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- Herausgeber: WS
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
This book, revised and updated in September 2025, reveals a revolutionary method for finding extraterrestrial life.
Based on new discoveries regarding the fundamental nature of light, a virtual video camera is set to show an exciting way to explore the Universe and change cosmology forever.
Light is a well-studied subject, yet there are many misconceptions concerning light’s fundamental nature. Some mysteries about light continue to puzzle scientists even today in the 21st Century. But now, in the Final Theory of Light, these puzzles are resolved and revealed for the first time.
For example, what exactly makes the speed of light always constant; why light can never bend, bounce or reflect off anything; why all light-photons in the universe are identical; the spurious nature of the quantum theory of light; how to see exoplanets in full detail; how the famous double-slit experiments of light misled the world; exactly how objects convey their colours to our eyes, and much more.
Particle physics has not seen progress since the 1970s when the standard model of particle physics was completed. Ever since then, the theories used to describe observations in physics have remained unchanged. Little by little the standard model of particle physics has become more and more outdated and inconsistent.
As a result, millions of physics students are today going down blind alleys and rabbit holes full of misguided concepts. This in turn leads to blighted careers, and a falling out in the pursuit of science.
As pointed out by Charlie Wood and many others (Fundamental physics is in a crisis, Quanta Magazine, 12 August 2024), scientists are increasingly saying that particle physics is facing a nightmare scenario with many researchers looking for a new direction in physics.
A monumental shift in a new direction in particle physics is very overdue. This book provides that major shift, setting particle physics in a new direction and the prospect of many new exciting discoveries.
The Final Theory of Light gives you a fundamental understanding of light as never before. It is written for a general audience to enjoy, regardless of background or expertise. Unlike other books on the subject it avoids taking you down scientific blind alleys and rabbit holes full of confusing misconceptions.
Whether you’re involved in science, cosmology, optics, astrophysics, technology or physics generally, this book is an absolute must read and may save years of fruitless study and research. It is available in English (Final Theory of Light & Finding Extraterrestrials) or in Spanish (Teoría Final de la Luz y Búsqueda de extraterrestres).
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Seitenzahl: 178
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2025
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Contents
Copyright
Preface
Introduction
A brief overview of light
What is light made of?
How is light created?
What is incident light?
What is the journey-time of light?
What is the frequency of light?
What is the amplitude of light?
How does light move?
Why is the constant speed of light constant?
What is the energy of light?
What is the big misunderstanding of light?
Insurmountable contradiction
The brief history giving rise to the misunderstanding
Double slit experiments
Contemporary wave-theory of light
Do light-waves exist?
What is the invisible spectrum of light?
How do we see colours?
How do we see a specific colour?
How does a prism work?
Is the quantum theory of light correct?
Eaton’s Constant
How is light energy measured?
What is the brightness of light?
Why can’t the speed of light change?
Does light have mass?
Can light ever bend?
Does light carry information?
Virtual Video Camera
Finding Extraterrestrials
Message from the author
Final Theory of Everything
Author Bio
Copyright
Copyright © 2024 Russell Eaton. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any form whatsoever without permission except in the case of brief quotations in articles or reviews.
Title: Final Theory of Light
Subtitle: & Finding Extraterrestrials
Author: Russell Eaton
Publisher: DeliveredOnline.com
ISBN (eBook): 978-1-903339-78-7
ISBN (paperback): 978-1-903339-02-2
This eBook edition published 1st September, 2025
For any queries please contact the publisherEmail: [email protected]
Website: www.deliveredonline.com
Colour images for this publication
The ebook is in colour, but this depends on your eReader model. The physical book is not printed in colour so as to keep the price as low as possible. If you wish to see any images in colour please click here to instantly download all the book’s images in colour, free of charge.
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Preface
To see images in colour please see copyright page for information*
Introduction
Light is a truly wondrous phenomenon of nature. In physics light is a well-studied subject, yet there are many misconceptions concerning light’s fundamental nature. Some mysteries about light continue to puzzle scientists even today in the 21st Century. But now, in the Final Theory of Light, these puzzles can be resolved and revealed for the first time. Here are just some of the mysteries of light that are resolved in the book:
* Why the speed of light is in fact always constant, even when moving inside a medium.
* Exactly how light carries information to Earth from distant parts of the universe.
* Why all photons in the universe are identical in every respect, thus busting a widespread misconception.
* The spurious nature of the so-called ‘quantum theory of light’.
* The wavelength of light determines which colours we see, but why? What exactly determines the length of wavelengths? This mystery is fully resolved.
* Is light both a wave and a particle? The mystery of light’s duality finally put to rest.
* The famous double-slit experiments that misled the world.
* Why light can never bend, bounce or reflect off anything.
(And much more)
This book gives you a fundamental understanding of the nature of light as never before, and you will learn about a virtual video camera that is destined to revolutionise humanity’s exploration of the Universe.
One day soon humans will be able to obtain full video recordings (with sound and colour) of planets and stars, as if we had put a physical video camera on the actual surface of a planet or star. We will be able to do this from Earth instantaneously, distance no barrier. This book reveals a never-published-before method that shows exactly how to discover extraterrestrial life and dramatically alter our knowledge of the cosmos.
Particle physics has not seen progress since the 1970s when the standard model of particle physics was completed. Ever since then, the theories used to describe observations in physics have remained unchanged. Little by little the standard model of particle physics has become more and more outdated and inconsistent.
As a result, millions of physics students are today going down blind alleys and rabbit holes full of misguided concepts. This in turn leads to blighted careers, and a falling out in the pursuit of science.
As pointed out by Charlie Wood and many others (Fundamental physics is in a crisis, Quanta Magazine, 12 August 2024), scientists are increasingly saying that particle physics is facing a nightmare scenario with many researchers looking for a new direction in physics.
A monumental shift in a new direction in particle physics is very overdue. This book provides that major shift, setting particle physics in a new direction and the prospect of many new exciting discoveries.
The Final Theory of Light & Finding Extraterrestrials is for everybody to read and enjoy whatever your background or expertise. The book is available in English (Final Theory of Light & Finding Extraterrestrials) or in Spanish (Teoría Final de la Luz y la Búsqueda de Extraterrestres).
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A brief overview of light
When we see light, we are seeing streams of photons coming into our eyes. When light is created it radiates out in all directions, in straight lines. So when some of those straight lines of light go to our eyes, this is how we see things. Light always moves at the same speed (about 300 million metres per second); it doesn’t slow down or speed up, it doesn’t bounce off anything or curve in any way, and it continues moving indefinitely unless and until something gets in its way. If you have heard that light reflects or bounces off things, or that it bends, none of this is correct. You are urged to discover the truly wondrous nature of light by reading on.
For clarity, the information in this book is mostly presented in the form of questions and answers.
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What is light made of?
Light is entirely made of photons. And photons are entirely made of oscillating electromagnetism. So light consists of streams of separate photons moving in straight lines in all directions. It is widely, though mistakenly, believed that a photon is an elementary and indivisible particle of light. In fact a photon is simply a convenient word for referring to an oscillating packet of energy that is self-contained and separate from other photons. So a photon is a little self-contained oscillating electromagnetic field. It started oscillating as soon as the light was created or emitted, and at any given moment the photons that make up light would have been oscillating many trillions of times without ever running out of energy.
It is thought that a single electromagnetic oscillation represents the elementary particle of light, this being the smallest known quantum of energy in the Universe. Each electromagnetic oscillation represents the total energy of a photon, but such oscillations are not cumulative. The same basic energy of one oscillation remains the total energy of a photon however many trillions of times it may have oscillated.
When we say that light is made of streams of photons, we are in fact saying that light is made of streams or groups of separate little oscillating fields of electromagnetism. By ‘separate’ we mean the photons are not joined up or coupled in some way, yet nevertheless most photons travel together as a stream because that is how they were emitted. Photons never travel as part of a single wave (a single energy field of multiple photons).
Evidence that photons are not joined up when travelling as a stream is the simple fact that once emitted, the many streams of photons expand (radiate) outward in all directions, albeit always in straight lines. So when the photons expand outward in all directions they expand as trillions of separate photons, mostly moving with other separate photons in many streams.
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How is light created?
When atoms of an object are heated up or made to move more quickly, they generate electromagnetism. So light is created from the excitation of atoms in an object such as the sun, a light bulb, a flame, a torch, etc. The hotter the atoms in an object the greater the emission of light in the form of photons.
Technically, the excitation of an atom also excites the electrons of said atom. This results in the emission of photons from the electrons (all photons originate from electrons). When this happens, each electron emits only one photon at a time that shoots out of the atom on its own. Of course, this means that millions of electrons in many atoms can be emitting photons in all directions, as a growing sphere of light.
"This new paradigm of photon production enables the production and emission of photons at rates … in the hundreds of trillions per second. This has enabled the explanation of every branch of physics, not through the inaccurate, and esoteric implementation of wave-functions but through the easily understood and calculable classical physics paradigms". Source: Dilip D James, Electricity and Radio waves according to Augmented Newtonian Dynamics,International Journal of Science and Research 13(12):1222-1228.
When an electron creates a photon it does so by emitting a packet of electromagnetic energy that we call a photon, and the kinetic energy of the electron helps it to send the photon flying off at the speed of light. The speed of light is set by the universal rate of electromagnetic oscillations of a photon.
“A single atom, by its nature, can only emit one photon at a time” (source: Professor Gerhard Rempe, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Germany, mpg.de, 2007).
There are many ways to create light in today's science. And we experience light in many ways: a light bulb, a matchlight, a torch, a flame, sunlight, starlight, and so on. Also, the intensity of light varies, ranging from microwaves and infrared, to the visible light that we see. Everything that we see around us is made possible to see by the existence of light coming from a ‘natural source’ such as sunlight, or a ‘synthetic source’ such as a light bulb.
The maximum (i.e. constant) speed of light at ‘c’ is set by electrons. Whenever electrons emit photons, the photons are always emitted with the same amount of electromagnetic energy everywhere in the Universe. Why so? Because when electrons move from any orbit to the next orbit closer to the nucleus of an atom, the electron gives off the same amount of electromagnetic energy in the form of a photon.
This ensures all photons are born with the same amount of oscillating electromagnetic energy, thus setting their constant speed at ‘c’ (the speed of light).
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What is incident light?
Understanding the meaning of incident light is fundamental to understanding the nature of light. So-called ‘incident light’ refers to light that is not coming directly to you from the original source that created the light. Everything that we see around us in our daily lives is made possible to see because of incident light.
As light can never bounce or be reflected, what happens instead is that the light is absorbed into things around you, and then brand-new incident light is emitted in its place. You can think of incident light as replacement light because all incident light is light that replaces directly-created light, i.e. replaces directly-created light that has been absorbed. So incident light is in effect a replacement light.
When light is absorbed into a material, medium or object it is gone forever by being converted to heat and other forms of energy.
For example, when daylight hits a red car, the photons of the daylight are absorbed into the atoms located below the red paint and then new incident photons are emitted. Those incident photons travel to our eyes and we see a red car. The incident photons are not somehow encoded with the colour red or the image of a car, so how do we end up seeing a red car?
This is what happens. The incident light comes out of the red car as streams of incident photons and go in all directions in straight lines. But those streams of incident photons have a journey-time that is a little bit slower than the journey-time of the speed of light. Why so? Because although each incident photon moves at the speed of light, a small time-interval occurs between each photon streaming out of the car. This time-interval is caused by the time it takes the electrons in the atoms of the car to absorb photons and then emit newly created (different) photons.
This means that the stream of incident light coming from the red car to your eyes has a journey-time that is a little slower than the normal speed of light. To be clear, each photon as such does not slow down, but the stream as a whole slows down. Here’s a somewhat more technical description of incident light:
The amount by which light is slowed down as a result of absorption and emission is called the refractive index. and the process itself of absorption & emission is called attenuation. Light has no existence except as a photon travelling at speed ‘c’ (the constant speed of light). Light is absorbed by the first layer or so of atoms of a material or medium it comes upon. The incident light is then ‘reconstructed’ in accordance with the characteristics of the atoms of the material receiving the light. Some materials take longer to attenuate light.
More specifically, the incoming photons that hit electrons will over-energise such electrons and make them unstable. When this happens, the electrons are compelled to release their excess energy in the form of newly created photons.
The absorption and emission of photons takes the electrons a moment of time to accomplish. This puts a particular distance between each emitted photon. This distance determines the journey-time of light for any given light ray or group of photons. The greater the distance between each moving photon, the greater the journey-time of that whole light ray. So although any individual photon always moves at the constant speed of light, the journey-time of a given group of photons can vary. More about this throughout the book.
The key point here is that all photons in the universe are identical and every photon carries the same energy. When such energy is absorbed by an electron, the electron will release a new photon with exactly the same energy as the amount absorbed.
There are many studies showing this to be so, as in the following example:
“When a photon is absorbed into an electron, the electron is energised making it change levels. In doing so the electrons in the atom emit photons. The photon is emitted with the electron moving from a higher energy level to a lower energy level. The energy of the photon emitted has the exact same energy as the absorbed photon, i.e. the electron loses the exact energy received by moving to its lower energy level” (source: Photon Emission, Dept of Physics, Kansas State Univ).
Note: A photon cannot literally be absorbed into an electron. This is a figure of speech to explain how an electron temporarily absorbs the energy of a photon.
Coming back to incident light, it was just mentioned that such light, once absorbed and emitted, can have a journey-time that can vary depending on the physical distance between each moving photon in a light ray. Light that is absorbed/emitted is referred to as ‘incident light’ or ‘refracted light’.
The type of material or medium receiving the light very much influences the time taken for the photons to be absorbed and then emitted as new incident light. This is why rays of incident light vary tremendously, one from one to another, in their mentioned journey-times.
The mentioned physical distance between any two moving photons is referred to as the wavelength of light. This wavelength (i.e. distance) is what tells the eyes and brain to see the colour that we are looking at.
There are many millions of different journey-times of incident light rays, and each different journey-time determines the colours we see and the overall energy of a given light ray. As the photons enter the eyes, the physical distances between the photons trigger the eyes and brain to see specific colours:
“It has to do with the special parts of the eye called rods and cones. These are what make the eye act much like a spectroscope when measuring absorption and transmittance of light into and out of a substance” (source: K. Sundeen, Spectroscopy, University of Pennsylvania MCEP).
So just about everything we see (trees, streets, people, books, food, etc) is not direct light or reflected light, it is incident light that occurs as a result of absorption and emission, into-and-out-of the objects we see. This incident light arrives at our eyes as light rays with different journey-times. Each light ray will have its own mix of distances between moving photons (i.e. own mix of wavelengths), mapping out the panorama of colours and shapes that we see. This explains why light never bounces or reflects off anything.
To avoid confusion in terminology the following image shows some of the terms used in contemporary physics regarding light:
In the above image the phrases in column A are interchangeable and they all mean exactly the same thing. They all refer to the same process by which photons are absorbed and emitted from electrons inside atoms.
Equally, the six phrases in column B mean exactly the same thing. They refer to light that has been created, for example in a candle or the sun, but has not yet been absorbed and emitted from the atoms of some object, medium or material, i.e. it is disorganised light that carries a mix of different wavelengths.
The many different phrases referring to exactly the same kind of light have gradually arisen as a result of a poor understanding of the nature of light, and also because of the ‘Big Misunderstanding of Light’ as explained in this book.
The phrase ‘white light’ causes endless confusion, so here is a clarification. The colour white, such as white paint or a white sheet refers to a colour that looks white. It looks white because when you have an equal mix of red, green and blue, the result is white. For example, if you mix red, green and blue lights for illuminating a football stadium you will have so-called white light, giving a good approximation to daylight. This kind of white light is incident light with a fixed combination of wavelengths (a fixed ‘recipe’) giving the colour white.
But sometimes non-incident light can also look white. For example, sunlight shining through the clouds can look white. Or some kinds of laser light or torchlight can look white, yet such light is incoherent, it is non-incident light, hence the confusion. More about this later in the book.
To finish on the subject of light attenuation it should be mentioned that the rate of attenuation varies tremendously. The ‘rate of attenuation’ refers to the percentage of light absorbed that is successfully emitted out as incident light.
For example, a pair of shoes may have a 52% rate of attenuation, meaning that for every 100 photons absorbed into the shoes, only 52 photons are emitted as incident light. The other 48 photons absorbed into the shoes were changed into heat or into other types of particles. A very good quality mirror may have a 99.9% rate of attenuation, meaning that nearly all the photons going into a mirror were emitted as incident light. Lead has nearly a 0% rate of attenuation, meaning that when you shine light onto lead, virtually all the photons that go into lead are not re-born as incident light (i.e. virtually no incident light comes out of lead).
Regarding planets, it’s a similar situation. The moon has an 11% rate of attenuation, meaning that only about 11% of the sunlight absorbed into the moon is ‘reflected back out’ (attenuated) as incident light. For the Earth it’s about 30%, for Mars 25% and so on.
The scientific name given to the mentioned rate of attenuation is the ‘Bond albedo’ effect. Here is a chart showing the Bond albedo effect for various planets in our solar system:
For example, in the above chart, the Bond albedo effect for Earth is 0.306. This means only 30.6 % of sunlight absorbed into Earth is attenuated and sent out into space as incident light. The other approximate 70% of this sunlight is lost to heating the surface of Earth. The planet Eris (about the size of the moon) wins the day with a 0.99 Bond albedo effect, meaning that it attenuates nearly all the sunlight received by virtue of having a mirror-like surface.
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What is the journey-time of light?
All photons always move at speed c, whether they are incident or non-incident photons. This begs the question: how is it possible for the journey-time of incident light to be slower than the journey-time of non-incident light?
Here is a ‘two string analogy’ to explain how the journey-time of incident light can take longer than the journey-time of white non-incident (incoherent) light.
