Exposure Assessment and Safety Considerations for Working with Engineered Nanoparticles E-Book

Michael J. Ellenbecker

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 564

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

Addresses health and safety issues associated with workplace Nanoparticle exposures * Describes methods to evaluate and control worker exposures to engineered nanoparticles * Provides guidance for concerned EHS professionals on acceptable levels of exposure to nanoparticles * Includes documentation on best practices to be followed by all researchers when working with engineered nanoparticles * Describes current knowledge on toxicity of nanoparticles * Includes coverage on Routes of Exposure for Engineered Nanoparticles

Leseprobe

CONTENTS

COVER

TITLE PAGE

PREFACE

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 WHY A BOOK ON NANOTECHNOLOGY HEALTH AND SAFETY?

1.2 SOME SCENARIOS

1.3 ORGANIZATION OF THE MATERIAL

1.4 OUR APPROACH TO NANOPARTICLE HEALTH AND SAFETY

REFERENCES

2 WHAT IS A NANOPARTICLE?

2.1 NANOTECHNOLOGY, NANOMATERIALS, AND NANOPARTICLES

2.2 NATURALLY OCCURRING NANOPARTICLES

2.3 INDUSTRIAL NANOPARTICLES

2.4 ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES

2.5 EMERGING USES FOR ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES

2.6 OTHER USEFUL DEFINITIONS

2.7 SUMMARY

REFERENCES

3 WHY ARE WE CONCERNED? THE UNIQUE PROPERTIES OF NANOPARTICLES

3.1 SURFACE-TO-VOLUME RATIO

3.2 PARTICLE SIZE

3.3 PARTICLE CONCENTRATION

3.4 DOSE METRICS: PARTICLE NUMBER, SURFACE AREA, MORPHOLOGY, AND SURFACE PROPERTIES

3.5 IMPLICATIONS FOR THE OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH IMPACTS OF NANOPARTICLES

3.6 IMPLICATIONS FOR PHYSICAL RISKS

3.7 SUMMARY

REFERENCES

4 ROUTES OF EXPOSURE FOR ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES

4.1 INTRODUCTION

4.2 ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLE EXPOSURE THROUGH INHALATION

4.3 ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLE EXPOSURE THROUGH DERMAL CONTACT

4.4 ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLE EXPOSURE THROUGH INGESTION

4.5 TRANSLOCATION OF NANOPARTICLES FROM THE LUNG

4.6 SUMMARY

REFERENCES

5 CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON THE TOXICITY OF NANOPARTICLES

5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.2 THE TOXICITY OF INDUSTRIAL NANOPARTICLES

5.3 NANOPARTICLE TOXICITY: GENERAL CONCEPTS

5.4 CARBON NANOTUBES

5.5 FULLERENES

5.6 QUANTUM DOTS

5.7 METAL-BASED NANOPARTICLES

5.8 SUMMARY

REFERENCES

6 SOURCES OF EXPOSURE

6.1 OVERVIEW OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES

6.2 OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES IN RESEARCH FACILITIES

6.3 OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES IN MANUFACTURING FACILITIES

6.4 EXPOSURE POTENTIAL FOR ENPs IN DIFFERENT PHYSICAL STATES

6.5 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES TO ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES

REFERENCES

7 EVALUATION OF EXPOSURES TO ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES

7.1 CURRENT KNOWLEDGE CONCERNING EXPOSURE TO ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES

7.2 EXPOSURE TO ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES BY INHALATION

7.3 DERMAL EXPOSURES TO ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES

7.4 EVALUATION OF EXPOSURES IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS

Appendix 7.A.1: Derivation of Nanoparticle Displacement by Diffusion

REFERENCES

8 EXPOSURE CHARACTERIZATION

8.1 EXPOSURE CHARACTERIZATION STEPS

8.2 EXPOSURE MEASUREMENT STRATEGIES

8.3 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

8.4 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA

8.5 PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF AEROSOL SAMPLING AND MICROSCOPY TECHNIQUES

8.6 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS

8.7 TYPICAL PRODUCTION PROCESSES

8.8 CASE STUDY: MANUAL HANDLING OF NANOPARTICLES

8.9 CASE STUDY: SYNTHESIS OF CARBON NANOTUBES

8.10 CASE STUDY: EXPOSURE FROM TWIN SCREW EXTRUSION COMPOUNDING

Appendix 8.A.1 Normalized Size Distributions

REFERENCES

9 CONTROL OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES TO ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES

9.1 CONTROL OF AIRBORNE EXPOSURES

9.2 CONTROL OF DERMAL EXPOSURES

9.3 ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS AND GOOD WORK PRACTICES

9.4 RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

9.5 CASE STUDY: COMPARISON OF THE PERFORMANCE OF VARIOUS FUME HOODS

9.6 CASE STUDY: PERFORMANCE OF NONTRADITIONAL FUME HOODS

REFERENCES

10 CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES

10.1 CONTROL OF AIR EMISSIONS

10.2 CONTROL OF WATER EMISSIONS

10.3 NANOPARTICLES IN SOLID WASTE

10.4 CONTROL OF EXPOSURES THROUGHOUT A PRODUCT’S LIFE CYCLE

10.5 UNCERTAINTIES AND NEEDED RESEARCH

10.6 CASE STUDY—FILTRATION CONTROL

REFERENCES

11 THE REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT FOR ENGINEERED NANOMATERIALS

11.1 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH REGULATIONS

11.2 ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS

11.3 COMPARISON OF NANOTECHNOLOGY REGULATION UNDER TSCA AND REACH

11.4 PRIVATE LAW

11.5 CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

12 FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLE HEALTH AND SAFETY

12.1 WHERE WE ARE TODAY

12.2 HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS STUDIES

12.3 EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

12.4 OPTIMAL APPROACHES TO CONTROL EXPOSURES

12.5 THE FUTURE OF REGULATION

12.6 CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

INDEX

END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

List of Tables

Chapter 02

TABLE 2.1 settling velocities and time to settle 2 m for water droplets of various diameters

TABLE 2.2 Net displacement of water droplets in 1 s due to Brownian motion and gravity settling

Chapter 03

TABLE 3.1 Properties of graphite cubes of various dimensions

Chapter 06

TABLE 6.1 Drying times for water droplets at 50% relative humidity and 293 k

TABLE 6.2 Drying times (s) for different liquids in vapor-free air at 293 k

Chapter 07

TABLE 7.1 Aerodynamic cut diameters for the Anderson impactor at 28.3 and 60 L/min

TABLE 7.2 Characteristics of commercial nanoparticle spectrometers

Chapter 08

TABLE 8.1 Experimental notation

TABLE 8.2 Total particle concentrations for different conditions

Chapter 09

TABLE 9.1 Distribution of charge on aerosol particles at boltzmann equilibrium

TABLE 9.2 Performance criteria for NIOSH-certified respirator particulate filters

TABLE 9.3 Performance criteria under european standard EN 143 for respirator filters that can be applied to a face mask (european commission for standardization, 2006)

TABLE 9.4 Performance criteria under European Standard EN 149 for filtering facepiece respirators (European Commission for Standardization, 2010)

TABLE 9.5 Hood operating profiles

TABLE 9.6 Hood specifications and operating conditions, second case study

TABLE 9.7 Data of Pearson correlation coefficient of breathing zone concentration increases at four hoods

Chapter 10

TABLE 10.1 Filter media collection efficiency (

η

) for 2.3 m/min face velocity and 3.5 m/min face velocity

TABLE 10.2 Filter media characterization results

TABLE 10.3 Data for pressure drop and collection efficiency at face velocities of 2.3 and 3.5 m/min for eight tested filters

List of Illustrations

Chapter 02

FIGURE 2.1 The island of Stromboli, a (mostly) dormant volcano.

FIGURE 2.2 Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajökull, May 11, 2010, almost 1 month after eruption.

FIGURE 2.3 Particle size distribution in diesel engine exhaust at different engine loads.

FIGURE 2.4 Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer results for GMAW alloy: (a) during globular transfer mode and (b) spray transfer mode at a sample height 19:2 cm above the arc centerline using both a Nano DMA (darkened circles, 4:53 nm¡dp¡153 nm) and Long DMA (hollow circles, 16:5 nm¡dp¡562 nm) (note: images on each graph are the arcs corresponding to each mode of metal transfer).

FIGURE 2.5 TEM image of an agglomerate from a bulk sample of nanoalumina. Measured particle is approximately 100 nm in diameter.

FIGURE 2.6 Photos from the UMass Lowell Plastics Engineering laboratory, showing the bulk nanoalumina used as a filler and the resulting nanocomposite.

FIGURE 2.7 Carbon nanotubes: (a) idealized single-walled carbon nanotube (b) photomicrograph of a single-wall carbon nanotube and (c) photomicrograph of a multiwalled carbon nanotube

FIGURE 2.8 C

60

fullerene.

FIGURE 2.9 Cd–Se quantum dot structure. The cadmium and selenium atoms make up the lattice structure, surrounding a cloud of electrons in their excited state.

Chapter 03

FIGURE 3.1 Graphite cubes: (a) 1 m on a side; (b) 1 μm on a side; and (c) 1 nm on a side (not to scale).

FIGURE 3.2 (a) Asbestos fibers as seen under scanning electron microscopy. and (b) carbon nanofibers as seen under transmission electron microscopy.

FIGURE 3.3 An idealized dose–response curve. mg/kg refers to the amount of the chemical in milligrams per kilogram of body weight of the subject.

FIGURE 3.4 Schematic of human skin.

Chapter 04

FIGURE 4.1 The human respiratory system.

FIGURE 4.2 Photomicrograph of asbestos fibers deposited in a lung alveolus. The lung tissue has been digested. Note the barbell-shaped remains of alveolar macrophages on the fibers.

FIGURE 4.3 Modeled total particle deposition probability in the respiratory tract and deposition probability in the various lung regions (ICRP, 1994). Deposition has been modeled assuming an adult breathing through their nose at 25 l/min (light exercise) and exposed to spherical particles with a density of 1000 kg/m

3

.

FIGURE 4.4 Respirable fraction as a function of particle aerodynamic diameter.

FIGURE 4.5 Personal cyclone, used for respirable mass sampling.

Chapter 05

FIGURE 5.1 Representative micrographs of MWCNT in subpleural tissues, visceral pleura, and pleural space. In all four panels, the visceral pleural surface runs along the top of each micrograph. The FESEM image (a) shows a MWCNT loaded alveolar macrophage in an alveolus immediately beneath the visceral pleura surface. The right side of the image shows a single MWCNT fiber penetrating the alveolar epithelium into the subpleural tissues (80 µg dose, 28 day postaspiration). Image (b) shows a dilated subpleural lymphatic vessel which contains a mononuclear inflammatory cell that is penetrated by several MWCNT fibers (80 µg dose, 56 day postaspiration). A MWCNT penetrating the visceral pleura is shown in the light micrograph of image (c) with a MWCNT-loaded alveolar macrophage visible in the left side of the micrograph (80 µg dose, 28 day postaspiration). A single MWCNT penetrating from the subpleural tissue through the visceral pleura into the pleural space is shown in the FESEM image (d) (80 µg dose, 56 day postaspiration).

Chapter 06

FIGURE 6.1 Pouring (a) and transferring (b) a nanopowder inside a fume hood.

FIGURE 6.2 Enclosure used during nanoparticle experiment: (a) visible light and (b) ultraviolet light.

FIGURE 6.3 Nanoparticle contamination of a worker’s shirt under (a) visible light and (b) UV light.

FIGURE 6.4 Worker spray painting parts, c. 1940.

FIGURE 6.5 Probe sonicator.

Chapter 07

FIGURE 7.1 TSI Nanoparticle Surface Area Monitors: (a) Nanoparticle Surface Area Monitor (NSAM) Model 3550; (b) AEROTRAK™ 9000 Nanoparticle Aerosol Monitor.

FIGURE 7.2 Greenburg-Smith and midget impinger.

FIGURE 7.3 Original May cascade impactor.

FIGURE 7.4 May “ultimate” impactor: (a) photo of impactor, (b) collection efficiency curves.

FIGURE 7.5 Anderson cascade impactor.

FIGURE 7.6 Grimm optical aerosol spectrometer and dust monitor.

FIGURE 7.7 Aerodynamic Particle Sizer

®

(APS™) Model 3321.

FIGURE 7.8 Pollack condensation particle counter.

FIGURE 7.9 TSI condensation particle counter (CPC) Model 3007 schematic.

FIGURE 7.10 Differential mobility analyzer.

FIGURE 7.11 TSI scanning mobility particle sizer™ SMPS™ Spectrometers models. (a) Nanoscan SMPS Nanoparticle Sizer Model 3910; (b) SMPS spectrometer Model 3034; (c) SMPS spectrometer Model 3936.

FIGURE 7.12 A sampling cart with the FMPS, APS, and data collection laptop.

FIGURE 7.13 SEM image of nanoparticles collected on a capillary pore membrane filter.

FIGURE 7.14 SEM image showing fibers in a fabric filter sample along with collected nanoparticles.

FIGURE 7.15 Nanoparticle sampler.

FIGURE 7.16 Fluorescent nanoparticle glove contamination: (a) normal light, no particles visible; (b) same gloves with NPs visible under ultraviolet light.

FIGURE 7.17 Schematic of nanoparticle tracking analysis system.

Chapter 08

FIGURE 8.1 Illustration of parallel tasks to be performed in step 4.

FIGURE 8.2 Example of measured exposure data shown in particle number concentration as a function of particle diameter.

FIGURE 8.3 Illustration of single location measurement; x-marked solid dot is the measuring position.

FIGURE 8.4 Illustration of multiple location measurement; x-marked solid dots are the measuring positions.

FIGURE 8.5 Illustration of near-field and far-field measurement; x-marked solid dots are the measuring positions.

FIGURE 8.6 Illustration of dynamic personal sampling measurement; dashed lines are the motion path.

FIGURE 8.7 Particle concentration and size distribution with standard deviation of concentration.

FIGURE 8.8 Separation of concentration profile to individual log-normally distributed profiles.

FIGURE 8.9 Equipment and setup of composite manufacturing.

FIGURE 8.10 Illustration of the time sequence during compounding and the timing of particle measurement. Roman numerals indicate the phases of a typical experiment.

FIGURE 8.11 Total number concentration and particle median diameter at different time periods and operations of experiments. This compounding process was operated using twin screw feeder feeding in the primary feeding port (the first port). Black curve is concentration profile; the gray curve is particle median diameter.

FIGURE 8.12 Manual handling experimental setup and locations of measurement. (a) Manual transferring nanoparticle powder; (b) manual pouring nanoparticle powder; (c) source downstream side measurement; (d) source upstream side measurement; (e) middle sash position, 15 g nanosilver transferring; and (f) low sash position, breathing zone measurement.

FIGURE 8.13 Schematic showing different measurement locations.

FIGURE 8.14 Particle concentration and size distribution at three locations during transferring 100 g nanoalumina in the conventional hood.

FIGURE 8.15 Breathing zone concentration during handling100 g nanoalumina particles in the conventional hood: (a) transferring, (b) pouring, (c) concentration increase during transferring, and (d) concentration increase during pouring.

Y

-axis: Relative normalized particle number concentration calculated using measured concentration subtracting average background concentration.

X

-axis: diameter of the average particle size in each channel of the FMPS.

FIGURE 8.16 SEM photos of nanoalumina particles: (a) handling 100 g and (b) handling 15 g.

FIGURE 8.17 Increase in the breathing zone concentration during handling15 g nanoalumina particles in the conventional hood: (a) transferring and (b) pouring.

FIGURE 8.18 Particle concentration increase at the downstream side during handling 15 g nanoalumina in the conventional hood.

FIGURE 8.19 Particle concentration increase at the downstream side during handling 15 g nanosilver in the conventional hood.

FIGURE 8.20 TEM images of nanosilver: (a) agglomerate at low magnification; (b) agglomerate at high magnification; and (c) bulk material.

FIGURE 8.21 Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) furnace. (a) Illustration of measuring locations and (b) illustration of process diagram.

FIGURE 8.22 Particle number concentration and size distribution at source location. L temp-A: low temperature, use substrate; L temp-B: low temperature, no substrate; and H temp-B: high temperature, no substrate.

FIGURE 8.23 Particle number concentration and size distribution at background location. L temp-A: low temperature, use substrate; L temp-B: low temperature, no substrate; and H temp-B: high temperature, no substrate.

FIGURE 8.24 TEM images of collected aerosol particles from different conditions of MWCNT production. (a) L temp-A, Direct Mag:15600×; (b) L temp-B, Direct Mag:15600×; (c) H temp-B, Direct Mag:26000×; (d) L temp-B, Direct Mag:26000×; and (e, f) TEM images of MWCNT filaments collected from condition of high injector temperature and no substrate use (H temp-B).

FIGURE 8.25 Elemental analysis results for the particles in Figure 8.24f.

FIGURE 8.26 TEM images of MWCNT product produced from condition of low injector temperature and no substrate use (L temp-B).

FIGURE 8.27 Particle number concentration at laboratory background.

FIGURE 8.28 (a) Layout of twin screw extruder and measurement locations. (b) Covering area at feeding port for engineering control.

FIGURE 8.29 Increase in normalized number concentration at the source during feeding nanoalumina using different feed methods. Background aerosol associated with the polymer fumes has been subtracted from the distribution.

FIGURE 8.30 SEM and STEM images of samples taken in parallel with FMPS measurements at the source and the breathing zone locations: (a), (b), (c), and (f) at source; (d) and (e) at breathing zone; (b) and (c) are SEM images of polycarbonate filters, others are STEM images of filmed TEM grids.

FIGURE 8.31 Normalized number concentration at the source before and after covering feeding port.

Chapter 09

FIGURE 9.1 A typical local exhaust system.

FIGURE 9.2 A typical laboratory fume hood.

FIGURE 9.3 A glove box.

FIGURE 9.4 An exterior fume hood.

FIGURE 9.5 Common laboratory fume hood designs: (a) conventional (constant-flow) hood; (b) bypass hood; and (c) constant-velocity hood.

FIGURE 9.6 Wake region and air flow pattern.

FIGURE 9.7 Vortex region of traditional fume hood.

FIGURE 9.8 Turbulence patterns between a mannequin and a laboratory fume hood: (a) horizontal plane and (b) vertical plane.

FIGURE 9.9 Powder handling enclosure: (a) general view and (b) close-up of a nanopowder transfer operation.

FIGURE 9.10 Atomic force microscope (AFM) image of a new latex glove.

FIGURE 9.11 Cross-section of a fiber, air flow streamlines, and particle collection mechanisms.

FIGURE 9.12 Total collection efficiency of a typical filter as a function of particle size.

FIGURE 9.13 Filter collection efficiency curve, N95 filter with no electrostatic charge. Note that the vertical axis starts at 85%.

FIGURE 9.14 Effect of charged filter material on collection efficiency on the N95 filter of Figure 9.13.

FIGURE 9.15 Collection efficiency of HEPA filter. Note that the vertical axis starts at 90%.

FIGURE 9.16 Half-mask respirator.

FIGURE 9.17 Full facepiece respirator.

FIGURE 9.18 Constant-flow fume hood. Manufacturer: Fisher Scientific Safety-Flow Laboratory Fume Hood, Model 93-509Q.

FIGURE 9.19 Bypass hood.

FIGURE 9.20 Constant-velocity hood. Manufacturer: Kewaunee Scientific Corp., Supreme Air Model H05, with a Phoenix Controls Corp. flow control system.

FIGURE 9.21 Experimental setup of airflow examination using fog, laser, mannequin, and a constant-volume hood. Note: Fog can be generated inside and outside the fume hood.

FIGURE 9.22 Increase in the breathing zone concentration during handling100 g nanoalumina particles in the

bypass hood

: (a) transferring and (b) pouring.

FIGURE 9.23 Increase in the breathing zone concentration during handling 100 g nanoalumina particles in the

constant-velocity hood

: (a) transferring and (b) pouring.

FIGURE 9.24 Particle number concentration increase (5–20,000 nm) during pouring nanoparticles during one pouring operation. (a) Constant-flow hood and (b) constant-velocity hood.

FIGURE 9.25 Features of air flow pattern of constant-flow and constant-velocity hoods at middle sash. (a) Constant-flow hood, horizontal; (b) constant-flow hood, vertical; (c) constant-velocity hood, horizontal; and (d) constant-velocity hood, vertical.

FIGURE 9.26 Particle concentration change at the breathing zone during handling nanoalumina particles in the constant-flow, bypass, and constant-velocity hood.

FIGURE 9.27 Particle concentration change at the background after handling 100 g and 15 g nanoalumina particles in the constant flow hood.

FIGURE 9.28 Photos of hood types referred to in second case study: (a) biological safety cabinet; (b) powder handling enclosure; and (c) air curtain hood.

FIGURE 9.29 Particle concentration increase in the breathing zone location during handling 100 g nanoalumina particles in two

biological safety cabinets

and two

powder handling enclosures

: (a) transferring and (b) pouring.

FIGURE 9.30 Correlation diagram of breathing zone concentration increases at four hoods.

FIGURE 9.31 Particle concentration increase in the breathing zone location during handling 100 g nanoalumina particles in

air-curtain hood

: (a) transferring and (b) pouring.

FIGURE 9.32 Photos of biological safety cabinet and powder handling enclosure: features and hand motion: (a) front exhaust slot of biological safety cabinet; (b) fog air flow pattern at front exhaust slot of biological safety cabinet; (c) static hands in the powder enclosure; and (d) hand motion out pulling air flow toward the worker.

FIGURE 9.33 Features of air flow pattern of air-curtain hood at middle sash: (a) horizontal view and (b) vertical view.

Chapter 10

FIGURE 10.1 Gravity settling chamber.

FIGURE 10.2 Cyclone.

FIGURE 10.3 Venturi scrubber.

FIGURE 10.4 The comparison of the theoretical results of particle removal efficiency with experimental data with nucleation by water mist. (a) One percent SiH4 of 0.5 l/min and (b) 1% SiH4 of 1 l/min (Tsai et al., 2005).

FIGURE 10.5 Electrostatic precipitator.

FIGURE 10.6 High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter.

FIGURE 10.7 Fabric filter.

FIGURE 10.8 SEM images of a sample of woven polyester fabric with a Teflon membrane coating.

FIGURE 10.9 Filtration test system (Tsai et al. 2012).

FIGURE 10.10 Particle size distribution and concentration generated by VENGES. Primary

y

-axis: Upstream concentration at 2.3 m/min filtration face velocity; Secondary

y

-axis: Upstream concentration at 3.5 m/min filtration face velocity (Tsai et al., 2012).

FIGURE 10.11 Particle number collection efficiency versus particle diameter. (a) Six filters tested at 2.3 m/min filtration velocity and (b) six filters tested at 3.5 m/min filtration velocity. Note: Hollow symbol is air sampling filters, solid symbol is coated air cleaning filter, X symbol is noncoated air cleaning filter (Tsai et al., 2012).

FIGURE 10.12 SEM images of various filter media and captured nanoparticles. (A1) Quartz—new filter, (A2) Quartz-used filter with NPs on fibers, (B1) WP-TMC—used filter showing Teflon membrane layer above the woven fibers at the cut edge, (B2) WP-TMC—used filter with NPs on Teflon fibers, (C1) WP—used filter showing woven fibers, (C2) WP used woven fibers with NPs on thin fiber, (D1) PF-TMC new filter showing Teflon membrane layer, (D2) PF-TMC—used filter with NPs on Teflon fibers, (E1) PF-G—new filter showing Goretex membrane layer above the nonwoven fibers, (E2) PF-G—used filter with NPs on Goretex fibers, (F1) PF-TMC—new filter showing the PF nonwoven fiber layer, and (F2) PF-TMC—used filter showing three-dimensional structure of felt fibers (Tsai et al., 2012).

Guide

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EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT AND SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS FOR WORKING WITH ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES

MICHAEL J. ELLENBECKER, Sc.D., CIH

Professor Emeritus of Occupational and Environmental HygieneDirector, Massachusetts Toxics use Reduction InstituteDepartment of Work EnvironmentCollege of Health SciencesUniversity of Massachusetts LowellOne University AvenueLowell, MA, USA

CANDACE SU-JUNG TSAI, Sc.D.

Assistant Professor of Occupational/Environmental Health and HygieneSchool of Health SciencesCollege of Health and Human SciencesPurdue UniversityDelon and Elizabeth Hampton Hall of Civil Engineering550 Stadium Mall DriveWest Lafayette, IN, USA

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Ellenbecker, Michael J.   Exposure assessment and safety considerations for working with engineered nanoparticles / Michael J. Ellenbecker, Sc.D., CIH, Professor Emeritus of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Director, Massachusetts Toxics use Reduction Institute, Department of Work Environment, College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Su-Jung (Candace) Tsai, Sc.D., Assistant Professor of Occupational/Environmental Health and Hygiene, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University.      pages   cm   Includes bibliographical references and index.

 ISBN 978-0-470-46706-0 (cloth)1. Nanotechnology–Safety measures.   2. Nanostructured materials industry–Employees–Health and hygiene.   3. Nanotechnology–Health aspects.4. Nanoparticles–Toxicology.   5. Industrial hygiene.   I. Tsai, Su-Jung.   II. Title.   T174.7.E454 2015      363.17′9–dc23

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Cover image credit:Image courtesy of Argonne National LaboratoriesImage title: Fireworks over Night SkyImage was taken by Vilas Pol and Natalie FitzgeraldDescription of image:A dramatic fireworks display over a night sky is demonstrated. Golden yellow lights pournward along with colorful and radiant clusters of pink, purple and orange. The viewer’s perspective is that of looking up at the fireworks coming down to the earth in a shower of light. Originally, it’s a scanning electron micrograph of photo-luminescentlanthanum hydroxycarbonate superstructure, prepared in critical autogenic reactions.The U.S. Department of Energy’s Argonne National Laboratory, 2011

Dedication

I (ME) dedicate this book to my wife, Marlene Goldman, for her understanding throughout the long process of research and writing leading to its publication. I greatly appreciate her support. I also dedicate it to our daughters, Anne and Heidi, and our five grandchildren, in the hope that the safe application of nanotechnology will bring them a better world.

I (CT) dedicate this book to my husband, Chunyuan Chen, and children, Xenia and Steven, for their understanding and encouragement while I spent the time doing the research followed by the writing. I appreciate my parents’ support of my career. Being in the forefront conducting research on this important topic, I hope that nanotechnology will bring a bright future to the next generation with a safe environment for everyone.