

Figure 35.2.12 Follow‐up at more than 6 weeks showing healing with recession...

Figure 35.2.13 A 74‐year‐old patient with no contributory medical history pr...

Figure 35.2.14 Implants explanted with reverse torque device.

Figure 35.2.15 New implants were placed (left) and alveolar defects were gra...

Figure 35.2.16 Implants were submerged to prepare the sites for a second‐sta...

Figure 35.2.17 Follow‐up results at more than 6 weeks after placement of fre...

Figure 35.2.18 The patient presented with stable buccal marginal bone loss, ...

Figure 35.2.19 Peri‐implant soft tissues looked thin, showing a fenestration...

Figure 35.2.20 Partial‐thickness flap was performed to create an even recipi...

Figure 35.2.21 Free gingival graft applied (top) and secured with interrupte...

Figure 35.2.22 Follow‐up at more than 6 weeks with clear thickening of peri‐...

Chapter 36

Figure 36.1 (A) Patient with dental implants at maxillary canine and lateral...

Figure 36.2 Poor oral hygiene in a patient with a metal resin complete arch ...

Figure 36.3 Poor oral hygiene underneath a complete arch fixed implant‐suppo...

Figure 36.4 Poor oral hygiene in a patient with a monolithic zirconia comple...

Figure 36.5 (A) Patients should be instructed to brush underneath the tissue...

Figure 36.6 Using floss designed for bridges (such as “Super floss”) is an e...

Figure 36.7 Use of rubber tips underneath the tissue surface is another alte...

Figure 36.8 Fracture of acrylic resin and denture teeth is the most common m...

Figure 36.9 Fracture of the entire metal resin prosthesis including the meta...

Guide

Cover Page

Series Page

Title Page

Dedication Page

About the editors

List of contributors

Foreword

Preface

Table of Contents

Begin Reading

Appendix 1: Periodontal chart

Appendix 2: Periodontal indices

Appendix 3: Smoking cessation

Appendix 4: Indications for cone beam computed tomography in implant dentistry

Appendix 5: Imaging modalities for clinical situations and their specific indications

Appendix 6: Radiographic selection criteria for dental implants

Appendix 7: Implant Disease Risk Assessment (IDRA) functional diagram

Appendix 8: Periodontal and implant journals, societies, and useful websites

Index

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Dentistry Essentials series

The Dentistry Essentials are an international series of textbooks, designed to support lecture series or themes on core topics within dentistry.

Essential Physiology for Dental Studentsby Kamran Ali, Elizabeth PrabhakarFebruary 2019

Essentials of Human Disease in Dentistry, 2nd Editionby Mark GreenwoodApril 2018

Essential Dental Therapeuticsby David WraySeptember 2017

Essential Orthodonticsby Birgit Thilander, Krister Bjerklin, Lars BondemarkJuly 2017

Essential Clinical Oral Biologyby Stephen CreanorApril 2016

Essential Periodontics

Edited by

Steph Smith, BChD, BChD (Hons), MDent, MChD

Department of Preventive Dental SciencesDivision of PeriodontologyCollege of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal UniversityDammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Khalid Almas, BDS (Pak), MSc (Lond), FDSRCS (Edin), FRACDS (Syd), MSc (Lond), DDPHRCS (Eng), FICD, FAAOM

Department of Preventive Dental SciencesDivision of PeriodontologyCollege of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal UniversityDammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

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The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting scientific method, diagnosis, or treatment by physicians for any particular patient. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data applied for:ISBN 9781119619628 (paperback)

Steph SmithThis book is dedicated to my wife, Sandra, and my children, Raymond and Lauren, for their love and inspiration, and their unconditional support that has made this book possible.

Khalid AlmasI dedicate this book to my parents, H. Mairaj Uddin Mughal and Hameeda Begum, for their immeasurable love, dedication, and perseverance to raise the family throughout the thick and thin of their lifetime and to inculcate the virtues of honesty, passion for knowledge, and steadfastness. I am thankful to my wife Pakeeza, daughters Arooba and Areej, and son Muhammad Nabeel for their unconditional support and profound love. Without their unwavering perseverance, this book would have not been possible.

About the editors

Steph Smith, BChD, BChD (Hons), MDent, MChDIs Senior Lecturer of Periodontology at Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, College of Dentistry, Preventive Dental Sciences Department, Dammam, Saudi Arabia, and a volunteer/visiting Professor of Periodontology at Rawal Institute of Health Sciences, Rawal College of Dentistry, Islamabad, Pakistan. He has been Director of Clinical Affairs of the College of Dentistry at Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University. He has taught Periodontics for many years and has been Course Director of undergraduate Periodontics on numerous occasions, including participating in postgraduate Periodontics courses.

Khalid Almas, BDS (Pak), MSc (Lond), FDSRCS (Edin), FRACDS (Syd), MSc (Lond), DDPHRCS (Eng), FICD, FAAOMIs Professor of Periodontology and is a founder and former Program Director of Postgraduate Periodontics at Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, College of Dentistry, Preventive Dental Sciences Department, Dammam, Saudi Arabia. Formerly, Dr. Almas has served at University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine as clinical Professor, Director of the predoctoral Periodontics program and Director International Fellowship in Advanced Periodontics. He has served as a faculty member at New York University, College of Dentistry, New York, USA, and King Saud University College of Dentistry, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and as Head of Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine at de Montmorency College of Dentistry, Punjab Dental Hospital, University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. He also maintains his volunteer/visiting Professor position at University of Connecticut, USA, and at the Rawal Institute of Health Sciences, Rawal College of Dentistry, Islamabad, Pakistan. He has also been named as one of the world’s top 2% of Scientists in a global ranking list released by Stanford University, USA (2020 and 2021).

List of contributors

Tara Taiyeb Ali, FDSRCS (Edin), FAMM, MSc (Lond), BDS (UM)ProfessorDepartment of PeriodontologyMAHSA UniversitySelangor, Malaysia

Khalid Almas, BDS (Pak), MSc (Lon), FRACDS (Syd), MSc (Lon), FDSRCS (Edin), DDPHRCS (Eng), FAAOM (USA), FICDProfessorPreventive Dental Sciences DepartmentDivision of PeriodontologyImam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal UniversityCollege of DentistryDammam, Saudi Arabia

Nehal Almehmadi, BDSResearch AssistantCollege of DentistryDepartment of Oral Health PracticeDivision of PeriodonticsUniversity of KentuckyLexington, KY, USA

Mohanad Al-Sabbagh,DDS, MSProfessorCollege of DentistryDepartment of Oral Health PracticeDivision of PeriodonticsUniversity of KentuckyLexington, KY, USA

Haider Al-Waeli,BDS, MSc, PhDResidentFaculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto &Princess Margaret Cancer CentreDepartment of Dental Oncology and Maxillofacial ProstheticsToronto, Ontario, Canada

Michel V. Furtado Araujo, DDS, MSc, MDSPrivate PracticeMelbourne, FL, USA

Pierluigi Balice, DDS, MDScClinical Assistant ProfessorDepartment of PeriodonticsUMKC School of DentistryKansas City, MO, USA

Subraya Bhat, MDS, MFGDP (UK), FICOI (USA), Fellow of FAIMERAssociate ProfessorPreventive Dental Sciences DepartmentDivision of PeriodontologyImam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal UniversityCollege of DentistryDammam, Saudi Arabia

Avinash S. Bidra, BDS, MS, FACPClinical ProfessorDepartment of Reconstructive SciencesUniversity of ConnecticutSchool of Dental MedicineUCONN HealthFarmington, CT, USA

Brittany Camenisch, DMD, MSAdjunct Assistant ProfessorCollege of DentistryDepartment of Oral Health PracticeDivision of PeriodonticsUniversity of KentuckyLexington, KY, USA

Aditi Chopra, BDS, MDSAssistant ProfessorDepartment of PeriodontologyManipal College of Dental SciencesManipal, India

Ajay K. Dhingra, BDS, MDS, MSDAssistant ProfessorDepartment of Reconstructive SciencesUConn School of Dental MedicineFarmington, CT, USA

David G. Gillam, BA, BDS, MSc, DDS, FRSPH, MICRClinical ReaderOral BioengineeringInstitute of DentistryBarts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryLondon, UK

Michael Glogauer, DDS, Dip Perio, PhDProfessorFaculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto &Princess Margaret Cancer CentreDepartment of Dental Oncology and Maxillofacial ProstheticsToronto, Ontario, Canada

Anders Gustafsson, DDS, PhDProfessor and Vice PresidentKarolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden

Nader Hamdan, BDS, MSc, MDent (Perio), FRCD(C), Diplomate ABP, FDS RCPS (Glasg)Assistant ProfessorDepartment of Dental Clinical SciencesFaculty of DentistryDalhousie UniversityHalifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

Fawad Javed, BDS, PhDAssistant ProfessorDepartment of Orthodontics and Dentofacial OrthopedicsEastman Institute for Oral HealthUniversity of Rochester, NY, USA

Feras Al Khatib, DMD, MSClinical Assistant ProfessorDepartment of Growth, Development and StructureSection of OrthodonticsSouthern Illinois University School of Dental MedicineAlton, IL, USA

Adriane Kilar, DMDGeneral DentistMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MA, USA

Ahmad Kutkut, DDS, MS, FICOI, DICOIAssociate ProfessorCollege of DentistryDepartment of Oral Health PracticeDivision of Prosthodontics & Restorative DentistryUniversity of KentuckyLexington, KY, USA

Diana Macri, RDH, BSDH, MSEdAssociate ProfessorHostos Community College.New York, NY, USA

Farheen Malek, BDS, MDSResidentLouisiana State University Health Sciences Center (LSUHSC)School of DentistryNew Orleans, LA, USA

Pratishtha Mishra, BDS, MDS, MSAssistant ProfessorCollege of DentistryDepartment of Oral Health PracticeDivision of Periodontics andDivision of Oral Medicine, Oral Diagnosis, and Oral RadiologyUniversity of KentuckyLexington, KY, USA

Ola Norderyd, LDS, Odont DrProfessor and Senior Consultant in PeriodontologyCentre for Oral HealthSchool of Health and WelfareJönköping UniversityJönköping, Sweden

Karo Parsegian, DDS, PhDAssistant ProfessorSchool of DentistryDepartment of Periodontics and Dental HygieneUniversity of Texas Health Science CenterHouston, TX, USA

Salim Rayman, RDH, BS, MPAProfessorHostos Community CollegeNew York, NY, USA

Arif Salman, BDS, MDScAssistant ProfessorWest Virginia University School of DentistryMorgantown, WV, USA

Stuart L. Segelnick, DDS, MS, DICOIAdjunct Associate ProfessorUniversity of Pennsylvania School of Dental MedicineAdjunct Clinical ProfessorNew York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USAPrivate Practice, Brooklyn, NY, USA

Zeeshan Sheikh, Dip Dh, BDS, MSc, PhDResidentDepartment of Dental Clinical SciencesFaculty of Dentistry, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

Yasir Dilshad Siddiqui, BDS, MSc, PhDPostdoctoral FellowDepartment of Neural & Pain SciencesSchool of DentistryUniversity of MarylandBaltimore, MD, USA

Mabi Singh, DMD MSAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Diagnostic SciencesDivision Oral MedicineTufts School of Dental MedicineBoston, MA, USA

Steph Smith, BChD, BChD (Hons), MDent, MChDSenior LecturerPreventive Dental Sciences DepartmentDivision of PeriodontologyImam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal UniversityCollege of DentistryDammam, Saudi Arabia

Aditya Tadinada, BDS, MDScAssociate ProfessorAssociate Dean for Graduate Research, Education and TrainingUniversity of Connecticut School of Dental MedicineFarmington, CT, USA

Sejal R. Thacker, DDS, MDScAssistant ProfessorSchool of Dental MedicineOral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, UConn HealthDivision of PeriodontologyUniversity of ConnecticutFarmington, CT, USA

Murugan Thamaraiselvan, BDS, MDSAssociate ProfessorDepartment of PeriodonticsSaveetha Dental College and HospitalChennai, India

Achint Utreja, BDS, MS, PhDAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Growth, Development and StructureSouthern Illinois University School of Dental MedicineAlton, IL, USA

Mea A. Weinberg, DMD, MSD, RPhClinical ProfessorAshman Department of Periodontology and Implant DentistryNew York University College of DentistryNew York, NY, USA

Qiang Zhu, DDS, PhDProfessorDivision of EndodontologyUniversity of Connecticut School of Dental MedicineFarmington, CT, USA

Foreword

I am proud to write the Foreword to Essential Periodontics. Our knowledge about the periodontium and its diseases is continuously increasing. Advanced research in genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics is also being applied in the field of Periodontology, giving us a new understanding of the pathogenesis of periodontitis. High-throughput sequencing techniques have led to a new view on the oral microflora. The number of newly identified microbial species in the oral cavity is increasing on a yearly basis.

Periodontology is a very active research field. More than 2000 new articles in the field of Periodontology are added to PubMed each year. Over 15 000 articles have been published since the beginning of 2015. This new textbook incorporates as many new insights and future trends as possible and the new classification system, introduced in 2018, is used throughout the book.

Essential Periodontics

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