Formulation E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 370

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

Formulation

This book deals with the formulation of industrial products Its field of application goes from food-processing industry to the industry of elastomers showing that the principles of development follow always the same methodology.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Preface

PART ONE: General Information

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1. Definition

1.2. Historical background

1.3. From art to science

1.4. Overview of the economical impact of the aforementioned products

1.5. Book presentation and structure

1.6. Bibliography

Chapter 2: Formulation in Major Organic Chemistry Industries

2.1. Necessity and concept

2.2. Factors affecting different industries

2.3. Outlining a methodology

2.4. Bibliography

PART TWO: Concept and Application

Chapter 3: Solutions

3.1. Introduction

3.2. Solubilizing in water

3.3. Solubilizing in solvents

3.4. Processes to help solubilization

3.5. Conclusion

3.6. Bibliography

Chapter 4: Dispersions

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Particles and their specificities

4.3. Various particle systems and stability issues

4.4. Dispersion methods and analysis techniques

4.5. Rheology

4.6. Bibliography

Chapter 5: Formulation of Emulsions

5.1. General aspects of emulsions

5.2. Theoretical considerations on the liquid–liquid interactions

5.3. Developing the emulsion

5.4. Stabilizing an emulsion

5.5. Formulation of emulsions

5.6. Conclusion

5.7. Bibliography

Chapter 6: Suspensions

6.1. Dispersion theory

6.2. Formulation of suspensions

6.3. Stability agents of suspensions

6.4. Specific case of the pharmaceutical realization

6.5. Specific case of cosmetics

6.6. Using dispersion

6.7. Bibliography

Chapter 7: Dispersions in High-Viscosity Mediums: Formulating Polymers

7.1. Characterization of polymers

7.2. Formulation of polymers: general information

7.3. Thermal behavior

7.4. Heat generation and transmission

7.5. Main mixing tools

7.6. Conclusion on the polymer formulation rules

7.7. Bibliography

PART THREE: Formulation of Major Products

Chapter 8: Dosage Form and Pharmaceutical Development

8.1. Drugs development

8.2. Case study: development of a dosage form for oral administration

8.3. Monitoring/checking methods

8.4. Bibliography

Chapter 9: Formulation of Cosmetic Products

9.1. Introduction

9.2. Specifications

9.3. Development in the laboratory

9.4. Industrial fabrication

9.5. Product launch

9.6. Regulations

9.7. Conclusion

Chapter 10: Formulation of Food Products

10.1. Specifications

10.2. Constraints

10.3. Formulation methodology

Chapter 11: Formulation of Elastomers

11.1. Introduction

11.2. Choice of the elastomers

11.3. Adjuvants required to obtain crucial functions

11.4. Formulation realization: mixture

11.5. Conclusion

11.6. Bibliography

Conclusion

List of Authors

Index

First published 2011 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Adapted and updated from Formulation des produits et maté;riaux : concepts et applications published 2010 in France by Hermes Science/Lavoisier © LAVOISIER 2010 translated by Varunah Khednah

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:

ISTE Ltd27-37 St George’s RoadLondon SW19 4EUUKJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc.111 River StreetHoboken, NJ 07030USAwww.iste.co.ukwww.wiley.com

© ISTE Ltd 2011

The rights of Anne-Marie Pensé;-Lhé;ritier to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Formulation / edited by Anne-Marie Pense-Lheritier.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-84821-259-6

1. Chemical processes. 2. Chemistry, Technical--Formulae, receipts, prescriptions. I. Pense-Lheritier, Anne-Marie.

TP155.7.F64 2011

660’.284--dc22

2011003207

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 978-1-84821-259-6

Preface

This book deals with the formulation of industrial commodity products related to organic chemistry. The formulations range from the pharmaceutical industry to that of thermoplastic resin, also covering the food, cosmetic and elastomeric industries, as well as coating, paint and thermosetting resin.

Why should we formulate, and what does formulation mean in these professions? Commodity products can seldom be used pure. Formulation was an art, and has become the science of adding, distributing, and homogenizing various additives to the basic product, so as to optimize and stabilize its properties and eventually allow its realization and final usage.

Formulation includes both qualitative and quantitative descriptions of the products to be studied, and here we will look into the scientific advancement that allowed the notation. We will then consider the various methods, specific to each product. Although these methods bear similarities, there are nevertheless a number of differences, and the names used vary: galenic in the pharmaceutical industry, food biochemistry in the food industry, and chemical formulation in the other industries mentioned.

This book does not aim at listing extensively all the existing forms and methods of formulation in relation to the fields mentioned above (it would require a complete collection), but it aims at giving an overview of the approach, the notation and the implementation of formulations specific to each of the above-mentioned industry1. To do so, examples and various explanatory scientific notions will be used: surface chemistry, viscosity, thermodynamics, rheology and reaction chemistry2. However, our demonstration will limit itself to the classic knowledge of each commodity.

This book is for people with a scientific background who cannot find a general book on formulation, and for students studying the subject or industrialists looking for solutions related to their profession.

André CHEYMOLMarch 2011

1 This book will deal with elastomers as defined previously; it will not take into account elastomers formed in situ, their application being, by their very nature, different. Neither will it deal with thermoplastics or elastomers whose constitutive equation is substantially different.

2 Average molar mass in number: this will be explained in Chapter 2.

PART ONE

General Information

Chapter 1

Introduction1

1.1. Definition

Formulating means the drawing up one or more formulae. Formulation is used in various fields, where the significance of formulation is different for each field: law, literature, administration, mathematics, chemistry, medical, or dentistry, and also in magic, the code of social conventions, and so on.

In this book, formulation is most importantly the expression of proportions of different elements in a compound. It is also the expression of physical forms such as solutions, emulsions, suspensions, agglomerated powders, high-viscosity compounds, and end products. Thus, process knowledge is essential for obtaining results.

1.2. Historical background

Formulation or mixing various substances to achieve a specific goal dates back to prehistory. The oldest paintings date between 10,000 and 40,000 BC. Prehistoric humans used pigments for obtaining color and binders, which allowed pigments to bind to a surface. The natural pigments had to be ground between stones, and then water, grease, saliva, or clay was added for to make the paste. The pigments found through analysis are, in fact, carbon black and oxide minerals [PAL 08]. Pigments with subtle differences could be obtained by mixing and heating pigments, for example, hematite, an iron oxide that can be found in the famous caves of Lascaux (13,000 BC).

Cosmetics are just as ancient. Prehistoric humans probably used the same binders and pigments for body painting to which they must have added components of animal origin [MAR 08].

Food processing, with the ability to control fire, was likely to have been subject to some form of preparation as well. In the absence of written language, this knowledge could only be handed down orally.

Classification, as we know it, was established with the great Mediterranean and Chinese civilizations.

Around 3,500 BC, the Egyptians mastered very complex ornamentation and painting techniques, which can be seen in representations of the death masks, household objects, frescoes, temples, and so on. They were familiar with ointments, fragranced oils, and makeup [MAR 08]. The first perfumes date back to this period. Initially, perfumes were merely used as sacred offerings to gods, then became a fundamental accessory during the embalming process, and, gradually, entered the secular world. Perfumes are also used for seduction, as well as aromatherapy.

Kyphi, the first perfume with known composition, is a mixture composed of 30 ingredients, including turpentine, coriander, and myrtle. It was mixed with herbal rejuvenative drinks or used in fumigation because of its soothing properties [COR 08].

Now we consider the concept of pharmacy in ancient Egyptian, as shown in Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1.Illustration of an ancient pharmacy [AUG 37]

“The most ancient pharmacy: priest preparing remedies in the laboratory of a temple”