Everyday Peace? E-Book

Philippa Williams

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: RGS-IBG Book Series
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 471

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

Winner of the 2016 Julian Minghi Distinguished Book Award of the Political Geography Specialty Group at the AAG

Providing important insights into political geography, the politics of peace, and South Asian studies, this book explores everyday peace in northern India as it is experienced by the Hindu-Muslim community.

• Challenges normative understandings of Hindu-Muslim relations as relentlessly violent and the notion of peace as a romantic endpoint occurring only after violence and political maneuverings
• Examines the ways in which geographical concepts such as space, place, and scale can inform and problematize understandings of peace
• Redefines the politics of peace, as well as concepts of citizenship, agency, secular politics, and democracy
• Based on over 14 months of qualitative and archival research in the city of Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh, India

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Series Editors’ Preface

Acknowledgements

List of Abbreviations

Glossary

List of Figures

Chapter One: Introduction

Situating Everyday Peace

The Politics of Hindu–Muslim Violence and Nonviolence

On Peace and Peaceful Sociality

Geographies of Peace

Feminist Geopolitics, Violence and “

Everyday

Peace?”

Citizenship as Inclusion and the Scalar Politics of Peace

Muslim Geographies: Experience, Identity and Agency

Structure of the Book and Key Arguments

Chapter Two: The Scalar Politics of Peace in India

The Nation

The State

The City

The Market

The Neighborhood

Field Research

Chapter Three: Making Peace Visible in the Aftermath of Terrorist Attacks

Attacks on the City, and the Nation

The State, Party Politics and Mechanisms for Peace

Everyday Shared Spaces

Local Agency, “Peace Talk” and Legitimacy

Conclusion

Chapter Four: Political life: Lived Secularism and the Possibility of Citizenship

Introduction

Experiencing the State and the Potential of Secularism

Engaging with the State, Practicing Citizenship

Partial Citizenship, Imagining Citizenship as Connection

“Muslim” Rights to Urban Space?

Conclusions

Chapter Five: Civic Space: Playing with Peace and Security/Insecurity

The Procession

Reconfiguring Spaces of Security: Consolidating the “Muslim

Mohallā

”

Violent Episodes, Suspended Tensions

Playing with Everyday Peace and (Re)producing Power

Policing Peace and Making (In)securities

Local Peace Initiatives

Conclusions

Chapter Six: Economic Peace and the Silk Sari Market

Imagining Everyday Peace and “Peace Talk”

Peace at Work

Peace and the Political, Reproducing Difference

Spaces of Contest and Cooperation

Economic Transformation and the Maintenance of Peace

Conclusion

Chapter Seven: Becoming Visible: Citizenship, Everyday Peace and the Limits of Injustice

Introduction

The Protest as an “Act of Citizenship”

Solidarities: Injustice, Recognition and Rights to the City

The Act as Answerable

Answerability and Contingent Geographies of Citizenship

Conclusions

Chapter Eight: Conclusions: Questioning Everyday Peace

The Politics of Everyday Peace

Muslim Citizenship, Justice and Transformative Possibilities

Geography and Everyday Peace

References

Newspapers

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

Chapter 02

Figure 2.1 India, showing Uttar Pradesh and Varanasi.

Figure 2.2 Uttar Pradesh.

Figure 2.3 Banarasi Brocade.

Figure 2.4 A weaver carries silk

belans

whilst others dry in the sun.

Figure 2.5 Varanasi, showing majority Muslim neighborhoods.

Figure 2.6 Madanpura, a Muslim majority neighborhood.

Figure 2.7 My research assistant, Ajay Pandey.

Chapter 05

Figure 5.1 A member of the Civil Defense looks on as the Goddess Durga is paraded in the main high street.

Figure 5.2 Police presence in the lanes of Madanpura on the evening of the Golden Sporting Club procession.

Chapter 06

Figure 6.1 Hindu traders wait for business in Kunj gali, Chowk.

Figure 6.2 Intercommunity encounter in the lanes of Kunj gali, Chowk.

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Begin Reading

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RGS-IBG Book Series

For further information about the series and a full list of published and forthcoming titles please visit www.rgsbookseries.com

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Everyday Peace?

Politics, Citizenship and Muslim Lives in India

Philippa Williams

This edition first published 2015© 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Williams, Philippa (Lecturer), author. Everyday peace? : politics, citizenship and Muslim lives in India / Philippa Williams.  pages cm – (RGS-IBG book series) Includes bibliographical references and index.

 ISBN 978-1-118-83781-8 (cloth) – ISBN 978-1-118-83780-1 (pbk.) 1. Peace. 2. Muslims–India–Uttar Pradesh. 3. Hindus–India–Uttar Pradesh. I. Title. II. Series: RGS-IBG book series. JZ5584.I4W55 2015 303.6′609542–dc23    2015017218

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Cover image: © Philippa Williams

The information, practices and views in this book are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the Royal Geographical Society (with IBG).

For my parents, Maureen and Ted

Series Editors’ Preface

The RGS-IBG Book Series only publishes work of the highest international standing. Its emphasis is on distinctive new developments in human and physical geography, although it is also open to contributions from cognate disciplines whose interests overlap with those of geographers. The Series places strong emphasis on theoretically-informed and empirically-strong texts. Reflecting the vibrant and diverse theoretical and empirical agendas that characterize the contemporary discipline, contributions are expected to inform, challenge and stimulate the reader. Overall, the RGS-IBG Book Series seeks to promote scholarly publications that leave an intellectual mark and change the way readers think about particular issues, methods or theories.

For details on how to submit a proposal please visit:www.rgsbookseries.com

David FeatherstoneUniversity of Glasgow, UK

Tim AllottUniversity of Manchester, UK

RGS-IBG Book Series Editors

Acknowledgements

The ideas for this project have changed a great deal over the years, for which I am extremely indebted to a large number of people for their generosity, insight and intellect. The vast majority of research on which this book is based was conducted between 2006 and 2008 during my PhD studies at the School of Geography, and further developed on fieldtrips in 2010 and 2011 when I was a Smuts Research Fellow in Commonwealth Studies at the Centre of South Asian Studies, both at the University of Cambridge.

First and foremost I am hugely grateful to the residents of Varanasi and in particular, Madanpura, for generously accepting me as a fairly constant presence in their lives for over 14 months. Abdul Ansari, Mohammed Toha, Atiq Ansari and Rana P. B. Singh were just some of those who facilitated my research in different ways, whilst it was a conversation with Manju Vira Gupta that led me to Varanasi in the first place. My utmost thanks to my Research Assistant, Ajay Pandey, whose friendship, curiosity and dedication made the research process all the more productive and enjoyable. I also acknowledge the research assistance of Hemant Sarna, Afreen Khan, Pintu Tripathi and I. B. Misha at different stages in the project.

In a notoriously overwhelming and bustling Indian city I found a wonderful sanctuary in the home away from home of Prabhudatt, Pintu, Shivangi and Babu Tripathi, from whom I learned so much about Varanasi and life more generally. My thanks to Simon Roberts for such a precious introduction, and to other companions and occasional informants in the city: Vinay, Rakesh, Navneet and Nitya as well as Jolie Wood, Mike Thompson and Brita Ahlenius. My Hindi teacher, Virendra Singh, was also hugely instrumental in shaping my introduction to, and freedom in, the city.

In Cambridge, I wish to acknowledge the long-standing support and instrumental nudge by Phil Howell which kick-started my graduate career. My warmest thanks to my PhD supervisor Bhaskar Vira, whose constructive comments and encouragement have been hugely important, in ways that go far beyond this book. A 3-month ESRC overseas institutional visit to the University of Seattle, Washington proved to be formative in furthering my academic career and continuing interest in South Asia. It was both in the USA and subsequently on my return to the UK that I have benefited enormously from conversations with Craig Jeffery, Jane Dyson, Dena Aufseeser and Stephen Young, whose comments greatly improved the final draft of the manuscript.

I am grateful for the constructive comments of my PhD examiners, Roger Jeffery and Sarah Radcliffe. As a PhD student and Research Fellow I was lucky enough to meet superb friends, colleagues and collaborators who formed a stimulating research environment. There are too many to mention, but ideas for this book have undoubtedly been shaped by discussions with Deepta Chopra, Heather Bedi Plumridge, Tatiana Thieme, Fiona McConnell, David Beckingham, Eleanor Newbigin, Delwar Hussain, Karenjit Clare, Jesse Hohman, Venkat Ramanujam Ramani, Emma Mawdsley, Gerry Kearns and Humeira Iqtidar.

It was during my time at the Centre of South Asian Studies that I started reworking aspects of the PhD into a book. I benefited enormously from the institutional and usually caffeinated support of Chris Bayly, Barbara Roe, Kevin Greenbank and Rachel Rowe.

In recent years I have worked especially closely with Nick Megoran and Fiona McConnell as well as contributors on the production of an edited volume on the Geographies of Peace for I.B. Tauris. Talking and writing together about peace has undoubtedly shaped and sharpened my conceptual approach to peace, and challenged me to think about the geography of peace in other places.

Sections of this manuscript have been shared at various conferences and seminars, in Oxford, Madison, Seattle, Cambridge, Washington, Yale, Leicester, Manchester, Boston and Princeton, where it has benefited from the comments of amongst others, Alpa Shah, Ed Simpson, Sara Koopman, Manali Desai, Nosheen Ali, Glyn Williams, Isabel Clarke-Deces, Tim Raeymaekers, Gurharpal Singh and Barbara Harriss-White.

The editing for this book has taken place since starting a new lectureship at Queen Mary University of London. I wish to thank the third-year students taking my module, ‘Contemporary India: Society, politics and the economy’ for energizing the editing process, and to acknowledge the support of colleagues, Al James, Miles Ogborn, Cathy McIlwaine and Kavita Datta; I look forward to new academic ventures at QMUL.

The manuscript has benefited tremendously from the critical comments on the book proposal and manuscript of the anonymous reviewers and the editor, Neil Coe, for which I am very grateful. Neil Coe has been an excellent editor with swift, insightful and clear comments on the editing process. Many thanks, too, to Jacqueline Scott for cheerfully and efficiently keeping things on track.

I would like to acknowledge the generous financial support I have received over the past decade from a number of bodies including the Economic and Social Research Council, Smuts Commonwealth Fund and British Academy small grant, without which fieldwork in India, as well as participation at conferences, would not have been possible.

The biggest thank you is saved for my family, in particular, my parents Maureen and Ted, and sister Catherine, whose unconditional support, sound advice and unreserved affection has made this book possible. And to my husband, James for believing in this project from the beginning, tolerating my long stints away and providing encouragement and advice when it was most needed. And finally, I am grateful to the arrival of our son, Alexander, who has brought additional happiness, love and perspective to academic writing.

Philippa Williams

London, 2014

An earlier version of Chapter 3 appeared as Williams, P. (2007) “Hindu Muslim Brotherhood: Exploring the Dynamics of Communal Relations in Varanasi, North India.”

Journal of South Asian Development

2(2): 153–76.

A version of Chapter Four appeared as Williams, P. (2013) “Reproducing Everyday Peace in North India: Process, Politics and Power.”

Annals of the Association of American Geographers

103(1): 230–50.

Chapter Six draws on aspects of two articles: Williams, P. (2012) “India’s Muslims, Lived Secularism and Practicing Citizenship.”

Citizenship Studies

16(8): 979–95 and Williams, P. (2011) “An Absent Presence: Experiences of the ‘Welfare State’ in an Indian Muslim

mohallā

.”

Contemporary South Asia

19(3): 263–80.

List of Abbreviations

BHU

Banaras Hindu University

BIMARU

Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh

BJP

Bharatiya Janata Party

BSP

Bahujan Samaj Party

BJP

Bharatiya Jan Sangh

CM

City Magistrate

DM

District Magistrate

DPSP

Directive Principles of State Policy

DSP

Deputy Superintendent of Police

GSC

Golden Sporting Club

FDI

Foreign Direct Investment

HIS

Health Insurance Scheme

INC

Indian National Congress Party

INTACH

Indian National Trust for Art and Culture

NGO

Non governmental organization

MLA

Member of Legislative Assembly

MP

Member of Parliament

NDA

National Democratic Alliance

OBC

Other Backward Class

PAC

Provincial Armed Constabulary

POTA

Prevention of Terrorism Act

PUCL

People’s Union for Civil Liberties

PUHR

People’s Union of Human Rights

RAP

Rapid Action Force

RSS

Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh

SC

Scheduled Classes

SEZ

Special Economic Zone

SGDP

State Gross Domestic Product

SP

Samajwadi Party

SSP

Special Superintendent of Police

ST

Scheduled Tribes

UC

Upper Caste

UP

Uttar Pradesh

UPA

United Progressive Alliance

VDA

Varanasi Development Authority

VHP

Vishva Hindu Parishad

Glossary

Ansāri

Muslim caste/community, often synonymous with the occupation of weaving, self-referential term for Muslim weavers.

Ante

Large spinning structure for ordering silk yarn in preparation for the loom

antewāllā

Sari production worker who spins silk yarn in preparation for winding on to