Fish Reproductive Biology E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1192

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2016

Beschreibung

Fish recruitment is a key process for maintaining sustainable fish populations. In the marine environment, fish recruitment is carried out in many different ways, all of which have different life history strategies. The objective of this book is to argue for greater linkages between basic and applied research on fisheries recruitment, and assessment and management of exploited fish stocks.

Following an introductory chapter, this second edition of Fish Reproductive Biology is organized into 3 main sections:

• Biology, Population Dynamics and Recruitment
• Information Critical to Successful Assessment and Management
• Incorporation of Reproductive Biology and Recruitment Considerations into Management Advice and Strategies

The authors collectively bring a wide range of diverse experience in areas of reproductive biology, fisheries oceanography, stock assessment, and management.

Fully updated throughout, the book will be of great interest to a wide audience. It is useful as a textbook in graduate and undergraduate courses in fisheries biology, fisheries science, and fisheries resource management and will provide vital information for fish biologists, fisheries scientists and managers.

Leseprobe

Dedication

Bernard Megrey, known as Bern among his family and friends, passed away peacefully at his home on 1 October 2010, at the age of 60. He had just returned from the ICES Annual Science Conference in Nantes, France.

Bern was one of the driving forces when the idea of this book was born and virtually baptised during a late night/early morning at the ICES Annual Science Conference in Aalborg, Denmark during fall 1995. In the years following, the idea was further developed and finally turned into this book and the first edition was published in 2009. Bern's background was perfect for the book. During his doctoral research he started working for the NOAA, Alaska Fishery Science Center in Seattle, USA. He was assigned to the Groundfish Assessment Group, preparing the first stock assessment for the newly discovered walleye pollock fishery in the Gulf of Alaska. His work enabled a team of scientists to provide timely forecasts of abundance and biomass to the North Pacific Fishery Management Council. In 1987, he started to work in the Fisheries Oceanography Coordinated Investigations (FOCI) programme where his charge was to develop recruitment prediction models and oversee the analytical personnel. During his tenure in the FOCI programme, Bern continued to work on recruitment prediction, but also broadened his focus from single species to ecosystems. The Gulf of Alaska recruitment prediction model that he developed for walleye pollock is one of the few models that incorporate both environmental and biological data in predictions based on an underlying mechanistic model. Over the years he put a lot of effort into organisations such as ICES, PICES and AFS, both as a working group member and preparing theme sessions at annual conferences, resulting in several books and special issues of journals, where he acted as both co-editor and author. He served for six years (2001--2007) on the editorial board of the ICES Journal of Marine Science. Bern had an enormous working capacity and during his career he worked together with colleagues from many regions of the world. He had the gift of being positive, encouraging colleagues and enjoying discussing new ideas and technologies that could advance science.

As friends and colleagues, we are very grateful for the time we had together with Bern. He made our lives richer, influenced our way of thinking, and we are proud of what we were able to achieve together. Bern was too young when he passed away, he had so many ideas he wanted to work on and regrettably never will be able to pursue. We miss you!

Tore Jakobsen

Michael J. Fogarty

Erlend Moksness

Fish Reproductive Biology

IMPLICATIONS FOR ASSESSMENT

AND MANAGEMENT

SECOND EDITION

Edited by

Tore Jakobsen

Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway

Michael J. Fogarty

Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA

Bernard A. Megrey

Deceased

Erlend Moksness

Institute of Marine Research, Flϕdevigen Marine Research Station, Arendal, Norway

This edition first published 2016 © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd First edition published 2009 © 2009 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Jakobsen, Tore, editor.    Title: Fish reproductive biology : implications for assessment and management / edited by Tore Jakobsen and three others.    Description: Second edition. | Chichester, West Sussex, U.K. ; Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index.    Identifiers: LCCN 2015033704 | ISBN 9781118752746 (hardback)    Subjects: LCSH: Fish stock assessment. | Fishes--Reproduction. | Recruitment (Population biology) | Fishery management. | BISAC: TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Fisheries & Aquaculture.    Classification: LCC SH329.F56 F57 2016 | DDC 333.95/611--dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015033704

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Cover image: GettyImages-155307256/Lee Chin Yong

CONTENTS

Contributors

Preface

Acronyms

Introduction

Scope and organisation of the book

Summary

References

Part I Biology, Population Dynamics, and Recruitment

CHAPTER 1 Recruitment in Marine Fish Populations

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Recruitment theory

1.3 Completing the life cycle

1.4 Stability properties

1.5 Multistage models

1.6 Yield and sustainable harvesting

1.7 Implications of maternal effects

1.8 Recruitment variability

1.9 Summary

References

CHAPTER 2 Reproductive Dynamics

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Determination of final fecundity in fishes with different life styles

2.3 Reproductive strategies

2.4 Egg structure and features of early ontogeny in fishes with different reproductive strategies

2.5 Egg quality

2.6 Influence of environmental factors on reproduction and recruitment

References

CHAPTER 3 Recruitment Variability

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Theories and hypotheses

3.3 Physics and hydrography

3.4 Biological (trophodynamic) factors

3.5 Control and regulation: destabilizing and stabilizing processes

3.6 A nod to life histories: life styles and recruitment variability

3.7 Stock and recruitment

3.8 Modeling complex processes

3.9 Solving the “recruitment problem”

3.10 Conclusions

References

Notes

CHAPTER 4 Effects of Fishing on the Population

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Why should fishing affect populations? Theoretical expectations

4.3 Estimating fishing effects: the evidence

4.4 Understanding the changes: the processes

4.5 Fishing effects and management advice

4.6 Conclusion: future challenges

4.7 Acknowledgements

References

Notes

Part II Information Critical to Successful Assessment and Management

CHAPTER 5 Egg, Larval, and Juvenile Surveys

5.1 Introduction

5.2 General considerations

5.3 Egg production surveys

5.4 Larval survival surveys

5.5 Juvenile surveys

5.6 Management

5.7 Remote sensing

5.8 Species assemblages and water masses

5.9 Summary

References

CHAPTER 6 Stock Identification

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Stock definitions and stock identification methods

6.3 Stock structure considerations for reproductive biology

6.4 Implications of stock structure for conserving reproductive potential

6.5 Conclusions

References

CHAPTER 7 Stock Assessment Models and Predictions of Catch and Biomass

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Fish stocks, management measures and types of advice

7.3 The assessment problem and approaches to its solution

7.4 A few case histories

7.5 Incorporating understanding of the recruitment process into predictions

References

Notes

CHAPTER 8 Applied Fisheries Reproductive Biology: Contribution of Individual Reproductive Potential to Recruitment and Fisheries Management

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Reproductive styles of major commercial species

8.3 Fecundity regulation

8.4 Concluding remarks

8.5 Acknowledgements

References

Part III Incorporation of Reproductive Biology and Recruitment Considerations into Management Advice and Strategies

CHAPTER 9 Current Paradigms and Forms of Advice

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Early recognition

9.3 Single-species theory

9.4 Management Measures

9.5 Factors neglected or omitted in the three partial theories

9.6 Climate change and variability

9.7 Conclusions and future directions

References

CHAPTER 10 Management: New Approaches to Old Problems

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Biological knowledge: Modelling, assessment, projections and management

10.3 Applications and investigations

10.4 Conclusions

10.5 Future directions

References

CHAPTER 11 Implementing Information on Stock Reproductive Potential in Fisheries Management: The Motivation, Challenges and Opportunities

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Justifying the use of spawning stock biomass to represent stock reproductive potential

11.3 Why should fisheries management change how it estimates reproductive potential?

11.4 How to estimate alternative indices of stock reproductive potential

11.5 Implementation in management

11.6 Future directions

11.7 Conclusion

11.8 Acknowledgements

References

Species Index

Subject Index

EULA

List of Tables

Chapter 2

Table 2.1

Chapter 3

Table 3.1

Chapter 4

Table 4.1

Chapter 5

Table 5.1

Chapter 8

Table 8.1

Table 8.2

Table 8.3

Table 8.4

Chapter 10

Table 10.1

Chapter 11

Table 11.1

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1

Time series of estimates of (a) recruitment (millions of 3-year-old fish), (b) spawning stock biomass (thousand Mt), (c) total viable egg production (trillions), and (d) age diversity of spawners (Shannon–Weiner index) for Icelandic cod. Based on assessment data from ICES (2014) and fecundity relationships from Martinsdottir & Begg (2002).

Figure 1.2

Life cycle diagram including egg, larval, juvenile and adult stages. Eggs produced by adults of different ages can have different viabilities.

Figure 1.3

Density-independent model relating recruitment and egg production for three levels of the density-independent mortality rate.

Figure 1.4

Beverton–Holt-type model relating recruitment and egg production for three levels of the parameter

α

.

Figure 1.5

Ricker-type model relating recruitment and egg production for three levels of the slope at the origin parameter.

Figure 1.6

Cushing–Shepherd-type model relating recruitment and egg production for three levels of the density-dependent parameter

K

.

Figure 1.7

Models allowing for depensatory effects based on generalizations of (a) Beverton–Holt-type and (b) Ricker-type models relating recruitment and egg production.

Figure 1.8

Relationship between (a) recruitment and female spawning stock biomass and (b) recruitment and total viable egg production for Icelandic cod.

Figure 1.9

Fitted Ricker models for normalized recruitment and reproductive output using total egg production (solid line) and spawning stock biomass (dashed line) for Icelandic cod.

Figure 1.10

Normalized egg production per recruit (proportion of maximum) as a function of fishing mortality assuming no maternal age effects (thick line) and a maternal age effect on egg viability (thin line). Normalized egg production on a logarithmic (base 10) scale.

Figure 1.11

Proportion of females in a population as a function of age and fishing mortality when females exhibit faster growth and males and females experience identical natural mortality rates. The sex ratio at birth is assumed to be 1:1.

Figure 1.12

Relationship between spawning stock biomass and total egg production for Northeast Arctic cod for the period 1985–1996 (after Marshall

et al

. 1998).

Figure 1.13

Lifetime egg production as a function of recruitment for a model incorporating density-dependent maturation at three levels of fishing mortality.

Figure 1.14

The relationship between (a) recruitment and total egg production, (b) lifetime egg production (LEP) and recruitment for three levels of fishing mortality (low, medium, and high) assuming no compensation in post-recruitment processes, and (c) superposition of panels (a) and (b) to illustrate intersection points representing stable equilibria.

Figure 1.15

Stable and unstable equilibrium points for a depensatory model at one level of fishing mortality assuming no compensation in post-recruitment processes.

Figure 1.16

Paulik diagram for a four-stage life history pattern with nonlinear dynamics in two quadrants. Two levels of fishing mortality are represented in Quadrant IV. Arrows trace the trajectories of the population over several generations under the lower and higher fishing mortality rates.

Figure 1.17

(a) Recruitment curves for the case of maternal age effects (“actual”; thick line) and when maternal effects are important but are unrecognized (“perceived”; thin line); (b) estimated lifetime egg production (LEP) as a function of recruitment at the same level of fishing mortality assuming the “standard” model of no maternal effect (F(s)), a “moderate” maternal effect (F(m1) and a “strong” maternal effect (F(m2)); (c) superposition of these relationships to determine equilibrium points.