Freshwater Algae E-Book

Edward G. Bellinger

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 575

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

This is the second edition of Freshwater Algae; the popular guide to temperate freshwater algae. This book uniquely combines practical information on sampling and experimental techniques with an explanation of basic algal taxonomy plus a key to identify the more frequently-occurring organisms.  Fully revised,  it describes major bioindicator species in relation to key environmental parameters and their implications for aquatic management.

This second edition includes:

the same clear writing style as the first edition to provide an easily accessible source of information on algae within standing and flowing waters, and the problems they may cause

the identification of 250 algae using a key based on readily observable morphological features that can be readily observed under a conventional light microscope

up-to-date information on the molecular determination of taxonomic status, analytical microtechniques and the potential role of computer analysis in algal biology

upgrades to numerous line drawings to include more detail and extra species information, full colour photographs of live algae – including many new images from the USA and China

Bridging the gap between simple identification texts and highly specialised research volumes, this book is
used both as a comprehensive introduction to the subject and as a laboratory manual. The new edition will be invaluable to aquatic biologists for algal identification, and for all practitioners and researchers working within aquatic microbiology in industry and academia.

Leseprobe

Freshwater Algae

Identification, Enumeration and Use as Bioindicators

Second Edition

Edward G. Bellinger

Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy, Central European University, Hungary

and

David C. Sigee

School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, UK

This edition first published 2015 © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Bellinger, Edward G., author.

    Freshwater algae : identification, enumeration and use as bioindicators / Edward G. Bellinger and David C. Sigee. – 2e.

        pages cm

    Includes index.

    ISBN 978-1-118-91716-9 (hardback)

   1. Freshwater algae.    2. Indicators (Biology)    3. Environmental monitoring.    I. Sigee, David C., author.    II. Title.

    QK570.25.B45 2015

    579.8′176–dc23

2014031375

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Cover image: David Sigee Cover design by Soephian Zainal

Contents

Preface to the First Edition

Preface to the Second Edition

Acknowledgements

1 Introduction to Freshwater Algae

1.1 General introduction

1.2 Taxonomic variation – the major groups of algae

1.3 Blue-green algae

1.4 Green algae

1.5 Euglenoids

1.6 Yellow-green algae

1.7 Dinoflagellates

1.8 Cryptomonads

1.9 Chrysophytes

1.10 Diatoms

1.11 Red algae

1.12 Brown algae

2 Sampling, Biomass Estimation and Counts of Freshwater Algae

A. PLANKTONIC ALGAE

2.1 Protocol for collection

2.2 Mode of collection

2.3 Phytoplankton biomass

2.4 Flow cytometry: automated analysis of phytoplankton populations

2.5 Biodiversity of mixed-species populations: microscope counts and biovolumes

2.6 Biodiversity within single-species populations

B. NON-PLANKTONIC ALGAE

2.7 Deep-water benthic algae

2.8 Shallow-water communities

2.9 Algal biofilms

2.10 Periphyton – algal mats

3 Algae as Bioindicators

3.1 Bioindicators and water quality

3.2 Lakes

3.3 Wetlands

3.4 Rivers

3.5 Estuaries

4 A Key to the More Frequently Occurring Freshwater Algae

4.1 Introduction to the key

4.2 Key to the main genera and species

4.3 List of algae included and their occurrence in the key

4.4 Algal identification: bibliography

Note

Glossary

References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1

Table 1.2

Table 1.3

Table 1.4

Table 1.5

Table 1.6

Table 1.7

Table 1.8

Table 1.9

Table 1.10

Table 1.11

Table 1.12

Table 1.13

Chapter 2

Table 2.1

Table 2.2

Table 2.3

Table 2.4

Table 2.5

Table 2.6

Table 2.7

Table 2.8

Table 2.9

Table 2.10

Chapter 3

Table 3.1

Table 3.2

Table 3.3

Table 3.4

Table 3.5

Table 3.6

Table 3.7

Table 3.8

Table 3.9

Table 3.10

Table 3.11

Table 3.12

Table 3.13

Table 3.14

Table 3.15

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1

Examples of algal primary production in lakes of different trophic status, showing how rates of production typically change with depth. Examples of each lake type include (a) highly eutrophic; Lake George (Uganda). (b) eutrophic; Blelham Tarn (English Lake District), Clear Lake (USA), Erken (Sweden). (c) mesotrophic; Grasmere (English Lake District), Castle Lake (USA). (d) oligotrophic; Lake Tahoe (USA), Lake Baikal in part (Russia), Wastwater (English Lake District). Adapted from Horne and Goldman (1994)

Figure 1.2

General shapes of algae. Non-motile unicells: (a)

Selenastrum

; (b)

Chlorella

. Motile unicells: (c)

Chlamydomonas.

Non-motile colony: (d)

Scenedesmus

; (e)

Asterionella

. Motile colony: (f)

Pandorina

; (g)

Volvox.

Unbranched filament: (h)

Spirogyra

. Branched filament: (i)

Cladophora

.

Figure 1.3

Colour characteristics of different algal groups. Top: Fresh lake phytoplankton sample showing colour differences between major algal phyla: Dinophyta (brown: C), Cyanobacteria (blue-green: An, Aph, M) and Chlorophyta (grass-green: P). Algal genera: An,

Anabaena

; Aph,

Aphanothece

; C,

Ceratium

; G,

Gomphosphaeria

; M,

Microcystis

; P,

Pandorina

. Bottom left:

Synura

(cultured alga, lightly fixed) showing golden brown colour of Chrysophyta. Bottom right: End of filament of

Aulacoseira granulata

var.

angustissima

(with terminal spine) from lake phytoplankton showing olive-green chloroplasts (Bacillariophyta).

Figure 1.4

Prokaryote features of blue-green algae. Top right: Phase-contrast (light microscope) image of live filamentous colony of

Anabaena

, showing central patches of pale chromatin (Ch). Top left: Transmission electron micrograph of whole cell of

Anabaena

, showing central patch of granular chromatin. Bottom: Detail from top left, showing fine-structural features: Ch, central region of chromatin (no limiting membrane); Ca, carboxysome (polyhedral body); Gy, glycogen granule (cyanophycean starch); Th, peripheral thylakoid membranes; V, vacuole; P, thin peptidoglycan cell wall.

Figure 1.5

Mid-summer blue-green algal bloom in a eutrophic lake. SEM view of lake epilimnion phytoplankton sample (August), showing the dense population of filamentous

Anabaena flos-aquae

which totally dominated the algal bloom (chlorophyll-

a

concentration 140 μg ml

−1

). Copious mucilage associated with this alga is seen as numerous fine strands, formed during the dehydration preparation process. See also Figs. 2.8 (seasonal cycle) and 4.24 (live

Anabaena

).

Figure 1.6

Diagrammatic view of

Euglena

, showing major cytological features. Graham & Wilcox, 2000. Reproduced with permission from Prentice Hall. See also Fig. 4.51 (live

Euglena

).

Figure 1.7

Line drawing of heterokont zoospore, typical of xanthophyte algae, with a long anterior flagellum bearing two rows of stiff hairs plus a short posterior flagellum. This is smooth and often bears a swelling (FS) that is part of the light-sensing system. ES, eyespot; G, Golgi body; M, mitochondrion; N, nucleus; P, plastid. Graham & Wilcox, 2000. Reproduced with permission from Prentice Hall.

Figure 1.8

Dinoflagellate symmetry and plates. Top: Diagrammatic view of a typical dinoflagellate cell showing flagellar insertion and grooves within the plate system. (a) Ventral view; (b) Dorsal view. Bottom: Pattern of numbered thecal plates characteristic of the dinoflagellate

Peridinium

. (c) Ventral view; (d) Dorsal view. See also Fig. 4.57. Wehr & Sheath, 2003. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier.

Figure 1.9

Morphology of

Ceratium

. Top: Diagrammatic views of a matured cell (left) and cyst formation (right). Bottom: Central region of a matured cell (SEM preparation), showing details of equatorial groove and thecal plates with pores. See also Figs. 2.7 (cyst), 2.16 (iodine-stained sample), 2.18 (cell death) and 4.56 (live cells).

Figure 1.10

Autumn dinoflagellate bloom in a eutrophic lake. SEM view of epilimnion phytoplankton sample (September), showing almost complete dominance by

Ceratium hirundinella

. See also Figs. 2.8 (seasonal cycle) and 4.56 (live

Ceratium

).

Figure 1.11

Cryptomonad morphology. Diagram of a non-photosynthetic cryptomonad with two flagella emerging from a depression. Graham & Wilcox, 2000. Reproduced with permission from Prentice Hall.

Figure 1.12

Diatom frustule structure – comparison of centric and pennate diatoms.

Centric diatom

: A. Separate views of epitheca (e: 1. Epivalve, 2. Mantle of epivalve, 3. Epicingulum) and hypotheca (h: 4. Hypocingulum, 5. Hypovalve). B. Complete frustule – girdle or side view (showing overlap of cingula). C. Valve or face view of epivalve.

Pennate diatom

: D. Complete frustule – girdle view. E. Valve view, showing apical or longitudinal axis (aa) and transapical or transverse axis (ta).

Figure 1.13

Details of frustule structure in a pennate diatom (

Pinnularia

). Top: Diagrams of cell wall structure, with principal axes. Top left: Valve view. aa, apical axis; ta, transapical axis; pn, polar nodule; r, raphe. Top middle: Girdle view. pa, pervalvular axis; vp, valvar plane; h, hypotheca; e, epitheca; g, girdle. Top right: Transverse section. Fritsch, 1956. Reproduced with permission from CUP. Bottom: Light microscope images of fresh (unfixed) cells in valve (left) and girdle (right) view.