Farm Animal Anesthesia E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 616

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

Farm Animal Anesthesia: Cattle, Small Ruminants, Camelids, and Pigs presents practical guidance on using anesthetic and analgesic drugs to prevent pain caused by surgery or disease. This cohesive resource offers complete coverage of anesthetics and anesthetic techniques in farm animals with a focus on practical applications. Providing thorough information on pain management and residues, the book also covers specific techniques for common surgical procedures and considerations for animals with pathophysiological conditions. The book includes chapters on preanesthetic considerations, anesthetic drugs, chemical restraint and standing sedation, injectable anesthesia, inhalant anesthesia, local techniques, specific procedures, pain management, residues, and euthanasia. Farm Animal Anesthesia is a useful guide for farm animal practitioners, veterinary students, and researchers working with these species.

Leseprobe

CONTENTS

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

Dedication

Contributing Authors

Preface

Chapter 1: Preanesthetic considerations

Positioning

Ruminal tympany

Regurgitation

Salivation

Malignant hyperthermia

Differences in sensitivity to anesthetics

Preanesthetic preparation

References

Chapter 2: Commonly used preanesthetics

Acepromazine (phenothiazine derivatives)

Droperidol and azaperone (butyrophenone derivatives)

Detomidine, medetomidine, romifidine, and xylazine (α

2

agonists)

Atipamezole, tolazoline, and yohimbine (α

2

antagonists)

Diazepam and midazolam (benzodiazepine derivatives)

Chloral hydrate

References

Chapter 3: Standing sedationand chemical restraint

Cattle

Small ruminants and camelids

Swine

References

Chapter 4: Injectable anestheticsand field anesthesia

Injectable anesthetics

Field anesthesia

References

Chapter 5: Inhalation anesthesia

Cattle

Small ruminants and camelids

Swine

References

Chapter 6: Perioperative monitoring and management of complications

Perioperative monitoring

Supportive fluid therapy

Positioning

Recovery

Perioperative complications

References

Chapter 7: Local and regional anesthetic techniques

Local anesthetics

Anesthesia for dehorning

Nasal anesthesia

Anesthesia of the eye

Anesthesia for laparotomy

Anesthesia for reproductive procedures

Teat anesthesia

Anesthesia of the distal limb

References

Chapter 8: Anesthetic management for specific procedures

Umbilical hernias

Wounds, lumps, bumps, and abscesses

Surgical disorders of the abdomen

Urogenital surgery in the female

Perineal laceration

Urogenital surgery in the male

Musculoskeletal indications

References

Chapter 9: Pain management for farm animals

Local anesthetics

Systemic pain management

Drug combinations for pain management

Local or regional analgesia

References

Chapter 10: Fluid therapy

General considerations

Physiology of body fluids

Patient assessment

Fluid and electrolyte therapy in the perioperative period

Monitoring fluid administration

References

Chapter 11: Regulatory and legal considerations of anesthetics and analgesics used in food-producing animals

Alpha-2 agonists

Barbiturates

Benzodiazepines

Dissociative anesthetics

Local anesthetics

Opioids

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Phenothiazine derivatives

Propofol

References

Chapter 12: Euthanasia of farm animals

Considerations prior to euthanasia

The process of euthanasia

Considerations subsequent to euthanasia

References

Index

Eula

List of Tables

Chapter 03

Table 3.1 Doses of drugs and drug combinations used for sedation and chemical restraint in cattle.

Table 3.2 Doses of drugs and drug combinations used for sedation and chemical restraint in sheep, goats, and camelids.

Table 3.3 Doses of drugs and drug combinations used for sedation and chemical restraint in pigs.

Chapter 04

Table 4.1 Doses of injectable anesthetic and anesthetic combinations used in cattle.

Table 4.2 Doses of injectable anesthetic and anesthetic combinations for sheep, goats, and camelids.

Table 4.3 Doses of injectable anesthetic and anesthetic combinations used in pigs.

Chapter 05

Table 5.1 Blood–gas solubility, metabolism, and MAC of isoflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane in farm animal species.

Chapter 06

Table 6.1 The body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and arterial blood pressures for farm animals.

Table 6.2 Normal values for hematology and blood chemistry of cattle.

Table 6.3 Normal values for hematology and blood chemistry of goats.

Table 6.4 Normal values of hematology and blood chemistry of sheep.

Table 6.5 Normal values for hematology and blood chemistry of camelids.

Table 6.6 Normal values for hematology and blood chemistry of pet pigs.

Chapter 09

Table 9.1 Doses of drugs used for systemic pain management in cattle, sheep, and goats.

Table 9.2 Doses of drugs used for systemic pain management in camelids and pigs.

Table 9.3 Doses of drugs used to produce local and regional analgesia for pain management in cattle, sheep, and goats.

Table 9.4 Doses of drugs used to produce local and regional analgesia for pain management in camelids and pigs.

Chapter 10

Table 10.1 Estimating level of dehydration based upon physical examination findings.

Table 10.2 Components and formulas for perioperative fluid therapy.

Chapter 11

Table 11.1 Recommended withdrawal times for anesthetics and analgesics in farm animals.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 01

Figure 1.1 The effect of lateral recumbency on the position of the diaphragm in ruminants; A, rumen; B, diaphragm; and C, lungs.

Figure 1.2 Lateral recumbency of an adult bovid; note the elevation of the throatlatch.

Figure 1.3 Lateral recumbency of a small ruminant; note the elevation of the throatlatch.

Figure 1.4 (a) Intubation in an adult bovid using digital palpation technique: A, trachea; B, epiglottis; C, endotracheal tube/guide tube; and D, wedge. (b) Intubation in an adult bovid using a guide tube technique: A, trachea; B, epiglottis; C, guide tube; and D, wedge.

Figure 1.5 Guide tube/stylet and laryngoscope used for endotracheal intubation for small ruminants, camelids, and pigs.

Figure 1.6 Anatomic structures for endotracheal intubation in camelids.

Figure 1.7 Endotracheal intubation in anesthetized goats.

Figure 1.8 “Stick intubation” (blind intubation) in anesthetized goats.

Figure 1.9 Technique for endotracheal intubation in swine.

Chapter 03

Figure 3.1 Acepromazine-induced calming effect in a rodeo bull prior to induction of anesthesia.

Figure 3.2 (a) Chemical restraint in a calf with xylazine (0.1 mg/kg IV) and diazepam (0.2 mg/kg IV). (b) Chemical restraint in a calf with xylazine (0.1 mg/kg IV) and diazepam (0.2 mg/kg IV) followed by endotracheal intubation.

Figure 3.3 (a,b) Chemical restraint in a potbellied pig with diazepam (4 mg/kg IM) and ketamine (5 mg/kg IM) for radiography.

Chapter 04

Figure 4.1 Endotracheal intubation using digital palpation technique in a bull anesthetized with xylazine (0.1 mg/kg IV) and ketamine (2.2 mg/kg IV).

Figure 4.2 Endotracheal intubation in an alpaca anesthetized with xylazine (0.35 mg/kg IM) and ketamine (8 mg/kg IM).

Figure 4.3 A potbellied pig anesthetized with Telazol, ketamine, and xylazine (TKX-P) combination.

Chapter 05

Figure 5.1 Anesthesia machine with isoflurane vaporizer.

Figure 5.2 Anesthesia machine with sevoflurane vaporizer.

Figure 5.3 A goat anesthetized with isoflurane using small animal anesthesia machine.

Figure 5.4 A bull anesthetized with isoflurane using large animal anesthesia machine.

Chapter 06

Figure 6.1 Changes in eyeball positions during anesthesia in cattle. A, Awake (strong palpebral reflex), B and C, light anesthesia, D, surgical plane of anesthesia, and E, deep anesthesia (absence of palpebral reflex).

Figure 6.2 Placement of ETCO

2

sample collection line and SpO

2

probe on an adult cattle.

Figure 6.3 V/Q mismatch during dorsal recumbency in adult cattle. A, V/Q > 1, B, V/Q ≈ 1, and C, V/Q < 1.

Figure 6.4 (a) Placement of an inner tube under the shoulder during lateral recumbency in an adult cattle. (b) Placement of an inner tube through the dependent forelimb under the shoulder during lateral recumbency in an adult cattle. (c) Taped inner tube.

Figure 6.5 Anesthetized adult cattle in lateral recumbency position.

Chapter 07

Figure 7.1 Facial nerve blocks in cattle: (A) cornual nerve block for dehorning, (B) infraorbital nerve block, (C) auriculopalpebral nerve block, (D) local infiltration of the eyelids, and (E) injection site for Peterson eye block.

Figure 7.2 Cornual branch of the zygomaticotemporal (A) nerve block and infratrochlear (B) nerve blocks for dehorning in goats.

Figure 7.3 Retrobulbar eye block, (1) medial canthus, (2) dorsal eyelid, (3) lateral canthus, and (4) ventral eyelid in cattle.

Figure 7.4 Proximal and distal paravertebral nerve blocks in cattle.

Figure 7.5 Inverted-L block in cattle.

Figure 7.6 Line block in cattle.

Figure 7.7 Caudal epidural nerve block in cattle, (A) intersacrococcygeal space (S

4

and Co

1

) and (B) intercoccygeal space (Co

1

and Co

2

).

Figure 7.8 Caudal epidural and lumbosacral epidural nerve blocks in goats.

Figure 7.9 Caudal epidural catheterization in cattle.

Figure 7.10 Lumbosacral epidural nerve block in pigs.

Figure 7.11 Internal pudendal nerve on left pelvis of cattle: (A) internal pudendal nerve, (B) pelvic splanchnic nerve, and (C) pudendal artery.

Figure 7.12 Injection site for intratesticular anesthesia for castration in cattle.

Figure 7.13 Teat blocks for cattle: (A) inverted-V block, (B) teat ring block, (C) teat cistern infusion, and (D) intravenous regional teat block.

Figure 7.14 Injection sites for regional intravenous anesthesia (Bier block) in cattle: (A) common dorsal metacarpal vein of the forelimb, (B) lateral palmar digital vein of the forelimb, (C) lateral palmar metacarpal vein of the forelimb, and (D) lateral saphenous vein of the hind limb.

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 Example of a decision algorithm that can be implemented as part of an on-farm euthanasia plan to provide farm personnel with clear direction for the handling of sick and debilitated animals. .

Figure 12.2 (a) Frontal view of the accurate site and angle for placement of a gunshot or captive bolt in cattle. (b) Lateral view of the accurate site and angle for placement of a gunshot or captive bolt in cattle. .

Figure 12.3 Lateral view of the proper placement of a gunshot or captive bolt for euthanasia of hornless small ruminants.

Figure 12.4 Lateral view of the proper placement of a gunshot or captive bolt for euthanasia of horned small ruminants.

Figure 12.5 (a) Frontal view of the proper placement of a gunshot or captive bolt for euthanasia of swine. (b) Lateral view of the proper placement of a gunshot or captive bolt for euthanasia of swine. .

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

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Farm Animal Anesthesia

Cattle, Small Ruminants, Camelids, and Pigs

Edition by

HuiChu Lin, DVM, MS

Diplomate of American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia, Professor, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, USA

Paul Walz, DVM, MS, PhD

Diplomate of American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Associate Professor, Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, USA

This edition first published 2014 © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc

Editorial Offices1606 Golden Aspen Drive, Suites 103 and 104, Ames, Iowa 50014-8300, USAThe Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Lin, HuiChu, 1958– author.   Farm animal anesthesia : cattle, small ruminants, camelids, and pigs / HuiChu Lin and Paul Walz.      p. ; cm.   Includes bibliographical references and index.   ISBN 978-1-118-47435-8 (pbk.)1. Animal anesthesia. 2. Pain in animals–Treatment. I. Walz, Paul, 1967– author. II. Title. [DNLM: 1. Anesthesia–veterinary. 2. Animals, Domestic. 3. Ruminants. SF 914]   SF910.P34L56 2014   636.089′796–dc23

2014001177

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Cover image: #13757427 © Frank Leung, #2432613 © clintscholz, #3197681 © lesliejmorris and #16204673 © steverts, iStockphoto.com

For the unconditional support of my father, Pin-Kuo, who passed away in 2010; my mother, Yao-Hwa; and my son, Dow, who have given me support to pursue my dream and to do what I love to do.

–HuiChu Lin

To my wife, Heather, and children, Jacob, Madison, and Kaitlyn, for their encouragement and support and to my veterinary colleagues and students, who have continually provided me inspiration.

–Paul Walz

Contributing Authors

Dr. Misty A. Edmondson, DVM, MSDiplomate of American College of TheriogenologistsAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineAuburn University, USA

Dr. Benjamin Newcomer, DVM, PhDDiplomate of American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine,Diplomate of American College of Veterinary Preventive MedicineAssistant ProfessorDepartment of PathobiologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineAuburn University, USA

Dr. Thomas Passler, DVM, PhDDiplomate of American College of Veterinary Internal MedicineAssistant ProfessorDepartment of Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineAuburn University, USA

Preface

This book covers both the basic knowledge of commonly used anesthetics and analgesics and practical use of these drugs to prevent farm animal pain caused by surgery and/or disease processes. We hope farm animal veterinarians find this book useful and practical for the anesthetic techniques and pain management aspect of their daily practice. There are few anesthetics and analgesics approved by the Food and Drug Administration. As consumers demand healthy and safe food products, it is imperative that farm animal veterinarians and producers are aware of the regulatory and legal guidelines of extralabel use of these drugs to ensure edible animal products are free of harmful pharmaceutical residues.

My appreciation to my coeditor, Dr. Paul Walz; contributing authors, Drs. Misty Edmondson, Benjamin Newcomer, and Thomas Passler (their chapters make this book a complete book on farm animal anesthesia); illustrators, Kim Crosslin and Katlyn King, for their picture-perfect artworks; and my colleagues, Drs. Fred Caldwell, John Schumacher, and Jennifer Taintor, for reading and editing several chapters of this book.

Special thanks to my mentors, Drs. John Benson, John Thurmon, and William Tranquilli, for laying the foundation during my residency training at the University of Illinois that has benefited me throughout my career.

Most of all, I thank my colleagues in the Food Animal Section of Auburn University for being always kind and helpful; you make my job so much easier and fun.

HuiChu Lin

Chapter 1Preanesthetic considerations

HuiChu Lin

Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, USA

General anesthesia in farm animals, like cattle, sheep, goats, llamas, alpacas, and pigs, requires special attention due to the uniqueness of the anatomical and physiological characteristics as compared to dogs, cats, and horses. Camelids (llamas and alpacas) only have two forestomachs but are otherwise similar in many ways to cattle and small ruminants. Although some farm animals may cost as much as purebred companion animals, farm animal veterinarians are often faced with economic constraints and a limited number of approved drugs for use in surgical procedures requiring anesthesia. Physical restraint and local anesthetic techniques are most commonly employed to produce immobility and analgesia for these species. Ruminants generally tolerate physical restraint and recumbency well. This, along with local and/or regional anesthetic techniques, allows many minor surgical procedures to be performed in the standing position and under field conditions. General anesthesia is more frequently performed in camelids and swine for even minor surgical procedures due to their intolerance of physical restraint. It is important to remember that farm animals perceive pain no differently than other species; therefore, analgesia for prevention and easing of pain is just as important as it is for companion animals. With surgical procedures requiring general anesthesia, balanced anesthetic technique should be employed to provide narcosis, analgesia, and muscle relaxation, thereby minimizing the stress response induced by surgery and anesthesia. Most of the anesthetics and anesthetic adjuncts commonly used in farm animal practice do not have Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for use in ruminants, camelids, and swine [1, 2]. However, per the Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA) of 1994, extralabel use of drugs is permitted when animal health is threatened or death may result if not treated [3]. While prevention of violative residues should always be considered, anesthetics are usually used for a short duration, and anesthetized animals are unlikely to be marketed immediately after surgery. Furthermore, anesthetics used today tend to have very short half-lives (t½), and they are potent enough that only low doses are required to produce general anesthesia. The possibility of an animal carrying anesthetic residues within its edible tissues after the surgical incision has healed, which normally occurs within an average of 14 days, is extremely low. Thus, problems with anesthetic drug residues appear to be rare [4]. Nevertheless, veterinarians should consult the Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD) for meat and milk withdrawal intervals for extralabel use of analgesics, sedatives, and injectable anesthetics as well as for updates of drugs prohibited from extralabel use [1, 2].